DL-장뇌

Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]:

Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide.

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention .

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Camphor (synthetic):

General First Aid:

(General first aid procedures)

To fight fire, use foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical

Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture: Carbon oxides. Advice for firefighters: Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities: keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.

Separated from strong oxidants, strong reducing agents, chlorinated solvents, food and feedstuffs. Well closed. Ventilation along the floor.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: sweep up and shovel. Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulation... Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal...

Environmental precautions: prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Waste treatment methods: product: burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and particulates adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Ventilation. Remove all ignition sources. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting.

Five tested plant volatile oils and their mixtures were evaluated for controlling the Margarodid, Icerya seychellarum seychellarum (Westw.) on growing Sago palms in Antoniades public gardens, Alexandria, Egypt. The tested volatile oils at concentration rates of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 % (v/v) were as follows: Camphor 20%; Dill 20%; Rose 30%; Peppermint 20% and Clove 30% (v/v). Their mixtures were Camphor/Peppermint; Camphor/Rose; at a rate of 1:1 Camphor/Rose/ Peppermint at 1:1:2 and Camphor/Rose/Dill at 2:1:1. The calculated results as general mean of residual reduction percent for the whole inspection periods of the test indicated that the superior volatile oils in reducing mealybugs were both Camphor and Rose, followed by Dill, Peppermint and the least efficient was Clove volatile oil. The evaluated volatile oils mixtures showed that each of Camphor/Rose/Peppermint, Camphor/Rose, and Camphor/Peppermint mixtures occupied a higher rank of efficiency against the treated mealybugs. /Mixture/

The aim of this work was to examine the antigenotoxic potential of plant monoterpenes: camphor, eucalyptol and thujone in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and to elucidate their effect on DNA repair. /The study/ compared the effect of monoterpenes on spontaneous, UV- and 4NQO-induced mutagenesis in Escherichia coli K12 repair proficient, and MMR and NER deficient strains. Positive controls tannic acid and vanillin were included in bacterial tests. /The study/ also examined protective effect of monoterpenes against 4NQO-induced genotoxicity in Vero cell line by alkaline comet assay. The results obtained in repair proficient strain indicated antimutagenic potential of monoterpenes against UV- and 4NQO-induced mutagenesis, which was diminished with NER deficiency. Camphor and eucalyptol maintained UV-induced SOS response longer than in controls, while thujone decreased SOS response and reduced general protein synthesis and the growth rate. The three monoterpenes increased spontaneous and UV-induced recombination in recA730 and camphor additionally in recA(+) cells. Incubation of 4NQO-pretreated Vero cells with monoterpenes resulted in significant reduction of tail moment. However, higher concentrations of monoterpenes induced DNA strand breaks. Obtained results indicate that by making a small amount of DNA lesions camphor, eucalyptol and thujone can stimulate error-free DNA repair processes and act as bioantimutagens.

...The radiation-induced SCE frequency was significantly low after a single dose of camphor (0.5 uM/g bw) administered 30, 45 or 60 min before irradiation; the effect was enhanced with increasing time intervals.

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow); Conditions: static bioassay; Concentration: 145 mg/L for 1 hr; 112 mg/L/24 hr; 111 mg/L/48 hr; 110 mg/L/72 hr; 110 mg/L/96 hr

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow); Conditions: static bioassay; Concentration: 112 mg/L for 24 hr

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow); Conditions: static bioassay; Concentration: 111 mg/L for 48 hr

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow); Conditions: static bioassay; Concentration: 110 mg/L for 72 hr

