배노밀

log Kow= 2.12

2.12

2.12

less than 1 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

Solubility (25 °C): 18 g/kg acetone; 94 g/kg chloroform; 53 g/kg dimethylformamide; 4 g/kg ethanol; 0.4 g/kg heptane; 10 g/kg xylene.

In water 3.8 ppm @ 20 °C.

0.0038 mg/mL at 20 °C

Solubility in water, mg/l at 25 °C: 3.8 (very poor)

0.0004%

Decomposes (NTP, 1992)

decomposes

Decomposes

Decomposed by strong acids & strong alkalis. Decomposes slowly in the presence of moisture. In some solvents dissociates to form carbendazin & butyl isocyanate. ... Decomposed on storage in contact with water & under moist conditions in soil.

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides/.

Decomposes just after melting at 140 °C. /From table/

Decomposes before melting (NTP, 1992)

140 °C (decomposes)

140 °C

No melting point; decomposes at 140 °C

>572 °F (decomposes)

>572 °F (Decomposes)

Negligible (NTP, 1992)

3.7X10-9 mm Hg @ 25 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 25 °C: (negligible)

<0.00001 mmHg

<0.00001 mmHg

Benomyl appears as colorless to white crystals or off-white powder. Faint acrid odor. (NTP, 1992)

White crystalline solid with a faint, acrid odor. [fungicide] [Note: Decomposes without melting above 572 degrees F.]; [NIOSH]

Solid

WHITE CRYSTALLINE POWDER WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

White crystalline solid with a faint, acrid odor.

White crystalline solid with a faint, acrid odor. [fungicide] [Note: Decomposes without melting above 572 °F.]

Danger

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]；H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]；H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]；H340: May cause genetic defects [Danger Germ cell mutagenicity]；H360FD: May damage fertility; May damage the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]；H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]；H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P261, P264, P271, P272, P273, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P318, P319, P321, P332+P317, P333+P317, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Danger

Chemical: Carbamic acid, [1-[(butylamino)carbonyl]-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]-, methyl ester

Hazard Traits - Developmental Toxicity; Genotoxicity; Reproductive Toxicity；Authoritative List - EC Annex VI CMRs - Cat. 1B; Prop 65；Report - regardless of intended function of ingredient in the product

Benomyl is listed in the dataset of EPA Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides under the Safe Drinking Water Act (40 eCFR 141)

2002/928/EC

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

Literature sources indicate that this chemical is nonflammable. (NTP, 1992)

Combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. Finely dispersed particles form explosive mixtures in air.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Benomyl:；Exposure Routes: Inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact；Symptoms: Irritation eyes, skin, upper respiratory system; skin sensitization; possible reproductive, teratogenic effects；Target Organs: Eyes, skin, respiratory system, reproductive system (NIOSH, 2024)

It is classified as practically nontoxic; [EXTOXNET] Allergic contact dermatitis in agricultural workers; [Marks] In high-dose reproductive studies of animals, benomyl causes testicular damage, fetal losses, and birth defects. [Frazier, p. 234-6] Substances that have been shown to induce genetic damage in germ cells of humans or animals, or which produce mutagenic effects in somatic cells and have been shown to reach the germ cells in their active forms. [MAK] A dermal sensitizer; TLV Basis: Upper respiratory tract irritation; male reproductive system, testicular, and embryo/fetal damage; [ACGIH] A weak skin sensitizer; [Kanerva, p. 1754]

U271; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when benomyl, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Benomyl is found on List A, which contains most food use pesticides and consists of the 194 chemical cases (or 350 individual active ingredients) for which EPA issued registration standards prior to FIFRA, as amended in 1988. Case No: 0119; Pesticide type: fungicide; Registration Standard Date: 06/87; Case Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): Benomyl; Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 06/16/92, 03/03/95, 10/13/95; AI Status: The producers of the pesticide has made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner.

