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Other Classes -> Sulfur Compounds

Corrosives

1.3 at 59 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.79 /as per source/

1.8 g/cm³

Rhombohedric-cubic crystals. White to colorless.

Colorless rhombohedral crystals.

SOL IN WATER, ALCOHOL, ETHER

In water, 50 g/100 cu cm water at 22 °C.

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 50-60 (good)

212 °F at 760 mmHg (approx.) (USCG, 1999)

Boiling point at 1 atm: (approx) 212 °F= 100 °C= 373 deg K. /Sodium Hydrosulfide Solution/

Decomposes to hydrogen sulfide and free alkali.

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of sulfoxides and Na2O.

350 °C

63 °F (USCG, 1999)

350 °C

Turns yellow upon heating in dry air, changing to orange at higher temperatures. Forms a black liquid at the melting point. Gives a blue-green solution in dimethylformamide. Very hygroscopic. Readily hydrolyzed in moist air to NaOH and Na2S.

350 °C

Odor Threshold Low: 0.0047 [ppm]

0.0047 ppm

49.12 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

49.0 [mmHg]

negligible

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 3% (24 of 788) of reports.

Danger

H226 (56%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

P210, P233, P234, P235, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P273, P280, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P321, P330, P363, P370+P378, P390, P391, P403+P235, P405, P406, P407, P410, P413, P420, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 788 reports by companies from 16 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Danger

Chemical: Sodium sulfide (Na(SH))

Sodium sulfide (Na(SH)) is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Sodium sulfide (Na(SH)) are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Active Update: 10-08-2022 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15390

Sodium hydrosulphide with not less than 25% water of crystallization: HSNO Approval: HSR006981 Approved with controls

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

Spontaneously Combustible

Corrosive Poison

Excerpt from ERG Guide 135 [Substances - Spontaneously Combustible]:

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

· Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.

· Flammable/combustible material.

Combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 135 [Substances - Spontaneously Combustible]:

Inhalation of mist causes irritation of respiratory tract and possible systemic poisoning; hydrogen sulfide gas, which may be given off when acid is present, causes headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting; continued exposure can lead to loss of conscious- ness, respiratory failure, and death. Liquid causes marked eye irritation; itching, lachrymation, swelling, and corneal injury causing blurring of vision are the most common effects; exposure to light may increase the painful effects. Contact of liquid with skin causes irritation and corrosion of tissue; continued exposure may cause dermatitis. Ingestion causes severe burning and corrosion of all portions of the gastro- intestinal tract, pain in the throat and abdomen, nausea, and vomiting, followed by diarrhea. In severe cases, collapse, unconsciousness, and paralysis of respiration may be expected. (USCG, 1999)

· TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.

· Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.

Corrosive to skin; [Quick CPC] High inhalation exposure can induce pulmonary edema; Concentration of 600 ppm is lethal in 30 minutes; 800 ppm is lethal immediately; [HSDB] Evolves hydrogen sulfide gas on contact with water; Corrosive to skin, eyes, and respiratory tract; [CAMEO] Rapidly hydrolyzed in moist air forming sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide; The product of commerce is usually the dihydrate; [Merck Index] Corrosive to skin, eyes, and respiratory tract; Inhalation may cause pulmonary edema; [ICSC] Short-term exposure causes severe skin irritation and possibly second-degree burns; Liquid can cause marked eye irritation, lachrymation, and corneal injury; [CHRIS] See Hydrogen sulfide.

No data

2949 154

2318 135

Sulfides, Inorganic

Sulfides, Inorganic

Strong Reducing Agent

Strong Reducing Agent

A chemical base. Reacts with acids to release flammable and toxic gaseous hydrogen sulfide. As long as the solution is kept strongly alkaline, pH > 10, there is very little release of H2S. At pH = 7, the percent concentration of H2S released is close to 80%.

A chemical base. Reacts with acids to release flammable and toxic gaseous hydrogen sulfide. As long as the solution is kept strongly alkaline, pH > 10, there is very little release of H2S. At pH = 7, the percent concentration of H2S released is close to 80%.

The solution in water is a strong base. It reacts violently with acid and is corrosive. Decomposes on heating. This produces sulfur oxides. Decomposes on contact with water. This produces highly toxic and flammable hydrogen sulfide (see ICSC 0165). Attacks metal. Reacts with strong oxidants. This produces sulfur oxides.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 135 [Substances - Spontaneously Combustible]:

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

Use water spray, foam, powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. NO direct contact with water.

Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer immediately for medical attention.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 135 [Substances - Spontaneously Combustible]:

INHALATION: move victim from contaminated atmosphere; call physician; if breathing has ceased, start mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.

General First Aid:

General First Aid:

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

Excerpt from ERG Guide 135 [Substances - Spontaneously Combustible]:

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance and filter respirator for inorganic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered plastic containers. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Land spill - Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. /sodium hydrosulfide, solid/

Land spill - Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash or cement powder. /sodium hydrosulfide solution/

Water spill - Add soda ash (Na2CO3). Allow to aerate. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.

Air spill - Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. /sodium hydrosulfide solution/

LC50 Fly inhalation 1500 mg/cu m/7 min. /Hydrogen sulfide/

TLm Gammarus 0.84 mg/l/96 hr. /Conditions of bioassay not specified/ /Hydrogen sulfide/

TLm Ephemera 0.316 mg/l/96 hr. /Hydrogen sulfide/

TLm Fathead minnow 0.0071-0.55 mg/l at 6-24 °C/96 hr flow through bioassay. /Hydrogen sulfide/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for SODIUM HYDROSULFIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Sore throat. Burning sensation. Shortness of breath. Laboured breathing. Unconsciousness.

Redness. Pain. Skin burns.

Redness. Pain. Burns.

Sore throat. Burns in mouth and throat. Abdominal pain. Vomiting. Shock or collapse.

Sodium sulfide contact with workmen's eyes has been noted to cause burns which may be slow healing, owing presumably to strong alkalinity.

Man: severe toxic effects: 200 ppm = 280 mg/cu m 1 min; symptoms of illness: 50 ppm = 70 mg/cu m unsatisfactory: 20 ppm = 28 mg/cu m lethal: 600 ppm, 30 min 800 ppm, immediately.

Hydrogen sulfide does two things: it directly irritates mucous membranes, including respiratory linings, and it inhibits cellular respiration. Direct irritation is probably the major cause of pulmonary edema, hyperemia, and dyspnea seen in animals that do not die outright. Thus hydrogen sulfide was classified earlier as one of the agents capable of causing interference with oxygen uptake from pulmonary alveoli. The exact means by which it produces pulmonary edema is not known, but it is not reasonable to attribute it to some unique mechanism set apart from the means by which any other irritant increases permeability of lung capillaries. /Hydrogen sulfide/

Twenty 6 month old male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in the study. Groups of five animals were exposed to an atmosphere of either 2,317 mg/cu m hydrogen sulfide, or no hydrogen sulfide, or were injected intraperitoneally with a solution containing 30 mg/kg sodium hydrosulfide or saline solution. The peracute lethal exposure to hydrogen sulfide produced pulmonary edema, similar to, but much more severe, than that which has been reported with sublethal concentrations of this gas. Peracute exposure resulted in rapid and massive accumulation of fluid in the lungs that the rat was unable to clear, resulting in massive alveolar flooding and finally death. The degree of pulmonary edema was further shown histologically by massive extravasation of fluids. The strong eosinophilic appearance of edematous fluid suggests that the extravasated fluid was rich in protein. The study also demonstrated that sodium hydrosulfide killed rats within the same post exposure time as hydrogen sulfide yet only the rats exposed to hydrogen sulfide had gross and histological evidence of pulmonary edema. The lack of clinical signs of respiratory distress during the agonic and unconscious state that preceded death suggest that lung structure was not notably compromised by sodium hydrosulfide. In contrast, the lungs of rats injected with sodium hydrosulfide or saline or exposed to air were unaffected. It was concluded that the edematogenic effect of hydrogen sulfide in the lungs cannot be reproduced by injection of sodium hydrosulfide. The severity of lung edema induced by a peracute exposure to hydrogen sulfide was extensive enough to account for death.