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for CAMPHOR (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 117(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that camphor is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of camphor from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.30X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 0.65 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 1.570X10+3 mg/L(4). Camphor is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure(SRC). A 94% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(5) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC). However, slow biodegradation has been observed in various aeration lagoons and wastewater treatment facilities(6,7).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 117(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that camphor is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.30X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 0.65 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 1.570X10+3 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 17 hours and 9 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 17(SRC), from a log Kow of 2.38(2) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). A 94% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(8) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water(SRC). However, slow biodegradation has been observed in various aeration lagoons and wastewater treatment facilities(9,10). Camphor is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), camphor, which has a vapor pressure of 0.65 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase camphor is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3.5 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 4.6X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 23 °C(2). Based on laboratory measurements, the atmospheric lifetime of camphor for reaction with ozone and nitrate radicals is estimated to be >235 days and >300 days respectively(3). Camphor absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Camphor is a solid, translucent, white crystal with penetrating aromatic odor used as a rubefacient/counter-irritant medication. It is also used in liniments as a counter-irritant for fibromyalgia, neuralgia, and similar conditions. In dermatology, when it is applied as lotion (0.1 to 3%), it is an anti-pruritic and surface anesthetic (when applied gently, it creates a feeling of coolness). Camphor is no longer used as a pesticide in the US. Other uses of camphor include insect repellant use (particularly to control clothes moths); cosmetic ingredient. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: The main target organs of camphor exposure are the CNS and kidneys. Convulsions, depression, apnea, asystole, gastric irritation, colic, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anxiety, excitement, delirium, and severe post-convulsive coma may occur after intake of camphor. The symptoms may appear 5 to 90 min after ingestion depending on the product ingested (solid or liquid). Poisoning by camphor is associated with an initial excitatory phase, with vomiting, diarrhea and excitement, followed by CNS depression and death. Toxic effects appear after the ingestion of approximately 2 g (lethal dose adults: 4 g, children: 0.5-1 g, infants: 70 mg/kg of pure camphor). There have been reports of instant collapse in infants after camphor has been applied to their nostrils. Camphor is irritating to the eyes, skin and mucous membranes. When camphor is applied on the skin, it is analgesic. Taken internally, it is an irritant and carminative /SRP: an agent used to reduce gas in the GI tract/. It has been used as a mild expectorant. Camphor is a CNS stimulant whose effects range from mild excitation to grand-mal convulsions or status epilepticus. These effects result from excitation of the cerebrum and lower structures of the CNS. Gastric irritation, together with cortical and medullary stimulation, frequently causes vomiting and diarrhea. It is not clear whether camphor toxicity is due to the parent compound, a metabolite (secondary alcohols, including borneol and isomers of hydroxy-camphor), or both. Camphor is used exclusively because of its local effects. When rubbed on the skin, it acts as a rubefacient and causes localized vasodilatation (mediated by way of an axon reflex), which gives feelings of comfort and warmth. As an anti-pruritic gent, when applied gently on the skin, it may create a feeling of coolness, and a mild, local anesthetic effect, which may be followed by numbness. When ingested in small amounts, it creates feelings of warmth and comfort in the stomach, but given in large doses it acts as an irritant. Camphor is not a human carcinogen, and the topical use of camphorated oil in pregnancy was not associated with teratogenic effects. However, camphor ingestion may lead to abortion and/or a death of the fetus because camphor crosses the placenta and fetuses lack the enzymes needed to hydroxylate and conjugate with glucuronic acid. ANIMAL STUDIES: Carcinogenicity tests in animals have been negative. Neuronal necrosis produced experimentally in mice by administration of multiple doses. In developmental studies, D-camphor elicited no evidence of teratogenicity when administered orally during the fetal period of organogenesis to pregnant rats at doses up to 1000 mg/kg bw/day, and to pregnant rabbits at doses up to 681 mg/kg bw/day. Camphor is not mutagenic with the Ames test but sister chromatid exchange has been reported in mice given 80 mg/kg doses of camphor ip, demonstrating possible genotoxicity.

Based on food consumption data collected on the French population by the Observatoire des Consommations alimentaires (OCA), the dietary exposure to camphor was estimated to be 1.5 mg/person/day(1). Assuming an average body weight of 60 kg, this corresponds to an exposure of 25 ug/kg bw/day(1).

Camphor was detected as major emissions from Black Sage and California Sagebrush plants located in California's South Coast Air Basin(1). The normalized emission rate of camphor from mature spruce was 0.05 (Pinus glauca), 0.03 (P. abies), and 0.01 (P. pungens) ugC/g-hr(2). Camphor was detected in the emissions of 6 out of 63 vegetation species in forests near Atlanta, GA, Rhinelander, WI, and Hayden CO(3). The species that contained camphor were white spruce, north white cedar, Subalpine fir, big sagebrush, Englemann spruce, and Lodgepole pine. Measured camphor emission rates from these species ranged from less than 0.1 to 1.0 ug/hr-gr dry weight with an average rate of 0.3 ug/hr-gr dry weight during the summer of 1993(3). Camphor has also been identified as a volatile emission from European fir(4).