Tolerances are established for the combined residues of the fungicide benomyl ... and its metabolites containing the benzimidazole moiety (calculated as benomyl) in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: Almond hulls; apples (pre- and post-harvest); apricots (pre- and post harvest); bananas (pre- and post-harvest, not more than 0.2 ppm negligible residue ... present in the pulp after the peel is removed and discarded); barley, grain; barley, straw; beans; beans vine forage; beets, sugar, roots; beets, sugar, tops; blackberries; blueberries; boysenberries; broccoli; brussel sprouts; cabbage; carrots; cattle, fat; cattle, meat; cattle meat-by-products; cauliflower; celery; cherries (pre- and post-harvest); Chinese cabbage; citrus, dried pulp; citrus fruit (pre- and post-harvest); collards; corn, fresh (including kernel plus cob with husk removed); corn, sweet fodder and forage; cucumbers; currants; dewberries; eggplants; eggs; garlic; goats, fat; goats, meat; goats, meat by-products; grapes; hogs, fat; hogs, meat; hogs, meat by-products; horses, fat; horses, meat; horses, meat by-products; kale; kohlrabi; loganberries; mangoes; melons; milk; mushrooms (pre- and post-harvest); mustard greens; nectarines (pre- and post-harvest); nuts; oats, grain; oats, straw; peaches (pre- and post-harvest); peanuts; peanut forage; peanut hay; pears (pre- and post-harvest); peppers; pineapples (post-harvest); pistachios; plums (incl fresh prunes, pre- and post harvest); poultry, fat; poultry, liver; poultry, meat; poultry, meat by-products; pumpkins; raisins; raspberries; rice; rice, hulls; rice straw; rutabagas; rye, grain; rye, straw; sheep, fat; sheep, meat; sheep, meat by-products; soybeans; spinach; squash, summer; squash, winter; strawberries; sweet potatoes; tomatoes; tomatoe products, concentrated; turnips, roots; wheat, grain; wheat, straw.

Tolerances with regional registration, as defined in section 180.1(n), are established for residues of the fungicide benomyl ... and its metabolites containing the benzimidazole moiety (calculated as benomyl) in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: avacados; dandelions; papayas; pistachios; turnip greens; watercress.

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. A water spray may also be used. (NTP, 1992)

Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide.

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible).

Rinse mouth.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.；SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.；INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.；INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, administer a slurry of activated charcoal in water and simultaneously call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

(General first aid procedures)；Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.；Skin: Soap wash immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.；Breathing: Respiratory support；Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Decomposed on storage in contact with water... .

Do not contaminate water, food, or feeds by storage or disposal. Keep benlate dry during storage to avoid certain chemical changes affecting fungicidal effectiveness. Keep container tightly closed when not in use.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with 60-70% ethanol and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 60-70% ethanol to pick up any remaining material. Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.；STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this chemical under refrigerated temperatures, and protect it from moisture. If possible, it would be prudent to store this compound under inert atmosphere. (NTP, 1992)

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Landfill: The low toxicity of the n-phenyl carbamates and of their demonstrated metabolites obviates any need for preliminary chemical treatment. Soil burial should suffice.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:；IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.；SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.；FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

For acute exposures and first aid: EYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water. INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice. SKIN: should be treated immediately by rinsing the affected parts in cold running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by thorough washing with soap and water. If necessary, the person should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and then must seek medical attention. INHALATION: supply fresh air. If required provide artificial respiration.

Developmental

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, reproductive system

Skin irritation may occur through industrial exposure, and florists, mushroom pickers and floriculturists have reported allergic reactions to benomyl. Benomyl is a potential teratogen. Studies have shown eye defects can occur at relatively high doses. A test in which rats were dosed orally demonstrated evidence of microphthalmia at dose levels of 62.5 mg/kg and above. In 1996, a Miami jury awarded US$ 4 million to a child whose mother was exposed in pregnancy to Benomyl. The child was born without eyes. The mother had been exposed to an unusually high dose of Benomyl through her occupation, during pregnancy.

LC50 Rainbow trout 170 ug/l/96 hr @ 12 °C (95% confidence limit 120-230 ug/l), wt 1.2 g. Static bioassay without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/l as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/l. /Technical material, 99%/

LC50 Fathead minnow 2200 ug/l/96 hr @ 22 °C (95% confidence limit 1590-3040 ug/l), wt 0.9 g. Static bioassay without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/l as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/l. /Technical material, 99%/

LC50 Channel catfish 29 ug/l/96 hr @ 22 °C (95% confidence limit 22-37 ug/l), wt 1.2 g. Static bioassay without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/l as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/l. /Technical material, 99%/

LC50 Bluegill 850 ug/l/96 hr @ 22 °C (95% confidence limit 550-1300 ug/l), wt 0.9 g. Static bioassay without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/l as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/l. /Technical material, 99%/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for BENOMYL (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 2,000(2), indicates that benomyl is expected to have slight mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of benomyl from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 4.93X10-12 atm-cu m/mole(3). Benomyl is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(2). Biodegradation in soils may occur(4), but hydrolysis is the most important fate process. The hydrolysis half-life of benomyl in soil was reported as 19 hours(5).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2,000(2), indicates that benomyl is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 4.93X10-12 atm-cu m/mole(4). According to a classification scheme(5),an estimated BCF of 9(SRC), from a log Kow of 2.12(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low (SRC). Biodegradation in waters is not expected to be an important fate process since benomyl is hydrolyzed rapidly to methyl 2-benzimidazole carbamate (carbendazim; MBC) and butyl isocyanate(8). The half-life of benomyl in water was reported as 2 hours(9).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), benomyl, which has a vapor pressure of 3.7X10-9 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase benomyl may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC).

