암모늄옥살산 제2철

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

All ... /iron/ preparations should be kept in child-proof bottles. /Iron preparations/

Approved dust respirator; rubber or plastic-coated gloves; chemical goggles or face shield (USCG, 1999)

Approved dust respirator; rubber or plastic-coated gloves; chemical goggles or face shield. /trihydrate/

Australia, Belgium, Finland, Italy, Netherlands, & Switzerland: 1 mg/cu m. /Iron salts/

Australia (1978); Belgium (1978); Finland (1975); Italy (1978); Netherlands (1978); and Switzerland (1978): 1 mg/cu m. /From table/ /Ferric salts, as Fe/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ...With large doses ... there arises possibility of sufficient absorption to produce diuresis & systemic ammonia poisoning, particularly if material is administered parenterally. /ammonium salts/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Burning pain in throat, esophagus, and stomach. Exposed areas of mucous membrane turn almost immediately an opaque white ... no corrosive actions on lips & face. Vomiting (often bloody or with a coffee ground appearance), intense burning pain, severe purging. Pulse becomes weak, irregular, and sometimes imperceptible. Hypotension & usual signs of cardiovascular collapse appear. If death is delayed for a few hr, nervous or neuromuscular symptoms develop: headache, muscle cramps ... tetany, sometimes convulsions, & hematuria may persists for wk. /Oxalate/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Acute intoxication by ammonium ion resembles clinical picture of terminal liver failure ... characterized by confusion, tremor, slurred speech, ataxia, stupor and coma. /Ammonium salts/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ After injection of ... ammonium salts /in lab animals/, coma is preceded by signs of neural excitation. /Ammonium salts/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The ocular irritancy of ammonium ferrioxalate was tested in the eyes of 6 male albino rabbits of the New Zealand strain weighing approx 2.5 kg. The test substance was instilled into the lower conjunctival cul-de-sac of one eye of each rabbit; the other eye constituted the control. Ammonium ferrioxalate proved to be very irritating after 1 hr without rinsing; rinsing at 4 & 30 sec after instillation produced slight irritation.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ An evaluation of the cutaneous irritation of 6 male albino rabbits of the New Zealand strain was performed. Ammonium ferrioxalate was applied to the dorsal region of the rabbits trunk for 4 hr with an occlusive dressing. Ammonium ferrioxalate was determined to have a primary cutaneous irritation index of 3.06 and was classified as being a moderate irritant to the skin.

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. /Iron and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start an IV with lactated Ringer's /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Watch for signs of fluid overload. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Iron and related compounds/

Maintain an open airway and assist ventilation if necessary. Treat shock caused by hemorrhagic gastrointestinitis aggressively with intravenous crystalloid fluids, and replace blood if needed. Patients are often markedly hypovolemic owing to gastrointestinal losses and third spacing of fluids into the intestinal wall and interstitial space. Treat coma, seizures, and metabolic acidosis if they occur. For seriously intoxicated victims (eg, shock, severe acidosis, and/or serum iron > 500-600 mcg/dL) administer deferoxamine. Monitor the urine for the urine for the characteristic orange or pink deferoxamine-iron complex. Therapy may be stopped when the urine returns to normal or when the serum iron level decreases to the normal range. Prolonged deferoxamine has been associated with adult respiratory distress syndrome and Yersinia sepsis.

Activated charcoal is not effective. Ipecac is not recommended, because it can aggravate iron-induced gastrointestinal irritation and interfere with whole bowel irrigation. Consider gastric lavage if product was a liquid formulation or tablets were chewed. Do-not use phosphate-containing solutions for lavage; these may result in life-threatening hypernatremia, hyperphosphatemia, and hypocalcemia. Bicarbonate and deferoxamine lavage are of doubtful efficacy. Deferoxamine lavage is not effective and may enhance iron absorption. Whole-bowel irrigation is very effective for ingested tablets and may be considered first-line treatment, especially if large numbers of tablets are visible on plain abdominal x-ray. Massive ingestions may lead to concretions or bezoars. Repeated or prolonged whole-bowel irrigation may remove tablets. Endoscopy or surgical gastrotomy is rarely required.

Hemodialysis and hemoperfusion are not effective for removing iron but may be necessary to remove iron-deferoxamine complex in patients with renal failure. Exchange transfusion is occasionally used for massive pediatric ingestions but is of questionable efficacy.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 1000 lb or 454 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

Ferric ammonium oxalate is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance.