황산카드뮴

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Fresh air, rest. Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible).

Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Cd in urine = 5 ug/g creatinine; Cd in blood = 5 ug/L; sampling time not critical; Monitoring in blood should be preferred during the initial year of exposure and whenever changes in the degree of exposure are suspected. [ACGIH]

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. /Cadmium compounds, NOS/

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D006, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Peer-review: Soluble cadmium cmpd are converted to insoluble form, the sludge filtered, and deposited in a suitable landfill. Incineration of cadmium cmpd is not recommended because of the high sublimability of the oxide. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D006, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Cadmium/

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. All contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

Cd-sulphate and a 38% dimethoate containing insecticide formulation (BI 58 EC) were used as test material in a teratogenicity test in chicken after administration as a single compounds or in combination. The incubated chicken eggs were directly exposed to the applied test materials with injection into the air-chamber in a volume of 0.1 mL/egg before the starting of incubation. Applied concentration of Cd-sulphate was 0.01% and the concentration of pesticide was 0.1%. Evaluation was done on day 19. In test of individual toxicity after injection on day 0 of incubation Cd-sulphate did not cause a significant reduction in body mass of embryos. The rate of embryonic mortality was 26%. After the administration of dimethoate containing insecticide formulation on day 0 of incubation no decrease occurred in embryonic body mass. The rate of embryonic mortality was 31%. The developmental anomalies observed in the different treatment groups occurred sporadically. The simultaneous administration of Cd-sulphate and the dimethoate containing insecticide formulation on day 0 of incubation resulted in expressed embryonic mortality. The rate of embryonic mortality was 93%. In summary, it can be established that the simultaneous administration of Cd-sulphate and the dimethoate containing insecticide formulation on day 0 in studies of chemical interaction exerted an adverse effect on embryonic mortality.

Cadmium is a well-known animal teratogen. Caffeine is an alkaloid widely consumed by humans. Interactions between teratogens and nonteratogenic doses of other agents are becoming widely studied, as they may shed light on understanding mechanisms of teratogenicity or possible prevention of teratogenic effects. C57BL/6JBK mice were injected intraperitoneally (ip) with cadmium sulfate (Cd) at 0, 1.00 (LDCd), 2.50 (MDCd), or 5.00 (HDCd) mg/kg, immediately followed by subcutaneous (sc) administration of 0 or 50 mg/kg caffeine (CAFF) on gestation day (GD) 9. Fetuses were examined on GD 18 for ectrodactyly and other gross morphological malformations. Amelioration of cadmium-induced forelimb ectrodactyly by CAFF was seen in both the high-dose cadmium (HDCd = 65.4%, HDCd+CAFF = 39.2%) and medium-dose cadmium (MDCd = 46.2%, MDCd+ CAFF = 20.8%) treatment groups (P < 0.025). Bilateral expression of ectrodactyly was also decreased in the presence of caffeine. A statistically significant reduction in Cd-induced abnormalities, including: eye, abdominal, and other skeletal defects, was not seen with caffeine addition, although they did trend downward in the caffeine-supplemented groups. Litter size, fetal weight, fetal mortality, and dam weight also were not affected by co-treatment with caffeine.This study provides evidence that a subteratogenic dose of caffeine can ameliorate cadmium-induced forelimb ectrodactyly in the Cd-sensitive C57BL/6J inbred mouse strain.

Zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se) exert regulatory activities on immune functions, while cadmium (Cd) is an immunotoxic agent. The object of this study was to detect effects of 1x10-4, 1x10-5, and 1x10-6 M Cd sulphate, Zn sulphate, and sodium selenite, and their combinations on human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation and IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha production. Only 1x10-5 M Zn sulphate significantly enhanced spontaneous PBMC proliferation, which was unaffected by the other salts. At 1x10-4 and 1x10-5 M, Cd sulphate exerted a dose-response inhibitory action on phytohemagglutinin- (PHA-) stimulated PBMC proliferation and cytokine release, while 1x10-4 M and 1x10-5 M Zn sulphate and 1x10-5 M sodium selenite induced a stimulatory effect on both proliferation and cytokine release; 1x10-4 M sodium selenite enhanced only the PBMC proliferation; at 1x10-6 M, none of the salts changed the PHA-stimulated immune activity. Moreover, 1x10-4 and 1x10-5 M Zn and 10(-5) M Se strongly upregulated IFN-gamma (a Th1 cytokine) release, even in presence of 10(-5) M Cd, and reduced the inhibitory effects of Cd on PBMC proliferation and TNF-alpha release. This study confirms that Zn and Se both strongly enhance cytokine release induced by mitogenic stimulation, showing also that Zn acts with a broader range of concentrations than Se. This suggests that dietary excess of Se may not have beneficial effects.