The top 40 plants containing camphor(1).[Table#25]

d-Camphor is a food additive permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption as a synthetic flavoring substance and adjuvant in accordance with the following conditions: a) they are used in the minimum quantity required to produce their intended effect, and otherwise in accordance with all the principles of good manufacturing practice, and 2) they consist of one or more of the following, used alone or in combination with flavoring substances and adjuvants generally recognized as safe in food, prior-sanctioned for such use, or regulated by an appropriate section in this part. /d-Camphor/

Camphor is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives.

Cold, cough, allergy, bronchodilator, and antiasthmatic drug products for over-the-counter human use: Antitussive active ingredients. The active ingredients of the product consist of any of the following when used within the dosage limits and in the dosage forms established for each ingredient in section 341.74(d). Topical antitussives: Camphor is included on this list.

Anorectal drug products for over-the-counter human use: Analgesic, anesthetic, and antipruritic active ingredients. The active ingredient of the product consists of any of the following when used within the concentration range established for each ingredient. Camphor 0.1 to 3 percent is included on this list.

Section 8(a) of TSCA requires manufacturers of this chemical substance to report preliminary assessment information concerned with production, exposure, and use to EPA as cited in the preamble in 51 FR 41329. Effective date: 1/26/94; Reporting date: 3/28/94.

Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. Camphor is included on this list. Effective date: 1/26/94; Sunset date: 6/30/98.

Residues of camphor are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops only. Use: Deodorant, melting point adjustment. Limit: Not more than 5% weight to weight (w/w) of pesticide formulations.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their continued use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines newer health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether the use of the pesticide does not pose unreasonable risk in accordance to newer saftey standards, such as those described in the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA '88 were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern than those on List C, and with List C containing pesticides of greater concern than those on List D. Camphor is found on List C. Case No: 3104; Pesticide type: insecticide, fungicide, antimicrobial; Case Status: No products containing the pesticide are actively registered. Therefore ... the case /is characterized/ as "cancelled." Under FIFRA, pesticide producers may voluntarily cancel their registered products. EPA also may cancel pesticide registrations if registrants fail to pay required fees or make/meet certain reregistration commitments, or if EPA reaches findings of unreasonable adverse effects.; Active ingredient (AI): camphor; AI Status: The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered products ... "cancelled.".

Used as a plasticizer and chemical intermediate; also used as an additive to explosives, varnishes, lacquers, insecticides, fungicides, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and flavorings; [ACGIH]

It was used in two-phase based hollow fibre liquid-phase microextraction procedure for migration analysis of food packagings containing essential oils.

Camphor was used in the synthesis of single-walled nanotubes by chemical vapor deposition.

For camphor (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 015602) there are 0 labels match. /SRP: Not registered for current use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered products ... "cancelled.".

For more Uses (Complete) data for CAMPHOR (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

(1972) No Data

(1975) No Data

(1986) No Data

(1972) 3.71X10+7 GRAMS (NATURAL & SYNTHETIC)

(1975) 5.8X10+8 GRAMS (NATURAL, SYNTHETIC, ADVANCED)

(1984) 7.6X10+8 g

2023: 8,500,000 - <10,000,000 lb

(1972) No Data

(1975) No Data

(1986) No Data

Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule.[Table#26]

Non-confidential 2014 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) information on the production and use of chemicals manufactured or imported into the United States. Chemical: Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one, 1,7,7-trimethyl-. National Production Volume: 100,000 - 500,000 lb/yr.[USEPA/Pollution Prevention and Toxics; 2014 Chemical Data Reporting Database. Bicyclo

... Orginally obtained commercially as the d-form from the camphor tree, Cinnamomum camphora T. Nees & Ebermeier, Lauraceae. Primarily manufactured from pinene as the racemate.

Steam distillation of camphor-tree wood and crystallization. This product is called natural camphor and is dextrorotatory. Synthetic camphor, most of which is optically inactive, may be made from pinene, which is converted into camphene; by treatment with acetic acid and nitrobenzene it becomes camphor, turpentine oil is also used.

Can be obtained from steam distillation of parts of the camphor tree; however it is usually made from alpha-pinene via camphene, to bornyl acetate, followed by saponification and oxidation

Natural camphor is obtained by distillation from the plants of Cinnamomum or Laurus camphora from China and Japan, together with corresponding essential oils; the raw camphor contains several impurities. It is separated from the water and the essential oil by pressure or by centrifugation and subsequently purified by sublimation or crystallization.

