염화카드뮴

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Cd in urine = 5 ug/g creatinine; Cd in blood = 5 ug/L; sampling time not critical; Monitoring in blood should be preferred during the initial year of exposure and whenever changes in the degree of exposure are suspected. [ACGIH]

Environmental considerations: Land Spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.

Environmental considerations: Water Spill: neutralize with agricultural lime, crushed limestone, or sodium bicarbonate. Add ferric chloride. Adjust pH to neutral (pH= 7).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D006, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D006, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Cadmium/

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

An eye wash fountain should be provided within the immediate work area where cadmium chloride is being used. /Cadmium chloride dust/

If material not involved in fire: Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary.

Personnel protection: Keep upwind. Avoid breathing vapors or dusts. ... Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.

Notify local health and wildlife officials; notify operators of nearby water intakes.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. All contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

THE RELATIVE EFFICACY OF A NUMBER OF CHELATING AGENTS WHEN ACTING AS ANTAGONISTS FOR ORAL CADMIUM CHLORIDE INTOXICATION IN MICE WAS STUDIED. THE CMPD WERE ADMINISTERED ORALLY AFTER THE ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF CADMIUM CHLORIDE AT 1 MMOL/KG. BY FAR THE MOST EFFECTIVE IN BOTH ENHANCING SURVIVAL AND LEAVING MINIMAL RESIDUAL LEVELS OF CADMIUM IN THE LIVER AND THE KIDNEY, WAS MESO-2,3-DIMERCAPTOSUCCINIC ACID. SEVERAL POLYAMINOCARBOXYLIC ACIDS ALSO ENHANCED SURVIVAL. THE MOST EFFECTIVE OF THESE IN REDUCING LIVER AND KIDNEY LEVELS OF CADMIUM WERE DIETHYLENETRIAMINEPENTAACETIC ACID, TRANS-1,2-DIAMINOCYCLOHEXANE-N,N,N',N'-TETRAACETIC ACID, AND TRIETHYLENETETRAMINEHEXAACETIC ACID. D-PENICILLAMINE PROMOTED SURVIVAL BUT ALSO LED TO KIDNEY CADMIUM LEVELS HIGHER THAN THOSE FOUND IN THE CONTROLS. SODIUM 2, 3-DIMERCAPTOPROPANE-1-SULFONATE WAS AS EFFECTIVE IN PROMOTING SURVIVAL AS MESO-2,3-DIMERCAPTOSUCCINIC ACID BUT LEFT LEVELS OF CADMIUM IN THE KIDNEY AND LIVER THAT WERE APPROXIMATELY 4 TIMES GREATER THAN THOSE FOUND WITH MESO-2,3-DIMERCAPTOSUCCINIC ACID.

Quinamic acid, bis-(3-carboxy-5-N-dicarboxymethyl-aminomethyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl-8)-5,8 -dimethyl-6,7-dihydroxyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, is a new chelating agent. Quinamic acid iv 500 mg/kg markedly reduced the mortality of acute ip poisoning of zinc sulfate, nickel chloride, cadmium chloride and uranyl nitrate in mice (p < 0.01). ... Within two weeks, treated rats showed less toxic reactions and renal /damage/ than the control rats. The activity of urinary catalase in treated rats was significatly lower than in controls.

the seeds of Cicer arietinum (L.) cv. Uday were inoculated with specific Rhizobium grown in sandy loam soil and were allowed to grow for 15 days. At this stage, the seedlings were supplied with 0, 50, 100 or 150 uM of cadmium in the form of cadmium chloride and sprayed with 0.01 uM of 28-homobrassinolide (HBL) at 30-day stage. The data indicated that plant fresh and dry mass, number of nodules, their fresh and dry mass, leghemoglobin content, nitrogen and carbohydrate content in the nodules, leaf chlorophyll content, nitrate reductase and carbonic anhydrase activities decreased proportionately with the increasing concentrations of cadmium but the content of proline and the activities of catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase increased. The ill effect, generated by cadmium, was overcome if the stressed plants were sprayed with HBL. The cadmium toxicity can be overcome by the foliar application of 28-homobrassinolide.

