소듐 셀레나이트

Small fires: dry chemical carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam. Large fires: water spray, fog, or foam. (EPA, 1998)

Use water spray, foam, carbon dioxide, dry sand, special powder.

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Induce vomiting (ONLY IN CONSCIOUS PERSONS!). Refer for medical attention .

Signs and Symptoms of Sodium Selenite Exposure: Signs and symptoms of acute sodium selenite exposure include the following: garlic odor on breath, drooling, nasal irritation and burning sensation in nostrils, vomiting, hypotension, dizziness, and poor reflexes. Pulmonary edema, cardiopulmonary arrest, and coma are possible complications. Contact with sodium selenite often results in skin irritation and burns.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Personnel protection: Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots and goggles. Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be contained with a flexible impermeable membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.

Environmental considerations: Water spill: Adjust pH to neutral (pH 7). If dissolved, apply sodium sulfide (Na2S) solution to precipitate heavy metals. Allow to aerate. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Where there is any possibility of exposure of an employee's body to selenium, selenium oxychloride, sodium selenite, sodium selenate, selenium dioxide, or liquids containing these compounds, facilities for quick drenching of the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use.

Employees should be provided with and required to use impervious clothing, gloves, face shields (eight-inch minimum), and other appropriate protective clothing necessary to prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact with selenium, sodium selenite, or sodium selenate.

Non-impervious clothing which becomes contaminated with selenium, sodium selenite, sodium selenate, selenium dioxide or liquids containing these compounds should be removed promptly and not reworn until the contaminant is removed from the clothing.

Skin Exposure: If selenium or its inorganic compounds get on the skin, immediately wash the contaminated skin. If selenium, sodium selenite, sodium selenate, or selenium dioxide soak through the clothing, remove the clothing immediately and wash the skin. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for SODIUM SELENITE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

... A 57 yr old female took daily doses of tablets that accidentally contained about 31 mg selenium. ... She had consumed 77 tablets. Four days after the last tablet her serum selenium level was 0.528 ug/mL. /Selenite/

A patient ingested 1.7 g of sodium selenite. ... 3 hours after ingestion, the selenium level of 2.716 ug/L.

A 62 year old man ... took about 0.9 mg selenium as sodium selenite per day. ... After 2 years, his blood and hair levels were 0.179 ug/mL and 0.828 ug/mg, respectively, ...

EYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water. INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice. SKIN: should be treated immediately by rinsing the affected parts in cold running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by thorough washing with soap and water. If necessary, the person should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and then must seek medical attention. INHALATION: supply fresh air. If required provide artificial respiration.

The highest lead concn (1 mM) reduced the percentage of selenite absorbed from the in situ ligated duodenal loop, but did not influence the retention of the orally admin cmpd. /Selenite/

... Groups of 5 mice received either 2 daily ip injections each of 2 mg/kg sodium selenite pentahydrate (Na2SeO3.5H2O) on successive days or 2 daily sc injections of 0.1 mL saline. Forty eight hr after the last Se injection, the Se treated group and 1 of the control groups received 20 mg/kg silver lactate ip and the other control group received a sodium lactate injection. Livers were analyzed 3 hr after the injection of silver. In a control experiment, 1 group of mice received sodium selinite and another group saline and livers were analyzed 51 hr after the last Se injection. Pretreatment of mice with Se resulted in a significant increase of silver induced lipid peroxidation in liver, when compared with animals exposed to silver alone (p< 0.001) or with controls (p< 0.001). The doses of selenium used in the experiment did not increase or decrease lipid peroxidation. /Sodium selenite pentahydrate/

Acute treatment with sodium selenite effectively reduces bromobenzene hepatotoxicity in male rats.

Male Porton Wistar rats were tested to determine the protection exerted by selenite, selenomethionine, selenium, or biological selenium (in the form of the liver soluble fraction from animals treated with sodium selenite) against the toxic effects of mercury. Mercury was given as mercuric chloride, injected subcutaneously in doses of 2.5, or 7.5 umoles/kg. The animals received equimolar doses of selenium compounds at the time of treatment with mercury. A reduction in the level of mercury in the urine was recorded 48 hours after treatment with both biological selenium and selenomethionine. Treatment with selenite induced a greater decrease in the levels of urinary mercury, together with a significant reduction of the levels of mercury in the kidney. The activity of alkaline phosphatase in urine and the levels of plasma urea nitrogen recorded in animals treated with mercury in doses of 2.5 or 5 umoles/kg were lowest in the rats treated with selenium, followed by biological selenium, and selenite in that order. The degree of necrosis seen in the proximal kidney tubules of animals treated with 5 or 7.5 umoles/kg mercury showed the same pattern, while in animals treated with the lowest dose of mercury necrotic damage was slight. These results support the hypothesis that the protective effect of selenium against mercury renal toxicity is due to the formation of mercury selenide.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for SODIUM SELENITE (23 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Chronic oral exposure to high concentrations of selenium compounds can produce a disease called selenosis. The major signs of selenosis are hair loss, nail brittleness, and neurological abnormalities (such as numbness and other odd sensations in the extremities). Animal studies have shown that selenium may also affect sperm production and the female reproductive cycle. (L619)