For more Methods of Manufacturing (Complete) data for CAMPHOR (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Grades: technical (synthetic); USP.

Twenty grams of Vicks VapoRub, 10 mL of Campho-Phenique, and 16 mL of Vicks VapoSteam each contain about 1 g of camphor.

Trade names: Balmosa Cream (camphor 4%, menthol 2%, methyl salicylate 4%, capsicum oleoresin 0.035%); Boots Vapor Rub; Earex (almond oil 33.33%, arachis oil 33.33%, camphor oil 33.33%); Mentholatum Vapor Rub (camphor 9%, menthol 1.35%, methyl salicylate 0.33%); Nasciodine (iodine 1.26%, menthol 0.59%, methyl salicylate 3.87%, turpentine oil 3.87%, camphor 3.87%); Nicobrevin (methyl valerate 100 mg, quinine 15 mg, camphor 10 mg, eucalyptus oil 10 mg); PR Heat Spray (camphor 0.62%, methyl salicylate 1.24%, ethyl nicotinate 1.1%); Radian-B -liniment and spray (menthol 1.4%, camphor 0.6%, ammonium salicylate 1%, salicylic acid 0.54%), -rub (menthol 2.54%, camphor 1.43%, methyl salicylate 0.42%, capsicin 0.042%), -cream (camphor 1.43%, menthol 2.54%, methyl salicylate 0.42%, oleoresin capsicum 0.005%); Tixylix inhalant (camphor 60 mg, menthol 2 mg, turpentine oil 50 mg, eucalyptus oil 20 mg); Vicks Inhaler (camphor 41.54%, menthol 41.54%, siberian pine needle oil 4.65%); Vicks Sinex (oxymetazoline 0.05%, menthol 0.025%, camphor 0.015%, eucalyptus oil 0.0075%); Vicks Vaporub (menthol 2.82%, camphor 5.46%, eucalyptus oil 1.35%, turpentine oil 4.71%).

Non-proprietary preparations: Camphor Linctus compound (Camphor spirit compound 1 mL, glycerol 1.5 mL, tolu syrup to 5 mL); Camphor Liniment (Camphor 20% w/w in arachis oil) (a.k.a. Camph. Lin; Camphorated oil); Camphor Spirit (Camphor 10 g, alcohol to 100 mL); Camphor Spirit Compound (Camphor 300 mg, benzoic acid 500 mg, anise oil 0.3 mL, alcohol (60%) to 100 mL); Concentrated Camphor Water (Camphor 4 g, alcohol (90%) 60 mL, water to 100 mL).

For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for CAMPHOR (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Cosmetics product ingredient: Bornan-2-one; 1,7,7-Trimethylbi-cyclo[2.2.1]-2-heptanone (Camphor)

Information on 142 consumer products that contain Camphor in the following categories is provided:

Fragrance Ingredients

Fragrance Ingredients

Flavouring Agent -> FLAVOURING_AGENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Flavouring Agent -> FLAVOURING_AGENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Flavoring Agents -> JECFA Flavorings Index

Flavouring Agent -> FLAVOURING_AGENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Petroleum Refineries

Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one, 1,7,7-trimethyl-: ACTIVE

Japanese white camphor oil (FEMA no. 2231) has been reported to be used in non-alcoholic beverages (6.06 ppm), baked goods (51.95 ppm), and condiments (20 ppm).

The following use levels of d-camphor as chemically defined flavouring substance were provided by the European Flavour and Fragrance Association (EFFA) and the International Organization of the Flavor Industry (IOFI): 15 mg/kg in baked foods, 24 mg/kg in ice creams, 25 mg/kg in candies, 25 mg/kg in prepared dishes, 6 mg/kg in non-alcoholic beverages and 10 mg/kg in alcoholic beverages. Camphor levels varied from 1 mg/kg for non-alcoholic beverages prepared with sage essential oil to 50,000 mg/kg for condiments and sauces prepared with basil herb.

Camphor (2-camphanone) and camphorated oils are no longer used as stimulants in clinical medicine. Neither is permitted as internal medication (except in paragoric), and camphorated oil has been banned on the American market.

Generally recognized as safe in the U.S. if safrole-free.