Several observations, both in humans and laboratory animals, have suggested that proanthocyanidins exhibit a broad spectrum of pharmacological, therapeutic and chemoprotective properties. Specifically, some of our earlier studies have shown that IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE, commercially known as ActiVin) provides excellent concentration- and dose-dependent protection against toxicities induced by diverse agents, such as acetaminophen, hydrogen peroxide, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), smokeless-tobacco extract, idarubicin and 4-hydroxyperoxycyclophosphamide in both in vitro and in vivo models. In some models, GSPE proved to be a better cytoprotectant than vitamins C, E and beta-carotene. The purpose of this investigation was three fold: (i) to indirectly assess the bioavailability of GSPE in multiple target organs, (ii) quantify GSPE's capacity to avert cadmium chloride (CdCl2)-induced nephrotoxicity, dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-induced splenotoxicity and O-ethyl-S,S-dipropyl phosphorodithioate (MOCAP)-induced neurotoxicity, and lastly (iii) to evaluate possible mechanisms of protection in mice. In order to determine all these, three separate experiments were designed and each experiment consisted of four groups, such as vehicle control, GSPE alone, toxicant alone and GSPE + toxicant. GSPE was administered orally (100 mg/kg) for 7-8 days prior to the toxicant exposure. Parameters of the analyses included evaluation of serum chemistry changes (ALT, BUN and CK), histopathology and integrity of genomic DNA, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Results indicate that GSPE preexposure prior to cadmium chloride and DMN provided near complete protection in terms of serum chemistry changes (ALT, BUN and CK) and inhibition of both forms of cell death. e.g., apoptosis and necrosis. DNA damage, a common denominator usually associated with both apoptosis and necrosis was significantly reduced by GSPE treatment. Histopathological examination of organs correlated strongly with the changes in serum chemistry and the DNA modification data. Surprisingly, MOCAP exposure showed symptoms of neurotoxicity coupled with serum chemistry changes in the absence of any significant genomic DNA damage or brain pathology. Although, GSPE appeared to partially protect the neural tissue, it powerfully antagonized MOCAP-induced mortality. Taken together, this study suggests that in vivo GSPE-preexposure may protect multiple target organs from a variety of toxic assaults induced by diverse chemical entities.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for CADMIUM CHLORIDE (30 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LC50; Species: Coturnix japonica (Japanese quail) 14 days old, oral 2584 ppm for 5 days (95% confidence limit: 2165-3083 ppm)

LC50; Species: Coturnix japonica (Japanese quail) 14 days posthatch, oral, ad libitum (chemical incorporated into the food) 2400 ppm for 5 days (95% confidence limit: 1807-3294 ppm)

LC50; Species: Phasianus colchicus (Ring-necked Pheasant) 10 days old, oral 767 ppm for 5 days (95% confidence limit: 651-898 ppm)

LC50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck) 10 days old, oral >5000 ppm (no mortality to 1580 ppm, 8% at 5000 ppm)

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for CADMIUM CHLORIDE (136 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

Compound with “fair evidence” of ototoxicity (suspected ototoxic substance).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.

Oral (L6) ; inhalation (L6) ; dermal (L6)

IN LACTATING COWS FED 3 G CADMIUM AS CADMIUM CHLORIDE DAILY, CADMIUM ACCUMULATED IN THE MAMMARY GLAND, AND MILK PRODUCTION WAS DECREASED DRASTICALLY, BUT CADMIUM WAS NOT INCORPORATED INTO MILK PROTEINS AND COULD BE FOUND ONLY IN TRACE AMOUNTS, LESS THAN 0.1 PPM, IN THE MILK.

Cadmium initially binds to metallothionein and is transported to the kidney. Toxic effects are observed once the concentration of cadmium exceeds that of available metallothionein, and it has also been shown that the cadmium-metallothionein complex may be damaging. Accumulation of cadmium in the kidney results in increased excretion of vital low and high weight molecular proteins. Cadmium is a high affinity zinc analog and can interfere in its biological processes. It also binds to and activates the estrogen receptor, likely stimulating the growth of certain types of cancer cells and causing other estrogenic effects, such as reproductive dysfunction. Cadmium causes cell apoptosis by activating mitogen-activated protein kinases. (L8, A18, A19, A28)