Cadmium (Cd) is a well-known nephrotoxicant inducing kidney damage via oxidative stress. Since kidney is the critical target organ of Cd toxicity, this study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of onion (Allium cepa L.) and garlic (Allium sativum L.) aqueous extracts on Cd-induced renal oxidative stress in male Wistar rats. The control group received double distilled water alone and Cd group was challenged with 3CdSO4 x 8H2O (as Cd) (1.5 mg/100 g bw/day per oral) alone. Extract-treated groups were pre-treated with varied doses (0.5 mL and 1.0 mL/100 g bw/day per oral) of onion and/or garlic extract for 1 week after which they were co-treated with Cd (1.5 mg/100 g bw/day per oral) for 3 weeks. The results showed that the levels of renal lipid peroxidation (LPO) and glutathione-S transferase (GST) were significantly (P < 0.001) increased in rats that received Cd alone relative to the control group. More so, the levels of renal glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase were significantly (P < 0.001) decreased in rats that received Cd alone. Treatment of Cd-intoxicated rats with varied doses of onion and/or garlic extract significantly (P < 0.05) restored the alterations in these parameters relative to the group that received Cd alone. While treatment with high dose of onion extract exerted a significant dose-dependent restoration of these parameters, treatment with high dose of garlic elicited a pro-oxidant effect, relative to their respective low dose. Our study suggests that onion and garlic extracts may exert their protective effects via reduction in LPO and enhanced antioxidant defense. These extracts may, therefore, be useful nutritional option in alleviating Cd-induced renal damage.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for CADMIUM SULFATE (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LC50; Species: Cloeon dipterum (mayfly); Concentration: 70,600 ug/L for 72 hr at 10 °C; 28,600 ug/L for 72 hr at 15 °C; 6990 ug/L for 72 hr at 25 °C; 930 ug/L for 72 hr at 30 °C /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

LC50; Species: Acanthocyclops viridis (copepod); Concentration: 0.5 ug/L for 72 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

LC50; Species: Idotea baltica (isopod); Concentration: 10,000 ug/L for 5 days (3 g/kg salinity) /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

LC50; Species: Idotea baltica (isopod); Concentration: 10,000 ug/L for 3 days (21 g/kg salinity) /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for CADMIUM SULFATE (32 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.

Oral (L6) ; inhalation (L6) ; dermal (L6)

Cadmium initially binds to metallothionein and is transported to the kidney. Toxic effects are observed once the concentration of cadmium exceeds that of available metallothionein, and it has also been shown that the cadmium-metallothionein complex may be damaging. Accumulation of cadmium in the kidney results in increased excretion of vital low and high weight molecular proteins. Cadmium is a high affinity zinc analog and can interfere in its biological processes. It also binds to and activates the estrogen receptor, likely stimulating the growth of certain types of cancer cells and causing other estrogenic effects, such as reproductive dysfunction. Cadmium causes cell apoptosis by activating mitogen-activated protein kinases. (L8, A18, A19, A28)

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ The use of pesticides in field application involves the risk of poisoning wild animals. The reproduction period of pheasant takes place at the same time as the spraying time of pesticides, which justifies, that we evaluate in a point of the ecotoxicologic view the influence of the pesticide on progressive avian embryo. The most frequent technical way is injecting the exam stuffs to the some part of the embryonated eggs under the bird teratological trials. The advantage of this method is that it can be injected in a correct measured dose into the optional part of eggs. The disadvantage of this method is that it can't model properly the influence on the environment. If adverse effect of the embraced chemical substance on the embryo is experienced under the study, it will be necessary to use an immersion treatment. This procedure shows only the possible indirect influence of the pesticide on the embryo but it can suitably model its influence in plant protection practice. Treatment was done on day 12 of incubation. Applied concentration of heavy element (Cd sulphate) was 0.01% and the concentration of pesticide (Dithane M-45) was 0.2%. Evaluation was done on day 19 of incubation. Injection treatment: the simultaneous administration of Cd sulphate and the 80% mancozeb containing fungicide formulation on day 12 of incubation did not result in a significant decrease in the average body weight of embryos compared to neither the control nor the pesticide individually treated group. At the same time the body weight of embryos significantly decreased because of combined administration as compared to the Cd sulphate treated group. The embryo mortality and the incidence of developmental anomalies markedly increased after the simultaneous administration. Immersion treatment: the combined administration of Cd sulphate and the mancozeb containing fungicide formulation on day 12 of incubation did not result in a significant decrease in the average body mass of embryos compared to neither the control nor the individually treated groups. The number of embryo mortality was very high after the simultaneous administration. The incidence of developmental anomalies was sporadic.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ...The purpose of this study was to determine the size distribution of CdTe in freshwater, bioavailability and potential toxic effects of cadmium telluride quantum dots (CdTe QD) to the freshwater mussel Elliptio complanata. Mussels were exposed to increasing concentrations (0 to 8 mg Cd /per/ L) of CdTe and 0.5 mg/L CdSO4 for 24 hr at 15 degrees C to examine the initial uptake and toxic effects of Cd from CdTe QDs and dissolved CdSO4. After the exposure period, Cd bioaccumulation in the gills, digestive gland and gonad tissues and metallothionein (MT) levels were determined. The results revealed that about 80% of Cd was retained by a 450 nm pore filter (aggregates) and that 14% of the Cd was in the dissolved phase (i.e., eluted through a 1 kDa ultrafiltration membrane) which suggested that uncoated CdTe QDs were not stable in freshwater. In mussels, Cd was accumulated principally by the gills and digestive gland and the bioaccumulation factors of Cd from CdTe were similar to that of dissolved Cd. Indeed, tissue-levels of Cd were below the proportion of dissolved Cd from CdTe which suggests that Cd rather comes from the dissociation of Cd from the ingested QDs than from the internalization of the QDs in mussel tissues. The levels of MT were induced in both the digestive gland and gonad but were readily decreased in the gills by both CdTe and CdSO4. The observed decrease in the metallic form of MT might result from the oxidative stress by CdTe and dissolved Cd. In conclusion, uncoated CdTe QD in freshwater leads to aggregates and a dissolved component of Cd where the latter explained the contribution of the observed accumulation pattern in mussel tissues and effects on MT levels in mussels.