Benomyl has been detected as a food residue (concn or food not reported) during regulatory monitoring conducted by the US Food and Drug Administration and Dept of Agric for fiscal years 1983-1986(1). Benomyl was detected in 3 imported agricultural commodities in Canada at a max concn of 0.1 ppm(2). Benomyl was identified, not quantified, in almond crops in Kern, CA(3). Benomyl was detected in 248 of 769 domestic apples at a max concn of 0.48 ppm and in 149 of 1,062 imported apples at a max concn of 0.66 ppm(4).

Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity includes developmental effects. See Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment.；Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.；ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, by ingestion and through the skin.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Inhalation (L793) ; oral (L793); dermal (L793)

In animal systems, benomyl is metabolized to carbendazim and other polar metabolites, which are rapidly excreted. ... The main source of exposure for the general human population is residues of benomyl and carbendazim in food crops. ... Agricultural workers engaged in pesticide mixing and loading or re-entering benomyl-treated fields are expected to be exposed dermally ... Since dermal absorption is expected to be low, the probability of benomyl having systemic toxic effects on human populations through this route is very low. Benomyl is readily absorbed in animal experiments after oral and inhalation exposure, but much less so following dermal exposure. Absorbed benomyl is rapidly metabolized and excreted in the urine and feces. ... Benomyl does not inhibit acetyl cholinesterase in vitro. It has been shown to induce liver epoxyhydrolase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and glutathione-S-transferase in in vivo studies ... Benomyl has low acute toxicity ... in the rat ... Application to the skin of the rabbit and guinea pig produced either mild or no irritation and moderate skin sensitization. Application to the eyes of rats produced temporary mild conjunctival irritation. ... Benomyl causes a decrease in testis and epididymis weight, a reduction in caudal sperm reserves, a decrease in sperm production and a lowering of male fertility rates. At higher doses, there is hypospermatogenesis with generalized disruption of all stages of spermatogenesis. Benomyl does not affect copulatory behavior, seminal vesicles, sperm motility or related reproductive hormones. ... When administered via gavage ... benomyl was found to be teratogenic ... The effects were microphthalia, hydrocephaly, and encephaloceles. ... In mice, gavage dosing ... induced supernumerary ribs and other skeletal and visceral anomalies. ... Studies in somatic and germ cells show that benomyl does not cause gene mutations or structural chromosomal damage (aberrations) and it does not interact directly with DNA

Benomyl targets beta tubulin in actively dividing cells. It binds to microtubules, interfering with cell functions, such as meiosis and intracellular transportation (A15332). Benomyl binds to brain tubulin with a dissociation constant of 11.9 +/- 1.2 microM. Further, benomyl binds to a novel tubulin beta binding site, distinct from the well-characterized colchicine and vinblastine binding sites. Benomyl inhibits the polymerization of brain tubulin into microtubules, with 50% inhibition occurring at a concentration of 70-75 microM (A15103)

Cough.

Redness.

Redness.

No acute symptoms expected.

irritation eyes, skin, upper respiratory system; skin sensitization; possible reproductive, teratogenic effects

Skin redness and skin irritation. Fetuses exposed to high levels may exhibit microphthalmia (small eyes) or anaphthalmia (no eyes).

Chemical: Carbamic acid, [1-[(butylamino)carbonyl]-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]-, methyl ester

Hazard Traits - Developmental Toxicity; Genotoxicity; Reproductive Toxicity；Authoritative List - EC Annex VI CMRs - Cat. 1B; Prop 65；Report - regardless of intended function of ingredient in the product

Benomyl is listed in the dataset of EPA Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides under the Safe Drinking Water Act (40 eCFR 141)

2002/928/EC

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

U271; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when benomyl, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Benomyl is found on List A, which contains most food use pesticides and consists of the 194 chemical cases (or 350 individual active ingredients) for which EPA issued registration standards prior to FIFRA, as amended in 1988. Case No: 0119; Pesticide type: fungicide; Registration Standard Date: 06/87; Case Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): Benomyl; Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 06/16/92, 03/03/95, 10/13/95; AI Status: The producers of the pesticide has made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner.