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Mechanism of testicular toxicity induced by dietary cadmium (Cd) has been less investigated than that following acute Cd injection. In the present study ... testicular injury in a small rodent, the bank vole, exposed subchronically to dietary Cd in a quantity of 0.9 mol/g /was characterized/, and ... the importance of some factors (Cd accumulation, metallothionein (MT), oxidative stress, and zinc (Zn)) /was determined/ in the injury. Dietary Cd induced moderate histopathological changes (hemorrhage in interstitium, necrosis and apoptosis in seminiferous tubule epithelium) in young (1 month old) bank voles fed, for 6 weeks, Fe-adequate (1.1-1.4 mol/g) and Fe-enriched (4.5-4.8 mol/g) diets. In contrast, adult (5 months old) bank voles appeared to be resistant to the toxic effects of dietary Cd, despite the fact that testicular Cd contents were higher and MT levels lower than those in the young animals. The Cd-induced histopathological changes and apoptosis were accompanied by increased testicular lipid peroxidation, decreased testicular Zn concentration and elevated levels of hepatic and renal MT and Zn. Supplemental dietary Zn (1.7-1.8 mol/g) prevented the Cd-induced testicular Zn depletion and injury. The data indicate that dietary Cd produces testicular lesions indirectly, through decreasing testicular Zn, which seems to be due to the sequestration of this element by the Cd-induced hepatic and renal MT.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Pairs of adult black ducks (Anas rubripes) were fed a diet containing 0, 4 or 40 ppm cadmium as cadmium chloride. One-week-old ducklings that had been fed the same dietary concentrations of cadmium as had their parents were tested for avoidance of a fright stimulus. Ducklings fed 4 ppm cadmium ran significantly farther from the stimulus than did controls or ducklings fed 40 ppm cadmium. Such an alteration in behavior could have harmful effects on wild birds.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ The effects of in vitro exposure of beluga whale splenocytes and thymocytes to different concentrations of mercury chloride (HgCl2), cadmium chloride (CdCl2), and lead chloride (PbCl2) were evaluated. The cells were cultured for 66 hr with either concanavalin A (Con-A), phytohemagglutinin-P, or without mitogen, after which percentage of cell death and proliferation were evaluated. Increased percentage of cell death was observed in Con-A-stimulated thymocytes cultured with HgCl2, while the viability of splenocytes was not affected by exposure to metals. Decreased splenocyte and thymocyte proliferation was observed with the highest concentration of HgCl2 and CdCl2 (10-5 M), while lower concentrations of these metals (10-6 and 10-7 M) as well as all the different concentrations of PbCl2 (10-4, 10-5, and 10-6 M) did not significantly influence cell proliferation. Concentrations of metals that were found to affect the proliferation of beluga lymphocytes are similar to those found in the liver of beluga whales from wild populations.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Common carp (Cyprinus carpio), Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio) and Peppered cory (Corydoras paleatus) were evaluated as target species to perform genotoxicity tests for heavy metals. Fishes were exposed to different doses of cadmium (0.005-0.1 mg/L) and copper (0.01-0.25 mg/L) for 21 days. Hexavalent chromium at a single dose of 5 mg/L was used as a positive control. Frequencies of micronuclei and binuclei were evaluated comparatively in peripheral blood erythrocytes, gill epithelial cells and liver cells. As a result it was observed that, fish species and their tissues showed differential sensitivity to the heavy metal treatment. In general, frequencies of micronucleated and binucleated cells significantly increased following the exposure for 21 days to copper, cadmium and chromium. On the other hand, gill and liver cells showed higher frequencies of micronuclei and binuclei than erythrocytes. Our results indicated the formation of micronuclei and binuclei in fish cells caused by their exposure to cadmium, copper and chromium, thus verifying results obtained earlier on mammals, which indicated that these heavy metals have cytotoxic and genotoxic effects. The suitability of the micronucleus assay in native fish species for the screening of aquatic genotoxicants is highlighted and the importance of target tissue selection in the piscine micronucleus test is emphasized.

Cough. Laboured breathing. Symptoms may be delayed.

Redness.

Redness. Pain.

Abdominal pain. Burning sensation. Diarrhoea. Nausea. Vomiting.

Acute inhalation of cadmium fumes results in metal fume fever, which is characterized by chills, fever, headache, weakness, dryness of the nose and throat, chest pain, and coughing. Ingestion of cadmium causes vomiting and diarrhea. (L6)

D006; A solid waste containing cadmium may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Cadmium/

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA direct, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA 88 were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern and List D pesticides of less concern. Cadmium chloride is found on List B. Case No: 2085; Pesticide type: Fungicide; Case Status: Cancelled - No products containing the pesticide are actively registered. Therefore, we are characterizing the case as cancelled. Under FIFRA, pesticide producers may voluntarily cancel their registered products. EPA also may cancel pesticide registrations if registrants fail to pay required fees or make/meet certain reregistration commitments, or if EPA reaches findings of unreasonable adverse effects. Active ingredient (AI): Cadmium chloride; AI Status: Cancelled - The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered pesticide product. Thus, we characterize it as cancelled.

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Cadmium chloride is included on this list.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 10 lb or 4.54 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

Cadmium chloride is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance.

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Cadmium and compounds/

(AZ) ARIZONA 5 ug/L /Cadmium/

(ME) MAINE 3.5 ug/L /Cadmium/

(MN) MINNESOTA 4 ug/L /Cadmium/

Used in photography; textile dyeing, galvanoplasty, mirror manufacturing, lubricants; fungicides, pyrotechnics, and electroplating; [Merck Index] Used in tinning solution and to make cadmium sulfide (cadmium yellow); [Hawley]

No longer used as fungicide in the US; EPA cancelled status; [HSDB]

Electroplating [Category: Plate]

For Cadmium chloride (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 012902) there are 0 labels match. /SRP: Not registered for current use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

The use of cadmium soaps as components of PVC stabilizers is decreasing because of their toxic properties. Solid PVC stabilizers contain cadmium soaps of saturated fatty acids, whereas liquid stabilizers contain soaps of unsaturated or branched, short-chain fatty acids. The soaps act as heat and light stabilizers, and soaps of saturated fatty acids are used as lubricants in the processing of PVC. Unlike other metallic soaps used in the PVC sector, cadmium soaps do not affect transparency and are suitable for hard, transparent PVC products. However, for safety reason their use is nowadays being replaced by mixtures of calcium-zinc stearate plus other stabilizers. /Cadmium metallic soaps/

Intermediate in the production of cadmium-containing stabilizers and pigments.

Insoluble matter: 0.01%; substances not precipitated by H2S: 0.3%; nitrate and nitrite as NO3: 0.003%; sulfate as (SO4): 0.005%; ammonium (NH4): 0.002%; copper: 0.001%; iron: 0.001%; lead: 0.005%; zinc: 0.1%.

Cadmium chloride, 2.5 hydrate, crystal: insoluble matter: 0.005%; substances not precipitated by hydrogen sulfide (as sulfate): 0.2%; nitrate and nitrite as NO3: 0.003%; sulfate as SO4: 0.005%; ammonium (NH4): 0.002%; lead: 0.005; zinc: 0.1%; maximum limits of trace impurities: copper: 5 ppm; iron: 5 ppm. /Cadmium chloride, 2.5 hydrate, crystal/

Cadmium chloride is produced by reaction of molten cadmium and chlorine gas at 600 °C or by dissolving cadmium metal or the oxide in hydrochloric acid, subsequently vaporizing the solution.

Preparation of cadmium chloride (anhydrous): the hydrate is refluxed with thionyl chloride, or calcined in a hydrogen chloride atmosphere.

It may be formed by the addition of dry cadmium acetate to a mixture of glacial acetic acid and acetyl chloride.

Dissolving the metal, the carbonate, oxide, sulfide, or hydroxide in hydrochloric acid and evaporating the solution. /Pentahydrate/

Anhydrous material may be drived from /the pentahydrate/ ... by heating in a stream of dry HCl.

USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code 012902; Trade Names: Vi-cad, Caddy.

Commercial cadmium chloride is mixture of hydrates that approximates to dihydrates (CdCl2.2H2O). Commercial grade ... available in USA typically contains about 51% cadmium & 0.005% each of iron and copper. Higher purity grades /are/ available for specialized applications ...

/FORMER/ LIQUID. CADDY CONTAINS 20.1% EQUIVALENT TO 12.3% ELEMENTAL CADMIUM. CAD-TRETE IS A COMBINATION OF THIRAM AND CADMIUM CHLORIDE COMPLEX.

Purities: 99.0 - >99.99%; American Chemical Society reagent grade, 95 - >99%; anhydrous, 99.99 - 99.999%.

For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for CADMIUM CHLORIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Cadmium chloride (CdCl2): ACTIVE

Fungicide (Status: Cancelled)