Cough.

Redness.

Redness.

Abdominal pain. Nausea. Vomiting.

Acute inhalation of cadmium fumes results in metal fume fever, which is characterized by chills, fever, headache, weakness, dryness of the nose and throat, chest pain, and coughing. Ingestion of cadmium causes vomiting and diarrhea. (L6)

Cadmium sulfate was evaluated for clastogenicity in groups of 10-20 male Long-Evans rats injected intraperitoneally with total dose levels of 0 or 7 mg/kg bw, in three equal increments at 2 day intervals. Blood and bone marrow samples were obtained from each rat at 1 and 30 days after treatment, for determination of chromosomal abnormalities. The treatment did not increase the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow or blood cells, indicating that the test compound was negative for clastogenicity in rats under the conditions of this assay. Positive control treatment with a single intraperitoneal injection of 0.3 mg/kg triethylenemelamine produced a significant increase in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells collected on day 1; bone marrow cells collected from positive control rats on day 30 and blood cells collected on day 1 or 30 were similar to negative controls in frequency of chromosomal aberrations.

/CASE REPORTS/ .../described is/ the case of a female denture wearer who was referred ... due to burning of the lips and tongue but with no visible oral lesions. Her biochemical data, complete blood cell count, sedimentation rate, thyroid and sex hormones were normal. Tongue culture was negative. Patch tests, performed with a panel of 20 potential denture allergens, gave positive results (+++) only to a 2% petrolatum cadmium sulfate, which was present in the denture. Removal of the denture led to the clearing up of oral symptoms in 3 days. In light of these findings, carrying out patch tests with the allergens related to denture materials should be considered in these cases.

/GENOTOXICITY/ Cadmium (Cd) is a hazardous heavy metal affecting many cellular functions, but little is known on cellular defense mechanisms. This article describes a study of a Cd-induced gene expression profile. Messenger RNA was prepared from HeLa cells exposed to a non-lethal dose of CdSO4, and analysed by the use of an array consisting of 7075 human cDNAs. Many stress response genes including those coding for metallothioneins and heat shock proteins were observed to be induced by Cd. The cellular metabolism inclined toward the synthesis of cysteine and glutathione after Cd exposure. Anti-oxidant genes also appeared to be induced to protect cell components and to quench reactive oxygen species. Ubiquitin pathway was activated as well probably to degrade proteins which might not be renatured. These data suggest that human cells mobilize every genomic resource to overcome cytotoxicity caused by Cd.

/GENOTOXICITY/ Six chemicals, known to induce lung tumors in rats, were examined for their ability to induce DNA fragmentation in primary cultures of rat and human lung cells, and in the lung of intact rats. Significant dose-dependent increases in the frequency of DNA single-strand breaks and alkali-labile sites, as measured by the single-cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assay, were obtained in primary lung cells from male rats with the following, minimally toxic, concentrations of the six test compounds: N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA; 2.5-10 mM), hydrazine (HZ; 0.5-4 mM), cadmium sulfate (CD; 31.2 and 62.5 uM), 4,4'-methylene bis (2-chloroaniline) (MOCA; 31.2-125 uM), isobutyl nitrite (IBN; 7.8-31.2 uM) and tetranitromethane (TNM; 1.9-15.6 uM). Similar degrees of DNA fragmentation were obtained in primary human lung cells; however, due to inter-donor differences, the minimum effective concentrations were in some donors lower and in others higher than in rats, and IBN induced DNA damage only in one of three donors. The DNA-damaging potency of HZ was higher in rats than in humans, and the opposite was true for MOCA. In agreement with these findings, statistically significant increases in the average frequency of DNA breaks were obtained in the lung of rats given a single oral dose (1/2 LD50) of the six test compounds. These findings give evidence that genotoxic lung carcinogens may be identified by use of the DNA fragmentation/Comet assay on rat lung cells as targets cells, and show that the six compounds tested produce in primary cultures of lung cells from human donors DNA-damaging effects substantially similar to those observed in rats.