EC50; Species: Anabaena constricta (Blue-Green Algae); Conditions: freshwater, static, 25 °C, pH > or =7.3; Concentration: 138000 ug/L for 24 hr; Effect: decreased population biomass

EC50; Species: Anabaena constricta (Blue-Green Algae); Conditions: freshwater, static, 25 °C, pH > or =7.3; Concentration: 120000 ug/L for 3 days; Effect: decreased population biomass

EC50; Species: Anabaena constricta (Blue-Green Algae); Conditions: freshwater, static, 25 °C, pH > or =7.3; Concentration: 91000 ug/L for 5 days; Effect: decreased population biomass

EC50; Species: Chlorella ellipsoidea (Green Algae); Conditions: freshwater, static, 25 °C, pH 7.5-8.6; Concentration: 141000 ug/L for 24 hr; Effect: decreased population biomass

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for SODIUM SELENITE (104 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Selenite (Se(IV)) is soluble, but can strongly adsorb to soil minerals and organic material(1). In soils, inorganic selenium compounds can be methylated by microorganisms and subsequently volatilize to the atmosphere(2,3); dimethylselenide and dimethyl diselenide are the principal products(3).

AQUATIC FATE: In aqueous solution, over the pH range of 3 to 9, the biselenite species predominates; at pHs >9, selenite is the major species(1).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.

Oral (L619) ; inhalation (L619) ; dermal (L619)

Selenium readily substitutes for sulfur in biomolecules and in many biochemical reactions, especially when the concentration of selenium is high and the concentration of sulfur is low. Inactivation of the sulfhydryl enzymes necessary for oxidative reactions in cellular respiration, through effects on mitochondrial and microsomal electron transport, might contribute to acute selenium toxicity. Selenomethionine (a common organic selenium compound) also appears to randomly substitute for methionine in protein synthesis. This substitution may affect the structure and functionability of the protein, for example, by altering disulfide bridges. Inorganic forms of selenium appear to react with tissue thiols by redox catalysis, resulting in formation of reactive oxygen species and causing damage by oxidative stress. (L619)

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ ... Day-old /mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)/ ducklings were fed 0.1, 10, 20, or 40 ppm Se as seleno-DL-methionine or sodium selenite for 6 wk. Selenium from selenomethionine accumulated in a dose-dependent manner in the liver, resulting in a decrease in the concentration of hepatic-reduced glutathione (GSH) and total hepatic thiols (SH). These effects were accompanied by a dose-dependent increase in the ratio of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to GSH, and an increase in malondialdehyde concentration as evidence of lipid peroxidation. Hepatic and plasma GSH peroxidase activity was initially elevated at 10 ppm Se as selenomethionine, whereas GSSG reductase activity was elevated at higher dietary concentrations of Se. Selenium from sodium selenite accumulated in the liver to an apparent maximum at 10 ppm in the diet, resulting in an increase in hepatic GSH and GSSG accompanied by a small decrease in total hepatic SH. Sodium selenite resulted in an increase in hepatic GSSG reductase activity at 10 ppm and in plasma GSSG reductase activity at 40 ppm. A small increase in lipid peroxidation occurred at 40 ppm. These findings indicate that excess dietary Se as selenomethionine has a more pronounced effect on hepatic glutathione metabolism and lipid peroxidation in ducklings than does selenite, which may be related to the pattern of accumulation. Effects of Se as selenite appear to be less pronounced in ducklings than reported in laboratory rodents...

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were fed diets containing 1, 5, 10, 25 or 100 ppm selenium as sodium selenite, a diet containing 10 ppm selenium as seleno-DL-methionine or a control diet. There were no effects of 1, 5 or 10 ppm selenium as sodium selenite on either weight or survival of adults or on reproductive success, and there did not appear to be a dose-response relationship at these lower levels. The 100 ppm selenium diet killed 11 of 12 adults; one adult male fed 25 ppm selenium died. Selenium at 25 and 100 ppm caused weight loss in adults. Females fed 25 ppm selenium took longer to begin laying eggs and intervals between eggs were longer than in females in other treatment groups. Hatching success appeared to be reduced in birds fed 10 ppm selenium as selenomethionine, but the reduction was not statistically significant. The survival of ducklings and the mean number of 21-day-old ducklings produced per female were reduced in the 25 ppm selenium as sodium selenite group and the 10 ppm selenium as selenomethionine group. Egg weights were not affected by any selenium treatment, but 25 ppm selenium lowered the Ratcliffe Index. Duckling weights at hatching and at 21 days of age were reduced 28 and 36%, respectively, in birds fed 25 ppm selenium, as compared with controls. Body weights measured on day 21 were lower for ducklings fed 10 ppm selenium as selenomethionine than in some other groups. Selenium in concentrations of 10 and 25 ppm as sodium selenite caused mainly embryotoxic effects, whereas 10 ppm as selenomethionine was more teratogenic, causing hydrocephaly, bill defects, eye defects (microphthalmia and anophthalmia) and foot and toe defects, including ectrodactyly. Selenomethionine was much more readily taken up by mallards and passed into their eggs than was sodium selenite, and a greater proportion of the selenium in the eggs ended up in the white when selenomethionine was fed. Adult males accumulated more selenium than did females, probably because of the females' ability to eliminate selenium in their eggs.

