Cadmium Nitrate

Metals -> Cadmium Compounds, Inorganic

Carcinogens

2.45 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

3.6 g/cu cm

3.6 @25 °C

White cubic crystals

White, amorphous pieces or hygroscopic needles

White, prismatic needles

Soluble in ammonia, alcohol

Sol in ethanol

Soluble in ether, acetone

In water, 156 g/100 g water at 25 °C

138 °F (USCG, 1999)

360 °C

360 °C

Cadmium nitrate is an odorless white solid. Sinks in water. (USCG, 1999)

White solid; [HSDB] White odorless crystals; [MSDSonline] There are 3 hydrates that form at temperatures <56 deg C; [Ullmann]

Strongly hygroscopic

Enthalpy of Fusion: 18.3 kJ/mol at 360 °C

Specific gravity 2.455; bp 132 °C /Tetrahydrate/

... forms both a dihydrate and a tetrahydrate

For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for CADMIUM NITRATE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Danger

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P362+P364, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Danger

H301 (90%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P317, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Chemical: Nitric acid, cadmium salt

Hazard Traits - Carcinogenicity; Genotoxicity

REACH registered substance: Cadmium nitrate (EC: 233-710-6)

Restricted substance: Cadmium nitrate

Substance: Cadmium nitrate

Nitric acid, cadmium salt: HSNO Approval: HSR001316 Approved with controls

Inhalation of fumes can produce coughing, chest constriction, headache, nausea, vomiting, pneumonitis. Chronic poisoning is characterized by emphysema and kidney injury. Ingestion causes gastrointestinal disturbance and severe toxic symptoms; both kidney and liver injuries may occur. Contact with eyes causes irritation. (USCG, 1999)

See Cadmium and the linked diseases.

The major hazards encountered in the use and handling of cadmium nitrate stem from its toxicologic properties. Toxic primarily by ingestion and inhalation, exposure to this odorless, colorless-to-white, crystalline substance may occur from its use in making other cadmium salts, in photographic emulsions, in coloring glass and procelain, and in the manufacture of nickel-cadmium batteries and turf fungicides. Effects from exposure may include headache, nausea, shortness of breath, chest pain, kidney damage, liver damage, emphysema, and intense pulmonary edema (possibly resulting in death). Processes and operations which may release cadmium fumes or dust should be enclosed and fitted with exhaust ventilation. In activities where overexposure is possible, workers should wear a high efficiency particulate filter respirator or self-contained breathing apparatus. Protective clothing also should be worn, including eye, face, and hand protection. All such clothing should be removed before leaving work. If contact should occur, immediately wash contaminated skin with large amounts of water. Do not eat, smoke, or drink in work areas. Cadmium nitrate presents only a moderate fire hazard (when in the form of dust) if exposed to heat, flame, or by chemical reaction with oxidizing agents, metals, hydrogen azide, zinc, selenium, or tellurium. Wear a self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting such fires. Cadmium nitrate should be stored in cool, well-ventilated areas, out of direct rays of sun, and away from combustibles and other fire hazards. Should hazardous concentrations of cadmium nitrate be released, first stop the discharge, then isolate and remove the discharged material. Before implementing land disposal of waste cadmium nitrate, consult environmental regulatory agencies for guidance.

National Toxicology Program. Eleventh Report on Carcinogens (2005). The Report on Carcinogens is an informational scientific and public health document that identifies and discusses substances (including agents, mixtures, or exposure circumstances) that may pose a carcinogenic hazard to human health. Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds are listed as known to be human carcinogens. /Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds/[Available from, as of July 31, 2009: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s028cadm.pdf]

D006; A solid waste containing cadmium may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Cadmium/

Mixtures of metal/nonmetal nitrates with alkyl esters may explode, owing to the formation of alkyl nitrates; mixtures of a nitrate with phosphorus, tin (II) chloride, or other reducing agents may react explosively [Bretherick 1979 p. 108-109].

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Cadmium nitrate is included on this list.

