Chromium chloride (crcl3)

2.87 (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

2.87 at 25 °C

2.87 g/cm³

2.76 @25 °C

Violet, lustrous, hexagonal, crystalline scales

Red-violet crystals

Bright purple plates

Insoluble in water

Insoluble in alcohol

Slightly soluble in hot water. Insoluble in cold water, alcohol, acetone, methanol, and ether

Addition of a trace of chromium dichloride (CrCl2) or wetting agent aid in rapid solution in water, alcohol

Solubility in water: none

FDA approved drugs -> Active ingredient

FDA approved drugs -> Active ingredient

Dissociates above 1300C (EPA, 1998)

1300 °C (decomposes)

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Cl-

1300 °C

2106 °F (EPA, 1998)

1152 °C

1152 °C

1152 °C

Chromic chloride appears as blue or green colored crystals dissolved in water. Denser than water. Corrosive to metals.

Liquid

Violet, lustrous, crystals; [Merck Index] Sparingly soluble in water at 20 deg C; [ACGIH]

VIOLET CRYSTALS.

Stable under recommended storage conditions

Extremely unstable

Produces violet (dilute) or green (concentrated) acid solutions

Greasy feel; also exists in hygroscopic, soluble, peach-blossom colored form

Greenish-black or violet deliquescent crystals, depending on whether chlorine is coordinated with the chromium. Density: 1.76; MP: 83 °C. Soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble in ether /Chromium chloride hexahydrate/

pH = 2.61 at 20 °C at a concentration of 50/g/L /Chromium chloride hexahydrate/

Chromium forms a number of compounds in various oxidation states. Those of 2+ (chromous), 3+ (chromic) and 6+ (chromates) are the most important /Chromium, alloys and cmpd/

Cr(III) is the most stable oxidation state of chromium & is always present as a coordination complex /Trivalent chromium/

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 1.9% (5 of 261) of reports.

Danger

H302 (96.9%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 261 reports by companies from 21 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Danger

Chemical: Chromium chloride (CrCl3)

Chromium chloride (CrCl3) is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Chromium chloride (CrCl3) are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Active Update: 28-06-2019 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/10556

Chromium chloride: HSNO Approval: HSR004020 Approved with controls

When heated to decomposition, it emits toxic fumes of chlorine containing compounds. Violent reaction with lithium, nitrogen. Incompatible with strong oxidizers. (EPA, 1998)

Not combustible.

CrIII compounds do not cause chrome ulcerations but may cause allergic dermatitis in workers with prior sensitization to CrVI compounds. [ILO Encyclo] CrIII is an essential trace mineral in the human diet. [ATSDR Case Studies] An eye and respiratory tract irritant; [ICSC] Toxic by ingestion or skin absorption; [CAMEO] See Chromium.

D007; A solid waste containing chromium may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Chromium/

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 1 mg/cu m. /Chromium metal and insoluble salts, as Cr/

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 0.5 mg/cu m. /Chromium(III) compounds, as Cr/

D007; A waste containing chromium may or may not be characterized as a hazardous waste following testing by the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure as prescribed by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations. /Chromium/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth.

Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Respiratory protection from chromium metal and insoluble chromium salts while fighting fires: self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode. /Chromium metal and insoluble chromium salts/

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. hygroscopic Storage class (TRGS 510): Non-combustible, corrosive hazardous materials.

Keep tightly closed.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES; Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

If chromium metal or insoluble chromium salts are spilled, the following steps should be taken: 1. Remove all ignition sources where metallic chromium has been spilled. 2. Ventilate area of spill. 3) Collect spilled material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers for reclamation or for disposal in a secured sanitary landfill. Liquid containing chromium metal or insoluble chromium salts should be absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material. /Chromium metal and insoluble chromium salts/

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D007, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Chromium/

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

The following wastewater treatment technology has been investigated for chromium: Concentration process: Biological Treatment. /Chromium/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Chromium (III) chloride (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Further processing of solid materials may result in the formation of combustible dusts. The potential for combustible dust formation should be taken into consideration before additional processing occurs. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.

Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Good industrial hygiene practices recommend that engineering controls be used to reduce environmental concentrations to the permissible exposure level. ... In addition to respirator selection, a complete respiratory protection program should be instituted which includes regular training /sessions/, maintenance, inspection, cleaning, and evaluation /of the equipment/. /Chromium metal and insoluble chromium salts/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Chromium (III) chloride (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

EC50; Species: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Green Alga) exponential growth phase; Conditions: freshwater, static, pH 7.7; Concentration: 562 ug/L for 24 hr (95% confidence interval: 547-576 ug/L); Effect: physiology, decreased photosynthesis /Total Cr ion/

EC50; Species: Daphnia similis (Water Flea); Conditions: freshwater, static, 19.9-20.3 °C, pH 6.0-6.5; Concentration: 10000 ug/L for 24 hr; Effect: intoxication, immobilization /Total Cr3 ion/

EC50; Species: Daphnia similis (Water Flea); Conditions: freshwater, static, 19.9-20.3 °C, pH 6.0-6.5; Concentration: 3240 ug/L for 48 hr (95% confidence interval: 3010-3490 ug/L); Effect: intoxication, immobilization /Total Cr3 ion/

LC50; Species: Austropotamobius pallipes (Crayfish) weight 1380 mg; Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 1010 ug/L for 24 hr /Dissolved Cr ion/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Chromium (III) chloride (24 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Chromic chloride forms purple-hexagonal plates. It is used in chromizing; manufacture of Cr metal and compounds; as catalyst for polymerization of olefins and other organic reactions; as textile mordant; in tanning; in corrosion inhibitors, and as a waterproofing agent. It's solution is also used in total parenteral nutrition. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Chromic chloride administered intravenously to total parenteral nutrition patients has been shown to be nontoxic when given at dosage levels up to 250 ug/day for two consecutive weeks. Symptoms of toxic chromium reactions include nausea, vomiting, ulcers of the gastrointestinal tract, renal and hepatic damage, and abnormalities of the central nervous system culminating in convulsions and coma. 2211 consecutive patients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis were patch tested with 0.5% potassium dichromate (Cr(VI)) and 13% chromium trichloride (Cr(III)). A total of 71 (3.2%) patients had a positive reaction to Cr(VI), of which 31 also had a positive Cr(III) reaction. No Cr(VI) negative patients had a positive reaction to Cr(III). An increased risk of foot dermatitis was found in Cr(VI) positive patients with a concomitant positive or doubtful reaction to Cr(III) compared with Cr(VI) positive patients with no reactions to Cr(III). Chromic chloride inhibited spindle formation in human skin fibroblasts, but only at the highest concentration tested (100 uM), which was several orders of magnitude higher than the concentration required for chromium (IV) compounds (sodium chromate and calcium chromate) to produce the same effect. Chromic chloride exposure in vitro only had slight impact on the telomere length in human cells. ANIMAL STUDIES: Chromic chloride crystals applied to the intact cornea of rabbits resulted in permanent gray vascularized opacity. Rats were fed a stock diet to which was added 0, 5, 25, 50 or 100 mg of Cr per kg of diet as chloride for 20 weeks without any toxic effects. Pregnant mice were given a single intraperitoneal injection of (51)Cr chromic chloride (19.5 mg/kg body weight Cr) on day 8 of gestation and were sacrificed at intervals of 4-192 hr after injection. More pyknotic cells were observed in the neural plate of experimental embryos than controls, especially by 8 hours after injection. In developmental studies in rabbits chromic chloride induced dwarfism, kinky and short tails, lung hypoplasia, heart hypertrophy, intrathoracic hemorrhage and dilated nares and brain lateral ventricles. In vitro chromic chloride interfered with meiotic maturation of mouse oocyte resulting in reducing the ability of fertilization. Chromic chloride was not genotoxic in four Salmonella strains tested (TA1535, TA1537, TA98, and TA100) with or without metabolic activation. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: In preliminary acute Daphnia tests, the 24 hr EC50 was 22 mg/L for chromic chloride. The nominal 21 day no observed effect concentration was 0.70 mg/L, with the most sensitive parameter being reproduction rate.

Trivalent chromium may also form complexes with peptides, proteins, and DNA, resulting in DNA-protein crosslinks, DNA strand breaks, DNA-DNA interstrand crosslinks, chromium-DNA adducts, chromosomal aberrations and alterations in cellular signaling pathways. It has been shown to induce carcinogenesis by overstimulating cellular regulatory pathways and increasing peroxide levels by activating certain mitogen-activated protein kinases. It can also cause transcriptional repression by cross-linking histone deacetylase 1-DNA methyltransferase 1 complexes to CYP1A1 promoter chromatin, inhibiting histone modification. Chromium may increase its own toxicity by modifying metal regulatory transcription factor 1, causing the inhibition of zinc-induced metallothionein transcription. (A12, L16, A34, A35, A36)