Abdominal cramps. Cough. Diarrhoea. Dizziness. Headache. Laboured breathing. Nausea. Sore throat. Vomiting.

Redness. Pain.

Redness. Pain.

Abdominal cramps. Vomiting.

Short-term oral exposure to high concentrations of selenium may cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Brief exposures to high levels of elemental selenium or selenium dioxide in air can result in respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, difficulty breathing, and stomach pains. Longer-term exposure to either of these air-borne forms can cause respiratory irritation, bronchial spasms, and coughing. (L619)

Oral Dosage Form New Animal Drugs: Selenium, vitamin E capsules. The capsules contain 2.19 milligrams of sodium selenite (equivalent to 1 milligram of selenium) and 56.2 milligrams of vitamin E (68 I.U.) (as d-alpha tocopheryl acid succinate) or 0.548 milligram of sodium selenite (equivalent to .25 milligram of selenium and 14 milligrams of vitamin E (17 I.U.) (as d-alpha tocopheryl acid succinate.) ... The drug is intended for use as an aid in alleviating and controlling inflammation, pain, and lameness associated with certain arthropathies in dogs.

Implantation or Injectable Dosage Form New Animal Drugs: Selenium, vitamin E injection:

Selenium is a food additive permitted in feed and drinking water of animals. /Administered as sodium selenite or sodium selenate/

The Generic Animal Drug and Patent Restoration act requires that each sponsor of an approved animal drug must submit to the FDA certain information regarding patents held for the animal drug or its method of use. The Act requires that this information, as well as a list of all animal drug products approved for safety and effectiveness, be made available to the public. Sodium selenite is included on this list.

D010; A solid waste containing selenium (such as sodium selenite) may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste.

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Sodium selenite is included on this list.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 100 lb or 45.4 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV.D.3.b).

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Sodium selenite is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 100/10,000 lbs. Extremely hazardous substances that are solids are subject to either of two threshold planning quantities ... The lower quantity applies only if the solid exists in powdered form and has a particle size less than 100 microns; or is handled in solution or in molten form; or meets the criteria for a National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) rating of 2, 3 or 4 for reactivity. If the solid does not meet any of these criteria, it is subject to the upper ... threshold planning quantity ... .

Sodium selenite is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance.

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Selenium and compounds/

(AZ) ARIZONA 10 ug/L /Selenium/

(NY) NEW YORK 10 ug/L /Selenium/

(AZ) ARIZONA 45 ug/L /Selenium/

(CT) CONNECTICUT 10 ug/L /Selenium/

(ME) MAINE 35 ug/L /Selenium/

(MN) MINNESOTA 30 ug/L /Selenium/

Used as a colorant in glass production; [Kanerva, p. 1501] Used in glass manufacturing to remove green color, as an alkaloidal reagent, to test seed germination, as a reagent in bacteriology, for decorating porcelain, and as a dietary supplement; [HSDB]

Glass Manufacturing [Category: Industry]

Ceramics making [Category: Hobbies]

Removing green color from glass during its mfr; alkaloidal reagent

Reagent in bacteriology, testing germination of seeds, decorating porcelain

As a soil additive for selenium-deficient areas.

Prepared by evaporating an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide and selenious acid between 60 and 100 °C; ... by heating a mixture of sodium chloride and selenium oxide.

By neutralizing selenious acid with sodium carbonate and crystallizing.

BO-SE liquid (sc, im injections) (Schering-Plough Animal Health Corp): sodium selenite, 2.19 mg/mL (1 mg Se/mL); Vitamin E, 50 mg (68 U.S.P. units)/mL

L-SE liquid (sc, im injections) (Schering-Plough Animal Health Corp): sodium selenite, 2.19 mg/mL (1 mg Se/mL); Vitamin E, 50 mg (68 U.S.P. units)/mL

Seletoc Minicaps and Caps capsules (oral) (Schering-Plough Animal Health Corp): sodium selenite, 2.19 mg (1 mg Se); Vitamin E, 56.2 mg (68 I.U.) or sodium selenite, 0.548 mg (0.25 mg Se); Vitamin E, 14 mg (17.1 I.U.)

Mu-Se liquid (im, sc injection) (Schering-Plough Animal Health Corp): sodium selenite, 10.95 mg (5 mg Se)/mL; Vitamin E, 50 mg (68 U.S.P units)/mL

For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for SODIUM SELENITE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Selenious acid, sodium salt (1:2): ACTIVE

In 1974, US FDA approved use of sodium selenite ... in feed of swine, turkeys and growing chickens up to 16 wk of age; permissible levels are 0.1 mg/kg in swine and chicken feeds and 0.2 mg/kg in turkey feeds. Purpose of these additives in feed is to prevent selenium deficiencies, which can result in decr growth rates, disease and death.