Cadmium nitrate will increase the intensity of fire when in contact with combustible material. /Tetrahydrate/

Mixtures with wood or other combustibles may catch fire. /Tetrahydrate/

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Cd in urine = 5 ug/g creatinine; Cd in blood = 5 ug/L; sampling time not critical; Monitoring in blood should be preferred during the initial year of exposure and whenever changes in the degree of exposure are suspected. [ACGIH]

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. /Cadmium compounds, NOS/

Keep cadmium nitrate /tetrahydrate/ well closed in a cool place. /Tetrahydrate/

Ambient temperature with open venting. /Tetrahydrate/

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D006, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D006, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Cadmium/

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

May be dangerous if it enters water intakes; notify local health and wildlife officials; notify operators of nearby water intakes. /Tetrahydrate/

In case of spill: notify local ... pollution control agencies. /Tetrahydrate/

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. All contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

Cadmium poisoning is treated by removal from exposure and supportive care. If ingested, induced vomiting or gastric lavage may be performed. Methemoglobinemia can be treated with supplemental oxygen and methylene blue 1% solution administered intravenously slowly over five minutes followed by IV flush with normal saline. Methylene blue restores the iron in hemoglobin to its normal (reduced) oxygen-carrying state. (L1613, L139)

In order to test the potential effect of prior exposure to different Cd concentrations on Cd uptake and accumulation, plants of Arabidopsis thaliana, including a phytochelatin-deficient mutant, cad1-3, and the wild type, were compared. For Cd uptake experiments, plants were grown for 1 week in nutrient solution containing different Cd concentrations (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 uM Cd(NO3)2). Thereafter they were subjected to 0.5 uM Cd labelled with (109)Cd for 2 hr. Uptake experiments with (109)Cd showed that the phytochelatin-deficient mutant cad1-3, accumulated less Cd than the wild type. Both a lower proportion and lower total amount of absorbed Cd were translocated to the shoot in cad1-3 plants compared to wild-type plants. Cadmium exposure also influenced the amounts of nutrients found, whereby after exposure to high Cd concentrations (0.5, 1.0 uM) during growth, cad1-3 roots contained less Fe, K, Mg, P, and S compared to roots of the wild type. In cad1-3 these elements decreased with increasing Cd concentration. The total Cd content in roots and shoots increased significantly with increasing Cd concentration during growth, although the increase was much less in cad1-3 plants. In time-dependent experiments of Cd uptake carried out between 15 and 120 min on plants not previously exposed to Cd, no significant difference in Cd accumulation between the mutant and wild type were found, although a smaller amount of Cd was translocated to the shoot in cad1-3 plants. The possibility that the differences in Cd accumulation in mutant and wild-type lines may be due to the cytosolic Cd regulation, which is inhibited by the complexation of Cd by phytochelatins, is discussed

The interaction between selenium and cadmium was studied in relation to cellular uptake and expressions of selenium-cadmium interaction. Human K-562 cells were pre-treated or simultaneously treated with (5 or 50 uM) selenite or (10 or 50 uM) selenomethionine and with (60 or 75 uM) cadmium nitrate. Cells pre or simultaneously treated with selenite revealed increased cadmium concentration with increased doses of selenite, particularly pronounced in the simultaneous treatments. In both treatments, selenium protection was observed during the exposure period, but not during the growth period. In cells simultaneously treated with selenomethionine and 60-uM cadmium, an increase in cadmium concentration was observed after increased selenium dose. In addition, it was found that simultaneous selenomethionine treatment with 60-uM cadmium resulted in selenium protection during the exposure period, although protection was not observed during the growth period.

Plants that hyperaccumulate metals are ideal subjects for studying the mechanisms of metal and mineral nutrient uptake in the plant kingdom. Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea) has been shown to accumulate moderate levels of Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Zn, and Cu. In this experiment, 10 levels of Cd concentration treatments were imposed by adding 10-190 mg Cd /per/ kg to the soils as cadmium nitrate [Cd(NO3)2]. The effect of Cd on phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and the micronutrients iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in B. juncea was studied. Plant growth was affected negatively by Cd, root biomass decreased significantly at 170 mg Cd /per/ kg dry weight soils treatment. Cadmium accumulation both in shoots and roots increased with increasing soil Cd treatments. The highest concentration of Cd was up to 300 mg /per/ kg dw in the roots and 160 mg /per/ kg dw in the shoots. The nutrients mainly affected by Cd were P, K, Ca, Fe, and Zn in the roots, and P, K, Ca, and Cu in the shoots. K and P concentrations in roots increased significantly when Cd was added at 170 mg /per/ kg, and this was almost the same level at which root growth was inhibited. Zn concentrations in roots decreased significantly when added Cd concentration was increased from 50 to 110 mg /per/ kg, then remained constant with Cd treatments from 110 to 190 mg /per/ kg. However, Zn concentrations in the shoots seemed less affected by Cd. It is possible that Zn uptake was affected by the Cd but not the translocation of Zn within the plant. Ca and Mg accumulation in roots and shoots showed similar trends. This result indicates that Ca and Mg uptake is a non-specific process.