Tolerances are established for the combined residues of the fungicide benomyl ... and its metabolites containing the benzimidazole moiety (calculated as benomyl) in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: Almond hulls; apples (pre- and post-harvest); apricots (pre- and post harvest); bananas (pre- and post-harvest, not more than 0.2 ppm negligible residue ... present in the pulp after the peel is removed and discarded); barley, grain; barley, straw; beans; beans vine forage; beets, sugar, roots; beets, sugar, tops; blackberries; blueberries; boysenberries; broccoli; brussel sprouts; cabbage; carrots; cattle, fat; cattle, meat; cattle meat-by-products; cauliflower; celery; cherries (pre- and post-harvest); Chinese cabbage; citrus, dried pulp; citrus fruit (pre- and post-harvest); collards; corn, fresh (including kernel plus cob with husk removed); corn, sweet fodder and forage; cucumbers; currants; dewberries; eggplants; eggs; garlic; goats, fat; goats, meat; goats, meat by-products; grapes; hogs, fat; hogs, meat; hogs, meat by-products; horses, fat; horses, meat; horses, meat by-products; kale; kohlrabi; loganberries; mangoes; melons; milk; mushrooms (pre- and post-harvest); mustard greens; nectarines (pre- and post-harvest); nuts; oats, grain; oats, straw; peaches (pre- and post-harvest); peanuts; peanut forage; peanut hay; pears (pre- and post-harvest); peppers; pineapples (post-harvest); pistachios; plums (incl fresh prunes, pre- and post harvest); poultry, fat; poultry, liver; poultry, meat; poultry, meat by-products; pumpkins; raisins; raspberries; rice; rice, hulls; rice straw; rutabagas; rye, grain; rye, straw; sheep, fat; sheep, meat; sheep, meat by-products; soybeans; spinach; squash, summer; squash, winter; strawberries; sweet potatoes; tomatoes; tomatoe products, concentrated; turnips, roots; wheat, grain; wheat, straw.

Tolerances with regional registration, as defined in section 180.1(n), are established for residues of the fungicide benomyl ... and its metabolites containing the benzimidazole moiety (calculated as benomyl) in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: avacados; dandelions; papayas; pistachios; turnip greens; watercress.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 1 lb. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

/Methyl-2-benzimidazole carbamate (MBC)/ ... is a potent inhibitor of DNA synthesis in fungi & is probably responsible for the fungitoxic action of the parent compound.

Biochemical studies on the mechanism of action of benzimidazole cmpds have shown that their biological effects are caused by interactions with cell microtubules. These cellular structures are present in all eukariotic cells & are involved in several vital functions, such as intracellular transports & cell division. Benzimidazole cmpds have been used as anticancer drugs & antihelminthic drugs in animals & humans because they act as spindle poisons by interfering with the formation &/or functioning of microtubules. However, eukaryotes are known to be unequally sensitive to each benzimidazole cmpd, which explains the use of these cmpds in helminthiases. Selective toxicity of benomyl & carbendazim for fungi has been explained by comparing their binding to fungal & mammalian tubulin. The different sensitivity of several fungi has also been explained by the different affinity of benomyl & carbendazim for fungal tubulin. Benomyl has been found to bind to fungal tubulin but not to porcine brain tubulin, indicating that mammalian tubulin has no, or at least low, affinity for benomyl. This is an agreement with the observation that benomyl at concns that are lethal for sensitive fungi does not interact with in vitro microtubule assembly in these brain extracts. In vitro ID50 values for several mycelial extracts of various fungal species sensitive to benomyl were all below 5 umol/liter. In vitro rat brain tubulin polymerization was inhibited to about 20% at benomyl or carbendazim concns of 25 umol/liter. For comparison, a standard antitubulin drug in humans such as vincristine inhibited 50% tubulin assembly at 0.1 umol/liter in the same experiment. The assembly of sheep & calf brain microtubule was also found to be unaffected by carbendazim concns higher than 100 umol/liter.

Benomyl is rapidly metabolized & eliminated in urine of rats & dogs as methyl-5-hydroxy-2-benzimidazole-carbamate (5HBC). Residue data on dog & rat tissues from 2 yr feeding studies indicate that benomyl & its metabolites do not accumulate in animal tissues.

... BENOMYL METABOLISM GIVES 2-AMINOBENZIMIDAZOLE IN MOUSE, RABBIT & SHEEP; GIVES 2-AMINO-1-(BUTYLCARBAMOYL)BENZIMIDAZOLE IN MOUSE, RABBIT & SHEEP. /FROM TABLE/

COTTON SEEDLINGS WERE DRENCHED WEEKLY WITH BENOMYL FOR 3 WK ... . A CMPD WAS ISOLATED & CHARACTERIZED AS N-(2-BENZIMIDAZOLE) METHYL CARBAMATE.

ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE URINE SAMPLES FROM RATS FED DUPONT FUNGICIDE 1991 WAS PERFORMED. METHYL S-HYDROXY-2-BENZIMIDAZOLECARBAMATE WAS FOUND AFTER ENZYME HYDROLYSIS TO LIBERATE GLUCURONIDE &/OR SULFATE CONJUGATES. IT WAS NOT DETERMINED WHETHER HYDROXYLATION OCCURRED PRIOR TO OR AFTER LOSS OF BUTYLCARBAMOYL GROUP ... .

For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for BENOMYL (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Agents that kill parasitic worms. They are used therapeutically in the treatment of HELMINTHIASIS in man and animal.

Chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of fungi in agricultural applications, on wood, plastics, or other materials, in swimming pools, etc.

Agents that interact with TUBULIN to inhibit or promote polymerization of MICROTUBULES.

In a pretreated dog, >99% of the activity from (14)C benomyl was excreted in 72 hr, but in this species most of the excretion was by the feces. Mice excreted >94% of ingested benomyl within 96 hr. In mice, rabbits, & sheep, about 20% of the dose was excreted in conjugated form. In these 3 species, urine contained 44-71% & feces 21-46% of the excreted metabolites. ... Residue data on rat & dog tissues after 2 yr feeding studies demonstrated that benomyl & its metabolites do not accumulate in animal tissues.

AFTER MELON PLANTS WERE TREATED WITH BENOMYL CONTAINING (3)H MBC, MOST OF LABEL WAS RECOVERED IN LEAVES AFTER 3 WK.

Absorbed through the leaves & roots, with translocation principally acropetally.

Absorption in ChR-CD rats was monitored after dermal application of 0.1, 1, 10, & 100 mg benomyl (as 2-C14-Benlate 50 WP) at 0.5, 1, 2, 4 & 10 hr intervals. Benomyl was slowly absorbed across an area of skin (16% of the animal), appearing in the blood & urine within 30 min after treatment & reaching a max between 2 & 4 hr after dosing. The concn of benomyl & its metabolites in the blood peaked at 0.05 mg/liter (2 hr sample) in the low-dose group (0.1 mg) & at 0.1 mg/liter (4 hr sample) in the high-dose group (100 mg). This represented a 20-fold dose incr. Thus, absorption into the bloodstream was non-linear with respect to dose.

For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for BENOMYL (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

A systemic fungicide with inhibitory effects on mites used on apples, soybeans, celery, beans, sugarcane, peanuts, nuts, citrus, grapes, mushrooms, berries, tomatoes, mangoes, avocados, vegetable crop seeds, rice, bulbs, grasses, shade trees, and other crops; In addition to a fungicide, has also been used in the manufacturing of textiles and paint pigments, as an oxidizing agent in sewage treatment, and as a drug (veterinarian anthelmintic); [ACGIH]

Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]

For Benomyl (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 099101) ACTIVE products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

Fungicide, ascaricide; activity as catalyst in biological oxidation of sewage & fertilizers.

FOR THE CONTROL OF CERTAIN DISEASES OF ROSES, FLOWERS, ORNAMENTALS & TURF; DIP TREATMENT OF PINEAPPLE SEED PIECES. FOR CONTROL OF WIDE RANGE OF DISEASES OF ... VEGETABLE & FRUIT CROPS.

Control of a wide rage of diseases of fruit, nuts, vegetables, mushrooms, field crops, ornamentals, turf, & trees.

(1972) 4.5X10+8 G

(1975) PROBABLY GREATER THAN 4.54X10+5 G

USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code 099101; Trade Names: Benlate; Benex; Tersan 1991; Arilate; D-1991; F-1991; Fungicide 1991.

BENLATE--A WETTABLE POWDER CONTAINING 50% BENOMYL. TERSAN 1991--TURF FUNGICIDE, A WETTABLE POWDER CONTAINING 50% BENOMYL.

Oil dispersible, wettable powder

Fungicides

Environmental transformation -> Pesticides (parent, predecessor)

FUNGICIDES

METABOLITE-BENOMYLS

Carbamic acid, N-[1-[(butylamino)carbonyl]-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]-, methyl ester: ACTIVE

The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard identifies Benomyl (technical grade) as unlikely to present an acute hazard in normal use; Main Use: fungicide.

ALSO TESTED IN WAX EMULSIONS FOR TREATMENT OF PEACH ROT.

... effective against mites, primarily as an ovicide. Its systemic activity is sometimes enhanced by surfactants.

Shows local systemic activity within leaf system and from soil applications where root system stays within treated zone.