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ No fish deaths occurred in environments containing 5 or 10 ppm of chromic chloride and chromic sulfate alone, but the mortality with 20 ppm chromium showed a tendency to increase as time passed. The addition of sodium NTA (317 ppm) and sodium EDTA (522 ppm) produced a decrease in mortality of carp due to the toxicity of chromium(III) in either chromic chloride or chromic sulfate soln.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Twenty-one day Daphnia reproduction tests were conducted in line with the provisional procedure proposed by the Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt, FRG), as of Jan 1, 1984. Groups of 20, 24-hr old Daphnia magna Straus were exposed to 0.08 to 11 mg/L chromic chloride in semi-static test vessels. Parent animals in the test and control vessels had to be pipetted 3 times/wk in freshly prepared test and control media at the corresponding concn level. The no observed effect concn (NOEC) was determined from the parameters of mortality of the parent animals, reproduction rate and appearance of the first offspring during the test period. In preliminary acute Daphnia tests, the 24 hr EC50 was 22 mg/L, the EC0 was 11 mg/L for chromic chloride. The nominal 21 day no observed effect concn was 0.70 mg/L, with the most sensitive parameter being reproduction rate.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The influence of humic acid (HA) on the toxicity and bioavailability of two forms of trivalent chromium (chromic chloride and chrome lignosulfonate) was evaluated using a common freshwater invertebrate, Daphnia pulex. With both compounds, the 50 mg/liter HA significantly decreased toxicity at all time points examined. The remaining two HA concentrations, 0.5 and 5 mg/liter, either had no influence or decreased the toxicity of the compounds. Humic acid appeared to have no influence on the bioavailability of chrome lignosulfonate. However, for chromic chloride, 5 and 50 mg/liter HA decreased the percentage free chromium at all time points examined.

Cough.

Redness.

Chromium in its trivalent state is not very toxic, but it may be oxidized to hexavalent chromium. Breathing hexavalent chromium can cause irritation to the lining of the nose, nose ulcers, runny nose, and breathing problems, such as asthma, cough, shortness of breath, or wheezing. Ingestion of hexavalent chromium causes irritation and ulcers in the stomach and small intestine, as well as anemia. Skin contact can cause skin ulcers. (L16)

In batch soil adsorption experiments using chromium (III) chloride, Cr(III) is removed very rapidly by precipitation as various Cr(III) species, e.g. as hydroxide and/or adsorption. Within 6 hours there is no Cr(III) detectable in any of three soils. Some of the Cr(III) is then oxidized by Mn(IV)-containing minerals within a few hours. Higher levels of carbon may block mineral sites (eg. MnO2) that oxidize Cr(III). Cr(VI) disappears from pore water at a very slow rate compared to the disappearance of Cr(III). Adsorption coefficients increase with increasing pH. Adsorption coefficients were determined as follows: Kd = 298 - 14346 L/kg (o.c.: 1.92%, pH 4.70 - 6.69), 19716 - 55918 L/kg soil (o.c.: 0.11%, pH 6.03 - 6.69), and 330 - 23658 (o.c.: 3.75%, pH 3.63 - 6.16) for loan, loess and clay, respectively(1).

In batch soil extractability experiments using chromium (III) chloride at up to 500 ppm over a 16 week period in three soils (Rubikon sand, Morley clay loam and limed Morley clay loam), chromium (III) hydroxide was formed in the soils at pH >4.7. In soils precipitated chromium (III) hydroxide is aged with time resulting in more crystalline forms with lowered solubility. There is strong evidence that organic bound chromium(III) is very low. The exchangeable portion of Cr(III) is also negligible. The water soluble fraction is nearly zero after 2 weeks(1).

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Trivalent chromium administered intravenously to total parenteral nutrition patients has been shown to be nontoxic when given at dosage levels up to 250 ug/day for two consecutive weeks.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Chromium allergy has become synonymous with Cr(VI) allergy. However, real exposure to chromium from leather products may include both Cr(III) and Cr(VI). In this study, we investigate the reactivity to both Cr(VI) and Cr(III) in consecutive patients to analyse the relation between foot eczema/leather exposure and reactivity to Cr(III). From March 2002 to December 2004, 2211 consecutive patients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis were patch tested with 0.5% potassium dichromate (Cr(VI)) and 13% chromium trichloride (Cr(III)). A total of 71 (3.2%) patients had a positive reaction to Cr(VI), of which 31 also had a positive Cr(III) reaction. No Cr(VI) negative patients had a positive reaction to Cr(III). An increased risk of foot dermatitis was found in Cr(VI) positive patients with a concomitant positive or doubtful reaction to Cr(III) compared with Cr(VI) positive patients with no reactions to Cr(III). The increased risk was not due to a higher degree of sensitivity to Cr(VI). Leather was reported most frequently as the suspected cause of chromium dermatitis (54%). However, Cr(VI) allergics having foot eczema and positive or doubtful Cr(III) reactions often had positive reactions to other shoe allergens. Thus, Cr(III) allergy is part of a multiple shoe allergy pattern.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Symptoms of toxic chromium reactions include nausea, vomiting, ulcers of the gastrointestinal tract, renal and hepatic damage, and abnormalities of the central nervous system culminating in convulsions and coma.