We examined the influences of three trace metals on the accumulation of a major nutrient (NO3-) in Scenedesmus quadricauda. A comparative study on metal-nutrient interaction in free and immobilized states of algal cells was conducted. The effect due to interaction between different variables (cell state type, metal type, and metal dose) was studied to assess the variation in the nitrate uptake by free and immobilized cells. The results analyzed by ANOVA (three-way) (components: cell state type, metal type, and metal dose) confirmed that the inhibition of nitrate uptake by test metals was highly significant (P<0.001). Free and immobilized states of S. quadricauda responded differently (P<0.05, ANOVA) to the types of metal added. Uptake kinetics was studied by monitoring short-term uptake rates at different nutrient levels. Free and immobilized cells of the organism displayed noncompetitive modes of inhibition for Ni and Zn while a competitive mode of inhibition by Cd was observed in both free and immobilized states of the organism.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for CADMIUM NITRATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Chronic exposure to cadmium fumes can cause chemical pneumonitis, pulmonary edema, and lung diseases such as bronchitis and emphysema. Cadmium also accumulates in the kidneys, causing permanent damage. Loss of bone density also occurs. Nitrate and nitrite poisoning causes methemoglobinemia. Nitrites may cause pregnancy complications and developmental effects. They may also be carcinogenic. (L1137, L6)

EC50; Species: Folsomia candida (Springtail) adults Reading strain; Conditions: direct application in artificial soil (70% sand, 20% clay, pH 5.84, 10% organic matter, 30% moisture); Concentration: 590 ug/g soil for 28 days; Effect: progeny counts/numbers

EC50; Species: Folsomia candida (Springtail) adults Reading strain; Conditions: direct application in artificial soil (70% sand, 20% clay, pH 5.08, 10% organic matter, 30% moisture); Concentration 780 ug/g soil for 28 days; Effect: progeny counts/numbers

EC50; Species: Folsomia candida (Springtail) adults Reading strain; Conditions: direct application in artificial soil (70% sand, 20% clay, pH 4.54, 10% organic matter, 30% moisture); Concentration: 480 ug/g soil for 28 days; Effect: progeny counts/numbers

EC50; Species: Folsomia candida (Springtail) adults Reading strain; Conditions: direct application in artificial soil (70% sand, 20% clay, pH 6.0, 10% organic matter, 30% moisture), 20 °C; Concentration: 590 ug/g soil for 28 days; Effect: progeny counts/numbers

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for CADMIUM NITRATE (52 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Cadmium initially binds to metallothionein and is transported to the kidney. Toxic effects are observed once the concentration of cadmium exceeds that of available metallothionein, and it has also been shown that the cadmium-metallothionein complex may be damaging. Accumulation of cadmium in the kidney results in increased excretion of vital low and high weight molecular proteins. Cadmium is a high affinity zinc analog and can interfere in its biological processes. It also binds to and activates the estrogen receptor, likely stimulating the growth of certain types of cancer cells and causing other estrogenic effects, such as reproductive dysfunction. Cadmium causes cell apoptosis by activating mitogen-activated protein kinases. Nitrate's toxicity is a result of it's conversion to nitrite once in the body. Nitrite causes the autocatalytic oxidation of oxyhemoglobin to hydrogen peroxide and methemoglobin. This elevation of methemoglobin levels is a condition known as methemoglobinemia, and is characterized by tissue hypoxia, as methemoglobin cannot bind oxygen. (A2450, L1613, L8, A18, A19, A28)