D006; A solid waste containing cadmium may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Cadmium/

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Cadmium sulfate is included on this list.

(AZ) ARIZONA 5 ug/L /Cadmium/

(ME) MAINE 3.5 ug/L /Cadmium/

(MN) MINNESOTA 4 ug/L /Cadmium/

Used in electrodeposition (cadmium, copper, and nickel), phosphors, catalysts, nematocides, fungicides, bactericides, lubricants, and Weston cell electrolytes; [Merck Index] Used in pigments and electroplating; [Hawley] Used as an accelerator in cement formation; [HSDB]

Electroplating [Category: Plate]

Pigment; fluorescent screens

The use of cadmium soaps as components of PVC stabilizers is decreasing because of their toxic properties. Solid PVC stabilizers contain cadmium soaps of saturated fatty acids, whereas liquid stabilizers contain soaps of unsaturated or branched, short-chain fatty acids. The soaps act as heat and light stabilizers, and soaps of saturated fatty acids are used as lubricants in the processing of PVC. Unlike other metallic soaps used in the PVC sector, cadmium soaps do not affect transparency and are suitable for hard, transparent PVC products. However, for safety reason their use is nowadays being replaced by mixtures of calcium-zinc stearate plus other stabilizers. /Cadmium metallic soaps/

Fungicide /Former US/

Used as an accelerator in cement formation.

Cadmium sulfate, reagent grade has the following impurities: insoluble matter: 0.005%; substances not precipitated by hydrogen sulfide as SO4: 0.15%; chloride: 0.001%; nitrate and nitrite (NO3): 0.003%; copper: 0.002%; iron: 0.001%; lead: 0.003%; zinc: 0.10%; arsenic: 2 ppm. /Cadmium sulfate, anhydrous/

Cadmium sulfate, reagent grade has the following impurities: insoluble matter: 0.005%; substances not precipitated by hydrogen sulfide as SO4: 0.1%; chloride: 0.001%; nitrate and nitrite as NO3: 0.003%; copper: 0.002%; iron: 0.001%; lead: 0.001% 0.001%; zinc: 0.1%; arsenic: 1 ppm. /Cadmium sulfate 8/3 hydrate (3CdSO4.8H2O)/

Cadmium sulfate (as 3CdSO4.8H2O) ... impurities (%): CI, 0.001; NO3, 0.003; Cu, 0.002; Fe, 0.001; Pb, 0.003; Zn, 0.1; and As, 1-2 ppm

2023: 888,782 lb

(1972) 2X10+9 GRAMS

Oxidation of the sulfide or sulfite under carefully controlled oxidizing atmospheres at high temperature. An alternate method involves treatment of powdered cadmium nitrate, halide, oxide, or carbonate with dimethyl sulfate.

Anhydrous cadmium sulfate is produced by melting cadmium with ammonium or sodium peroxodisulfate. A saturated aqueous solution contains 76 g CdSO4 per 100 g of water at 0 °C, 77.2 g at 20 °C, 69.4 g at 74.5 °C, and 58.0 g at 100 °C.

Reagent grade: 99.0% min

Reagent grade: 99.0-102.0% /Cadmium sulfate 8/3 hydrate (3CdSO4.8H2O)/

Cadmium sulfate (as 3CdSO4.8H2O) - purities: 98-99.999%; American Chemical Society reagent grade, 98-99.0%

Primary Metal Manufacturing

Sulfuric acid, cadmium salt (1:1): ACTIVE

COMMERCIAL GRADE CADMIUM SULFATE REPORTEDLY CONTAINS ABOUT 49.5% CADMIUM; THEORETICAL CADMIUM CONTENT OF CADMIUM SULFATE IS 53.5%.

CdSO4.8/3H2O is the normal commercial form of cadmium sulfate and is made by dissolving cadmium metal, oxide, sulfide, hydroxide, or carbonate in sulfuric acid.

Cadmium sulfate is the most common cadmium salt

Cadmium forms a number of salts, of which the sulfate is the most common; the sulfide is used as a yellow pigment