퍼밤

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

Use water spray, powder.

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Induce vomiting (ONLY IN CONSCIOUS PERSONS!). Refer for medical attention .

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Ferbam:

(General first aid procedures)

Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated, secure area out of reach of children and animals.

Decomposes upon prolonged storage... .

Store separated from strong oxidants, copper- or mercury-containing compounds and alkaline materials, food and feedstuffs. Dry. Well closed.

Ventilate area of spill. Collect spilled material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers for reclamation, or for disposal in a secured sanitary landfill. Liquid containing ferbam should be absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material.

Sweep spilled substance into sealable containers; if appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder, then remove to safe place. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. (Extra personal protection: P2 filter respirator for harmful particles).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Hydrolysis: Ferbam is hydrolyzed by alkali and is unstable to moisture, lime and heat. Ferbam can be incinerated. Recommendable methods: Incineration & landfill. Peer-review: Large amt should be incinerated in a unit with effluent gas scrubbing. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for iron (Fe+2): Concentration process: Biological treatment. /Iron (Fe+2)/

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for FERBAM (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LC50 Daphnia magna 0.09 mg/L/48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

LC50 Poecilia reticulata (Guppy) 0.09 mg/L/96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

LC50 Salmo gairdneri (Rainbow trout, early life stages from the fertilized egg to the early fry stage) 2.9 ug/L/60 day (95% confidence interval: 2.7-3.2 ug/L); renewal

LC50 Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck) dietary >4640 ppm, 8 day exposure

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for FERBAM (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 300(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 130 mg/L(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that ferbam is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Ferbam has a negligible vapor pressure(2) and is not expected to volatilize from water surfaces or from moist soil surfaces(SRC). Ferbam is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a negligible vapor pressure(2). Ferbam degraded slowly in a sandy loam soil (half-life greater than 8 weeks)(4), indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 300(SRC), determined from a water solublity of 130 mg/L(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that ferbam may adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Ferbam has a negligible vapor pressure(2) and is not expected to volatilize from water surfaces or from moist soil surfaces(SRC). According to a classification scheme(4), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from log Kow of -1.60(2) and a regression-derived equation(5), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation in water is not expected to be an important environmental fate process based on a measured half-life using a sandy loam soil of greater than 8 weeks(6).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), ferbam, which has a negligible vapor pressure at 20 °C(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase ferbam may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Ferbam tends to decompose, releasing carbon disulfide(3), under the influence of air, moisture, and heat(2).

Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity includes developmental effects. See Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Cough. Sore throat.

Dry skin. Redness. Pain.

Redness. Pain.

Confusion. Drowsiness. Headache. Nausea.

irritation eyes, resp tract; dermatitis; gastrointestinal disturbance

The Koc of ferbam is estimated as 300(SRC), using a water solubility of 130 mg/L(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that ferbam is expected to have moderate mobility in soil. Using a soil TLC system (Hagerstown silty clay loam, 2.5% organic matter, 39.5% clay, pH 6.8) visualized by bioautography with 10 soil fungi and one alga, mean Rf values for analytical grade ferbam were 0.93, 0.64, 0.36, and 0.0(4).

Adsorption coefficient (Kd) = 300 mg/g

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ In humans, Ferbam dust is irritating to the eyes and the respiratory tract; it causes dermatitis in some individual.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ May cause ... renal damage.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Potential symptoms of overexposure are irritation of eyes and respiratory tract; dermatitis; GI disturbance.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Symptomatology (primary toxic reaction, not that induced by alcohol, as inferred in part from clinical reports of disulfiram overdoses): Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, weight loss. ... Headache, lethargy, dizziness, ataxia, confusion, drowsiness, emotional lability and coma. ...Reduction in blood pressure, not usually severe unless fluid and electrolyte deficits are extensive. Suppression of tendon reflexes. Hypotonia and, within a few hr or a few days, flaccid paralysis. ... Resp paralysis and death. Severe dermatitis and hepatitis probably represent hypersensitivity reactions. /Thiram/

Ferbam's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; it's use as a fungicide(1) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC). Its production and use in rubber processing(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA, as amended in 1988, were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern and List D pesticides of less concern. Ferric dimethyldithiocarbamate is found on List B. Case No: 2180; Pesticide type: fungicide, antimicrobial; Case Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): Ferric dimethyldithiocarbamate; Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 09/30/91, 03/03/95, 10/13/95, 02/14/96; AI Status: The producers of the pesticide has made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner.

Tolerances for residues of the fungicide ferbam (ferric dimethyldithiocarbamate), calculated as zinc ethylenebisdithiocarbamate, in or on raw agricultural commodities are established as follows: apple; apricot; asparagus; bean; blackberry; blueberry (huckleberry); boysenberry; cabbage; cherry; cranberry; cucumber; dewberry; fruit, citrus; grape; guava; lettuce; loganberry; mango; nectarine; papaya; peach; pear; pea; rasberry; squash; tomato; and youngberry.

Fungicide used on fruit, nuts, vegetables, ornamental crops, in household applications; [HSDB]

Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]

For ferbam (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 034801) ACTIVE products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

Fungicide used on fruit, nuts, vegetables, ornamental crops, in household applications.

It is mainly used for protection of foliage against fungal pathogens including taphrina deformans of peaches at 175 g/100 L.

For citrus to control postbloom fruit drop.

(1972) 8.63X10+8 G

(1975) 3.2X10+8 G (CONSUMPTION)

3.5X10+5 lbs a.i./yr used in US agriculture (1989)

In US, used on apples, cherries, cranberries, grapes, peaches, pears, raspberries, and tobacco (1987 Census of Agriculture)

30% is used on peaches, pears, cherries, apricots, plums, prunes, and nectarines; 25% is used on citrus fruit; 23% on other fruits and nuts; 15% on apples; 7% on field crops including vegetables and peanuts (1971).

Dimethyl amine and carbon disulfide react to give dimethylthiocarbamate. Reaction of that material with soluble ferric salts gives ferbam.

Prepared from sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate and a solution of a ferric salt

Grades: 76% wettable powder; 87% technical powder.

Mixtures include: 'Trimanzone', wettable powder, ferbam + manganese ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) + zinc ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate).

Water dispersible granules

Often used in combinations with dithiocarbamates to extend the spectrum of activity.

For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for FERBAM (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Iron, tris(N,N-dimethylcarbamodithioato-.kappa.S,.kappa.S')-, (OC-6-11)-: ACTIVE

It is incompatible with copper or mercury compounds or alkaline pesticides.

... Used as fungicide to control diseases of plants, particularly those affecting apples & tobacco ... and is registered for use on about 75 agricultural and ornamental plants ... . Used on agricultural crops in USA ... .

Ferbam has a complex pattern of stimulatory and fungitoxic zones similar to other measured dimethyldithiocarbamate fungicides indicating that their degradation products (presumably in the original product or due to dissociation of the metal atom) may be identical as well as fungitoxic.