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Daphnia magna (cladoceran) 0.17 ug/L/21 days in water hardness of 45 mg/L calcium carbonate, toxic effect: reproductive impairment.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Chilomonas paramecium (protozoan) exposed to 160 ug/L/48 hr, toxic effect: incipient inhibition.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Uronema parduezi (protozoan) exposed to 26 ug/L/20 hr, toxic effect: incipient inhibition.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Entosiphon sulcatum (protozoan) exposed to 11 ug/L/72 hr, toxic effect: incipient inhibition.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CADMIUM NITRATE (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Acute inhalation of cadmium fumes results in metal fume fever, which is characterized by chills, fever, headache, weakness, dryness of the nose and throat, chest pain, and coughing. Ingestion of cadmium causes vomiting and diarrhea. Nitrate and nitrite poisoning causes methemoglobinemia. Symptoms include cyanosis, cardiac dysrhythmias and circulatory failure, and progressive central nervous system (CNS) effects. CNS effects can range from mild dizziness and lethargy to coma and convulsions. (L1137, L6)

An adsorption rate of 1.22/hr in river sediments from the Nagara River, Japan, which is heavily impacted by industrial effluents and urban wastes, has been reported for cadmium nitrate; the desorption rate was reported as 0.0038/hr. These values correspond to a concentration factor of 321(1).

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Effects of some metals on the growth of cultured human erythroleukemia K-562 cells were investigated when grown in two different types of media based upon RPMI-1640 or Ham's F-10. The study on proliferation, using RPMI-1640 supplemented with sodium selenite, selenomethionine, mercuric chloride, methylmercuric chloride and cadmium nitrate showed no inhibition of growth at concentrations of 2.5, 25, 25, 2.5 and 25 uM, while at 75, 250, 50, 5 and 50 uM toxicity was apparent. Selenite at 5-50 uM and selenomethionine at 50-100 uM inhibited the growth. In Ham's F-10 supplemented with the same compounds no inhibition was found at concentrations of 5, 10, 25, 1 and 50 uM, while at 50, 100, 50, 5 and 75 uM toxic effects were noted. Selenite 10 uM and selenomethionine 25-50 uM inhibited the proliferation. Measurements of trace element levels in pellets of K-562 cells grown in RPMI-1640 or Ham's F-10 unveiled higher cell contents of cadmium and selenium in cells grown in RPMI-1640, being consistent with higher concentrations of these elements in that medium. Manganese and mercury concentrations were higher in cells grown in Ham's F-10 correlating with a higher medium concentration of these elements. The growth responses and cellular uptake differed between the metals and the selenocompounds and although extrapolating the results to humans is difficult the selenium exposures were in approximately the same order of magnitude as in human exposures. The compounds could be ranked according to decreasing toxicity as: methylmercuric chloride > mercuric chloride, cadmium nitrate, sodium selenite > selenomethionine.

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Recent reports, highlighting the relationships of cadmium exposure and vascular diseases, indicated that vascular endothelial cell was the target of cadmium (Cd) toxicity. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. ...this study...evaluated the internalization of Cd(2+) into human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by a novel Cd(2+)-selective sensor suitable for living cells. Then, we detected apoptosis in the treated cells. Our results showed that Cd(2+) at low concentrations (< 10 umol/L) inhibited apoptosis induced by deprivation of serum and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). To investigate the corresponding molecular mechanisms, we employed acridine orange staining and Western blotting of /microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha/ MAP1 LC3 to detect autophagy, and analyzed the levels of integrin beta4, caveolin-1 and activity of /phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase/ PC-PLC. Our results showed that low concentrations of Cd(2+) promoted autophagy and depressed the levels of integrin beta4, caveolin-1 and PC-PLC activity. The data suggested that autophagy played a key role in Cd(2+) induced endothelial dysfunction; integrin beta4, caveolin-1 and PC-PLC might be the targets of Cd(2+) in vascular endothelial cells

D006; A solid waste containing cadmium may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Cadmium/

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Cadmium nitrate is included on this list.

(AZ) ARIZONA 5 ug/L /Cadmium/

(ME) MAINE 3.5 ug/L /Cadmium/

(MN) MINNESOTA 4 ug/L /Cadmium/

Cadmium is absorbed from oral, inhalation, and dermal routes. Cadmium initially binds to metallothionein and albumin and is transported mainly to the kidney and liver. Toxic effects are observed once the concentration of cadmium exceeds that of available metallothionein, and it has also been shown that the cadmium-metallothionein complex may be damaging. Cadmium is not known to undergo any direct metabolic conversion and is excreted unchanged, mainly in the urine. Intake of some amount of nitrates and nitrites is a normal part of the nitrogen cycle in humans. In vivo conversion of nitrates to nitrites can occur in the gastrointestional tract under the right conditions, significantly enhancing nitrates' toxic potency. The major metabolic pathway for nitrate is conversion to nitrite, and then to ammonia. Nitrites, nitrates, and their metabolites are excreted in the urine. (L1137, L6)

A meta-analysis of existing scientific literature recently suggested that Cd is absorbed more efficiently by sheep if it is in the organic form in grass, than if it is added as an inorganic supplement to the diet. We tested this experimentally by feeding sheep grass from contaminated soil, compared with uncontaminated grass and with Cd added to the diet. To produce contaminated herbage, Cd nitrate was added to soil in 11 lysimeters sown with perennial ryegrass, with a further 11 lysimeters receiving no Cd to produce uncontaminated herbage. In the Cd-treated lysimeters, soil had increased exchangeable K, Mg, and Ca, leachate had increased K, Mg, Ca, Na, and P, grass had increased Cd and reduced Mg, Na, P, Mn, Fe, Cr, Al, and Ni, and there was some reduction in grass yield compared with untreated lysimeters. Grass from Cd-treated or untreated lysimeters was fed to groups of 12 ewes for 2 days, with Cd intake equated by adding Cd nitrate to the concentrate feed of ewes receiving the uncontaminated grass. The apparent absorption of Cd, Zn, Mo, Cr, and Al was increased for ewes receiving Cd-enriched grass, and apparent absorption of Cu was reduced, compared to those receiving supplementary inorganic Cd. Most of the unabsorbed Cd was excreted in feces within 4 days of feeding. The ewes consuming Cd in grass had increased B concentrations in their urine, possibly due to adverse effects of Cd on kidney function. Finally, the ewes were offered a choice of the two herbages and they ate significantly more of the uncontaminated grass. It is concluded that the apparent absorption of Cd and other heavy metals by sheep in a short-term experiment was greater when Cd was in the grass than when the Cd was added in in an inorganic form and that sheep partially avoided herbage with a high Cd concentration.

Used in photographic emulsions, nuclear reactors to control rate of nuclear fission, and glass and ceramic colorants; [HSDB] Used in storage batteries and to make red lusters in glass and porcelain; [Ullmann]

Battery Manufacturing [Category: Industry]

Ceramics making [Category: Hobbies]

In making other cadmium salts; in photographic emulsions.

Oxidation of the sulfide or sulfite under carefully controlled oxidizing atmospheres at high temperature. An alternate method involves treatment of powdered cadmium nitrate, halide, oxide, or carbonate with dimethyl sulfate.

The use of cadmium soaps as components of PVC stabilizers is decreasing because of their toxic properties. Solid PVC stabilizers contain cadmium soaps of saturated fatty acids, whereas liquid stabilizers contain soaps of unsaturated or branched, short-chain fatty acids. The soaps act as heat and light stabilizers, and soaps of saturated fatty acids are used as lubricants in the processing of PVC. Unlike other metallic soaps used in the PVC sector, cadmium soaps do not affect transparency and are suitable for hard, transparent PVC products. However, for safety reason their use is nowadays being replaced by mixtures of calcium-zinc stearate plus other stabilizers. /Cadmium metallic soaps/

Cadmium nitrate is produced by dissolving cadmium metal in nitric acid, purifying if necessary, concentrating, and crystallizing.

Action of nitric acid on cadmium or cadmium oxide and crystallization.

... Obtained by the action of nitric acid on the carbonate to give cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate by crystallization; this may then be dried by careful exposure to concentrated nitric acid at 20 °C.

Grades: Technical; Reagent

Reagent grade: 99.0% assay /Cadmium nitrate, tetrahydrate/