Administration of sodium hydrosulfide, an alkali salt of hydrogen sulfide at doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg, corresponding to sublethal and lethal doses (0.66 and 2.0 LD50) resulted in significant increases in regional catecholamine levels of the rat brain only after the dose of 2.0 LD50 of sodium hydrosulfide. Whereas the cortex and the cerebellum showed little or no change in catecholamine content, the hippocampus, striatum and brainstem all showed increases in noradrenaline and adrenaline. Additional analysis also showed that brainstem dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels (5-HT) increased as well. In vitro testing of sulfide for inhibition of monoamine oxidase activity showed the anion to be inhibitory with an IC50 of 39.1 + or - 3.6 uM. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase activity ex vivo could be demonstrated at a dose of 100 mg/kg but not at the lower dose of 30 mg/kg sodium hydrosulfide. Inhibition of enzyme activity could not be demonstrated at this lower dose, possibly due to the well known rapid intramitochondrial metabolism of sulfide. Correlation of synaptosomal and mitochondrial sulfide levels with enzyme inhibition data suggests that inhibition of monoamine oxidase may be an important contributing factor to the mechanism(s) underlying loss of central respiratory drive after fatal intoxication with hydrogen sulfide.

For advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or in respiratory arrest. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W TKO /SRP: To keep open, "minimal flow rate"/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of pulmonary edema. Consider vasopressors to treat hypotension without signs of hypovolemia ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . In severe cases use amyl nitrite and sodium nitrite ... as described for cyanide poisoning; omit the sodium thiosulfate injection. Early administration will be the most effective. DIRECT PHYSICIAN ORDER ONLY ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . For basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Treat with rapid rewarming techniques ... if frostbite occurs. /Hydrogen sulfide and related compounds/

LC50 Mouse inhalation 1500 mg/cu m/18 min. /Hydrogen sulfide/

LC50 Rat inhalation 1500 mg/cu m/14 min. /Hydrogen sulfide/

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 5000 lb or 2270 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

Patch clamp studies of neuroblastoma cells have shown that in the presence of sodium hydrogen sulfide, the in vitro precursor of hydrogen sulfide, addition of the sulfonated amino acids, taurine or cysteic acid resulted in reversible abolition of the inward of the sodium currents. This effect could also be demonstrated by preincubating cells for 3-20 min within 5-10 mM sodium hydrosulfide followed by replacement of the solution with taurine or cysteic acid in sulfide-free saline. Neither sodium hydrosulfide taurine nor cysteic acid alone had any effect. The sulfhydryl reagents, beta-mercaptoethanol and dithiothreitol, were also found to abolish reversibly the sodium currents. As the effects of the above treatments were nearly identical, the synergistic action of sodium hydrosulfide with taurine or cysteic acid may result from reduction of the disulfide bonds between subunits comprising the sodium channel. The responses to sodium hydrosulfide and taurine, a putative neurotransmitter/neuromodulator, suggest that reductions in sodium channel function may be the mechanism(s) responsible for loss of central respiratory drive during hydrogen sulfide poisoning.

HYDROSULFIDE ANION (HS-) ... FORMS COMPLEX WITH METHEMOGLOBIN KNOWN AS SULFMETHEMOGLOBIN, WHICH IS ANALOGOUS TO CYANMETHEMOGLOBIN. ... DISSOCIATION CONSTANT FOR SULFMETHEMOGLOBIN HAS BEEN EST AS 6X10-6 MOLES/L WHERE AS THE DISSOCIATION CONSTANT FOR CYANMETHEMOGLOBIN IS ABOUT 2X10-8 MOLES/L. DESPITE LOWER BINDING AFFINITY FOR SULFIDE, INDUCED METHEMOGLOBINEMIA PROVIDES UNEQUIVOCAL PROTECTION AGAINST DEATH FROM ACUTE SULFIDE POISONING IN ANIMALS.

Besides being irritant to mucous membranes, hydrogen sulfide is readily absorbed through the skin, lungs, and digestive tract lining. In the bloodstream the gas is converted to alkali sulfides. The hydrosulfide radical (presumably the agent responsible for systemic lesions) is excreted by the lung and in urine. Part of the sulfide is oxidized to sulfate and thiosulfate and excreted in urine. Some of the sulfide may be trapped by natural disulfides (e.g., glutathione) in the bloodstream. Some sulfide is also excreted as iron sulfide in feces. /Hydrogen sulfide/

Used to dehair hides and to produce heavy water, paper, rayon, dyes, and other chemical products; [HSDB] Also used in paints, lacquers, varnishes, textiles, effluent treatment, water purification, and cosmetics; Also used as a corrosion inhibitor and coloring, complexing, and reducing agent; Used as a flotation agent in ore processing; [IUCLID]

Pulp and Paper Processing [Category: Industry]

PRODN OF HEAVY WATER FOR NUCLEAR REACTORS.

CHEM INT FOR SULFUR-CONTAINING DYES; PULPING AGENT IN PRODN OF PAPER; CHEM INT IN PRODN OF RAYON & CELLOPHANE; FLOTATION AGENT IN ORE PROCESSING.

Dehairing hides; desulfurizing viscose rayon; in the manufacture of sulfur containing dyes and other thio cmpd such as thioamides, thiourea, thiogycolic acid, thio- and dithiobenzoic acids, sodium thiosulfate.

Flotation depressant (copper ores); dyestuffs processing reagent.

(1977) DATA NOT REPORTED SEPARATELY

(1979) 1.00X10+9 GRAMS

2023: 700,000,000 - <850,000,000 lb

(1977) 1.78X10+10 GRAMS

(1979) 2.30X10+10 GRAMS

(1984) 6.36X10+10 g

(1991) 45.4X10+3 tons; (1985) 56.2X10+3 tons; (1980) 41.7X10+3 tons; (1975) 21.8X10+3 tons; (1970) 26.3X10+3 TONS; (1965) 39.9x10+3 tons.

DYESTUFF PROCESSING, 20%; PAPER PULPING, 20%; LEATHER DEPILATORY, 15%; CHEM INT FOR ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 12%; EXPORT & OTHER, 33% (1978).

CHEMICAL PROFILE: Sodium Hydrosulfide. Organic chemicals and dyes, 40%; Kraft pulping, 36%; leather depilatory, 18%; other 6%.

CHEMICAL PROFILE: Sodium hydrosulfide. Demand: 1987: 30,600 tons; 1988: 30,900 tons; 1992 /projected/: 30,900 tons. (Imports and exports are negligible.)

Estimates of uses of sodium hydrosulfide in the United States for 1994: Pulp processing (kraft), 40%; ore flotation, 28%; chemicals and dyes, 15%; leather processing, 12%; and miscellaneous, includes rayon and cellophane desulfurization, 5%.

Sodium hydroxide + hydrogen sulfide (reaction).

Prepared from sodium ethylate and hydrogen sulfide: Rule, J Chem Soc 99, 558 (1911); Teichert, Klemm, Z Anorg Allgem Chem 243, 86 (1939); Eibeck, Inorg Syn 7, 128 (1963). The technical grade may be obtained by reacting sodium bisulfate with calcium sulfide in the cold or by saturating NaOH solutions with H2S.

GRADES: TECHNICAL; FLAKE, 70-72%; SOLUTION, 40-44%.

45% solution; kraft mill grade solution-27% concentration; 60% solution /available/.

Available commercially as flakes containing 71% active matter or as a pale yellow 35% solution in water.

In industry, the following low-iron hydrated products are used: sodium hydrogensulfide solution (30% NaHS); sodium hydrogensulfide flakes (70% NaHS); sodium hydrogensulfide powder (95% NaHS).

All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing

Sodium sulfide (Na(SH)): ACTIVE

COMMERCIAL PRODUCT IS USUALLY THE DIHYDRATE.