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ ...Cr3+ decreases the viability and/or proliferation rate of eukaryotic cells such as murine B16 melanoma cells and human MCF-10A neoT ras-transformed human epithelial cells. /Cr3+/

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Chromium (III) chloride (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Using chromium (III) chloride as the Cr3+ source and mollusc (Mytilus edulis L.) as the aquatic organism in a saltwater, flow-through study over 24 weeks, the BCF for chromium (III) resulting from exposure to 1 mg Cr/L seawater was found to be be 86 (dimensionless) based on wet weight(1).

D007; A solid waste containing chromium may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Chromium/

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Chromic chloride is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 1 or 10,000 lbs. Extremely hazardous substances that are solids are subject to either of two threshold planning quantities ... The lower quantity applies only if the solid exists in powdered form and has a particle size less than 100 microns; or is handled in solution or in molten form; or meets the criteria for a National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) rating of 2, 3 or 4 for reactivity. If the solid does not meet any of these criteria, it is subject to the upper ... threshold planning quantity ... .

EPA 100 ug/L

Maximum contaminant level for inorganic contaminants: Contaminant: Chromium; MCL 0.1 mg/L. /Chromium/

Trivalent chromium is part of glucose tolerance factor, an activator of insulin-mediated reactions. Chromium helps to maintain normal glucose metabolism and peripheral nerve function. Providing chromium during total parenteral nutrition prevents development of the following deficiency symptoms: impaired glucose tolerance, ataxia, peripheral neuropathy and a confusional state similar to mild/moderate hepatic encephalopathy.

Trivalent chromium is part of glucose tolerance factor, an essential activator of insulin-mediated reactions. Chromium helps to maintain normal glucose metabolism and peripheral nerve function. Providing chromium during TPN helps prevent deficiency symptoms including impaired glucose tolerance, ataxia, peripheral neuropathy and a confusional state similar to mild/moderate hepatic encephalopathy.

Metallic chromium has no biological activity. Chromium is referred as a glucose tolerance factor. This glucose tolerance factor is a complex of molecules. Glycine, cysteine, glutamic acid and nicotinic acid along with chromium form this complex.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of three different chromium forms as chromic chloride (CrCl3), chromium picolinate (CrPic), and a newly synthesized complex of chromium chelated with small peptides (CrSP) on glucose uptake and metabolism in vitro. In cultured skeletal muscle cells, chromium augmented insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and metabolism as assessed by a reduced glucose concentration of culture medium. At the molecular level, insulin significantly increased the mRNA levels of insulin receptor (IR), glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), glycogen synthase (GS), and uncoupling protein-3 (UCP3), and these impacts can be enhanced by the addition of chromium, especially in the form of CrSP. Collectively, results of this study demonstrate that chromium improves glucose uptake and metabolism through upregulating the mRNA levels of IR, GLUT4, GS, and UCP3 in skeletal muscle cells, and CrSP has higher efficacy on glucose uptake and metabolism compared to the forms of CrCl3 and CrPic.

31- 41 hours

The tissue levels of chromium were followed after single intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection of 1 mmol CrCl3/kg body wt. in Swiss male mice. Blood levels were similar after both treatment modes, with half-lives of 31-41 hr. ...

The metabolism of chromic chloride hexahydrate in guinea pigs for 60 days after intratracheal injection of 200 ug Cr 10 min after injection, 69% of the dose remained in the lungs, & only 4% was found in the blood & liver, kidneys, spleen. By 24 hr, 45% was still in the lungs, 6% was excreted in the urine, & only a very small % was found in the other tissues. The spleen was the only tissue that showed accumulation & that occurred during the 1st 48 hr.

/The investigators/ studied ... the metabolism of ... chromic chloride hexahydrate in guinea pigs for ... 60 days ... after intratracheal injection of 200 ug Cr. ... 10 min after injection, 69% of the dose remained in the lungs, & only 4% was found in the blood & ... /liver, kidneys, spleen/. By 24 hr, 45% was still in the lungs, 6% was excreted in the urine, & only a very small % was found in the other tissues. The spleen was the only tissue that showed accumulation & that occurred during the 1st 48 hr. The Cr that reached the blood was found in greater amt in the plasma than in the cells ... at the end of 30 days, 30% of Cr3+ was still in the lungs ... at 60 days ... 12% ... /Chromic chloride hexahydrate/

Chromium is absorbed from oral, inhalation, or dermal exposure and distributes to nearly all tissues, with the highest concentrations found in kidney and liver. Bone is also a major storage site and may contribute to long-term retention. Hexavalent chromium's similarity to sulfate and chromate allow it to be transported into cells via sulfate transport mechanisms. Inside the cell, hexavalent chromium is reduced first to pentavalent chromium, then to trivalent chromium by many substances including ascorbate, glutathione, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Chromium is almost entirely excreted with the urine. (A12, L16)

Chromium absorption can increase with exercise.

Most absorbed chromium is excreted rapidly in the urine, whereas unabsorbed chromium is excreted through feces.

Chromium is stored in liver, spleen, soft tissue and bone.

In rats, brain and muscle appear to have little affinity for injected chromium (III) chloride, but there is a considerable uptake by liver, spleen and bone marrow.

... rats absorbed from 5% to 10% of radioactive trivalent chromium (as the chloride) within 5 min after it was admin by stomach intubation. The chromium retained by the rats decr from 5% to 10% at 5 min to less than 1% at 1 hr. ... most of the quickly absorbed chromium was lost via the gastrointestinal tract.

The excretion and whole-body retention of various (51)Cr-chromium cmpd differed greatly in ... mouse. ... 7 days after the iv dose to mice, retained (51)Cr was ... 40% of CrCl3 ... There was high uptake of ... CrCl3 in the bone marrow ...

Used in chromizing, tanning, waterproofing and as a polymerization catalyst, textile mordant, and corrosion inhibitor; [Merck Index]

Leather Tanning and Processing [Category: Industry]

Manufacture of Cr metal and compounds; as catalyst for polymerization of olefins and other organic reactions; as textile mordant; in tanning; in corrosion inhibitors; as waterproofing agent.

Chromium salts, intermediates, textile mordant, chromium plating including vapor plating, preparation of sponge chromium, catalyst for polymerizing olefins, waterproofing.

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has also used chromium(III) chloride as an electrolyte for redox energy storage cells.

Chromizing, Cr metal organochromium compounds. /From table/

2023: 90,955 lb

(1987) No Data

Non-confidential 2012 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) information on the production and use of chemicals manufactured or imported into the United States. Chemical: Chromium chloride. National Production Volume: 66,000 lb/yr.

By passing chlorine over a mixture of chromic oxide and carbon.

By the action of hydrochloric acid on chromium hydroxide. /Hexahydrate/

Chromium(III) chloride can be prepared readily from chromyl chloride by reaction with carbon monoxide and chlorine. The reaction proceeds rapidly in the gas phase at 750 - 850 °C. Since chromium(III) chloride evaporates only at a higher temperature, a considerable portion of the product, which varies as a function of the partial pressure, is produced in the form of fine crystals. As the smoke cools down, these act as crystallization nuclei for any gaseous chromium(III) chloride still present. This procedure prevents the deposition of solid on the cooling surfaces.

Anhydrous chromium(III) chloride is obtained along with iron(II) chloride by chlorinating roasting of chromite in the presence of carbon at 900 - 1050 °C. Oxygen is added to the chlorine to prevent nonvolatile residues, in particular minor constituents of the ore, from sintering together. Fractionating condensation between 400 and 640 °C has been suggested for separating the chloride vapors. The compound can also be obtained by chlorinating chromium(III) oxide in the presence of reducing agents or by treating ferrochromium with chlorine.

Chromic chloride hexahydrate is available as a 62% green aqueous solution typically containing 12% chromium and less than 0.2% sulfate.

/Available as/ 80 mesh, 99.9% purity grade /from Cerac, Inc/ & as dark green solution & dark green powder grades /from McGean-Rohco, Inc/

McGean-Rohco, Inc ... /Available as/ 31% chrome, powder and 12% chrome, solution

CHROMIC CHLORIDE - chromic chloride injection, solution; Chromic Chloride Injection, USP is a sterile, nonpyrogenic solution intended for use as an additive to solutions for Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN). Each mL contains Chromic Chloride Hexahydrate 20.5 mcg, Water for Injection q.s. pH adjusted with Hydrochloric Acid if necessary. It delivers elemental Chromium 4 mcg/mL. The 10 mL vial is a single dose preservative free vial.

There are a few forms of chromium available for nutritional supplementation. They include chromium picolinate, chromium polynicotinate, chromium chloride and high-chromium yeast. These forms are available as stand-alone supplements or in combination products. /Chromium supplements/

Synthetic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing

Chromium chloride (CrCl3): ACTIVE