Chromium(6+) (HCID 29131)

이름 및 식별자

우선 이름: Chromium(6+)
IUPAC: chromium(6+)
현지명: 크롬 6가
영어명: chromium(+6) cation
분자식: Cr+6
분자량: 51.99

이름 및 동의어

Chromium(6+)18540-29-9Chromium hexavalent ionChromium(6+) ionCr(VI)CHROMIUM (VI)chromium(VI) cationChromium ion (6+)CHEBI:33007RefChem:576906606-053-1Chromium(VI)

이름 더 보기

크로뮴(6+)크롬6가크롬(6+) 화합물크로뮴 (Cr6+)크로뮴 (VI)크로뮴 (VI) 화합물크로뮴 이온(6+)크로뮴(6+) 이온크로뮴(6+)화합물크로뮴(VI) 이온크로뮴, 육가크로뮴, 이온 (Cr6+)크롬(+6)양이온CHROMATE(VI)CHROMIUM(VI) ION)HEXAVALENTCHROMATEchromium(+6) cationChromium(6+) compoundsHEXAVALENTCHROMIUMCOMPOUNDSChromium (VI) compounds water soluble compounds as Cr (not classified elsewhere)

Hexavalent chromiumChromium (VI) ionMFCD00717544Cr6+Chromium(6+)ionChromium, ion (Cr6+)Chromium(6+)ionsChromium(VI) ions

데이터베이스 식별자

CAS: 18540-29-9
PubChem CID: 29131
DTXSID: DTXSID7023982
ChEBI: CHEBI:33007
EC Number: 606-053-1

물성

구조 계산 물성

극성 표면적: 0 Å²
수소 결합 공여자 수: 0
수소 결합 수용자 수: 0
회전 가능 결합 수: 0
무거운 원자 수: 1
형식 전하: 6
복잡도: 0

물리화학적 성질

EPA: Chromium(VI) (18540-29-9)

화학적 성질 · 1건

Elemental chromium is a transition-group metal belonging to group VIB of the periodic table and has oxidation states ranging from –2 to +6, of which the divalent (+2, II), trivalent (+3, III), and hexavalent (+6, VI) forms are the most important. Elemental chromium does not occur naturally in the environment. The divalent (chromous) state is readily oxidized to the more stable trivalent (chromic) state. Although the hexavalent state (including chromates) is more stable than the divalent state, it is rarely found in nature. Chromium(VI) compounds are strong oxidizing agents and are highly corrosive. In the environment, they generally are reduced to chromium(III) compounds. The chromium(VI) compounds most commonly encountered in industry are calcium chromate, chromium trioxide, sodium chromate and dichromate, potassium chromate and dichromate, lead chromate, strontium chromate, and zinc chromate (IARC 1990, Costa 1997). However, this listing applies to all hexavalent chromium compounds, not just to those specified above. Calcium chromate occurs as yellow crystals or a bright-yellow powder. It is slightly soluble in water and soluble in dilute acids, and it reacts with acids and ethanol. Although calcium chromate is not flammable, toxic chromium fumes may be formed in fires, and mixtures with boron burn violently when ignited. Chromium trioxide (also known as chromic trioxide) occurs as dark-red or brown crystals, flakes, or granular powder and is soluble in water, ethyl alcohol, ethyl ether, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid. Contact of chromium trioxide with organic chemicals may result in violent or explosive reactions, and fires with chromium trioxide may produce irritating, corrosive, and toxic gases (ATSDR 2000, HSDB 2009). Lead chromate occurs as yellow, orange, or red crystals or a yellow or orange-yellow powder that is insoluble in water, acetic acid, and ammonia but soluble in dilute nitric acid. When heated, it emits highly toxic fumes, and it may react explosively with azo dyes. The term “lead chromate” is also used to refer to various commercial lead chromate pigments (IARC 1980, 1990, HSDB 2009). Potassium chromate occurs as yellow crystals and is soluble in water but insoluble in ethanol. Potassium dichromate occurs as red or orange-red crystals and is soluble in water but insoluble in ethanol and acetone. It poses a dangerous fire risk when in contact with organic materials or finely divided combustible materials, such as sawdust (ATSDR 2000, HSDB 2009). Sodium chromate occurs as yellow crystals and is soluble in water and slightly soluble in methanol. Although it is not flammable, toxic chromium oxide fumes may be formed in fires with sodium chromate (ATSDR 2000, HSDB 2009). Sodium dichromate occurs as bright orange-red or red hygroscopic crystals and is soluble in water and methanol. It reacts explosively with hydrazine, acetic anhydride, boron, silicon, and other materials (IARC 1980, HSDB 2009). Strontium

안전 및 규제

GHS 분류

GHS Classification · 5건

Danger

H317 (100%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]；H350 (41.5%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]；H350i (56.9%): May cause cancer by inhalation [Danger Carcinogenicity]；H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]；H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P261, P272, P273, P280, P302+P352, P318, P321, P333+P317, P362+P364, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 65 reports by companies from 4 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.；Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

유해성 정보

Regulatory Information · 2건

Hazard Traits - Carcinogenicity; Dermatotoxicity; Developmental Toxicity; Hematotoxicity; Hepatotoxicity and Digestive System Toxicity; Reproductive Toxicity; Respiratory Toxicity；Authoritative List - CA MCLs; CA TACs; CWA 303(c); EC Annex VI CMRs - Cat. 1B; IARC Carcinogens - 1; IRIS Carcinogens - Carcin.; NTP RoC - known; OEHHA RELs; Prop 65；Report - regardless of intended function of ingredient in the product

Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 (amended)

Hazard Classes and CategoriesSkin Sens. 1 (100%)；Carc. 1B (41.5%)；Carc. 1B (56.9%)；Aquatic Acute 1 (100%)；Aquatic Chronic 1 (100%)

안전 및 보호

Minimum Risk Level · 2건

Intermediate Oral: 0.005 mg/kg/day (L134) Chronic Oral: 0.001 mg/kg/day (L134)

Intermediate Oral: 0.005 mg/kg/day (Hexavalent chromium) (L134) Chronic Oral: 0.001 mg/kg/day (Hexavalent chromium) (L134)

독성 정보

Treatment · 2건

There is no known antidote for chromium poisoning. Exposure is usually handled with symptomatic treatment. (L16)

Cancer SitesGastrointestinal；Respiratory

Target OrgansDevelopmental；Gastrointestinal；Hematologic；Hepatic；Respiratory

Health Effects · 2건

Hexavalent chromium is a known carcinogen. Chronic inhalation especially has been linked to lung cancer. Hexavalent chromium has also been know to cause reproductive and developmental defects. (A12)

Hexavalent chromium is a known carcinogen. Chronic inhalation especially has been linked to lung cancer. Hexavalent chromium has also been shown to affect reproduction and development. (A12)

Exposure Routes · 2건

Oral (L16) ; inhalation (L16) ; dermal (L16)

Oral (L16) ; inhalation (L16); dermal (L16)

Toxicity Summary · 2건

Hexavalent chromium's carcinogenic effects are caused by its metabolites, pentavalent and trivalent chromium. The DNA damage may be caused by hydroxyl radicals produced during reoxidation of pentavalent chromium by hydrogen peroxide molecules present in the cell. Trivalent chromium may also form complexes with peptides, proteins, and DNA, resulting in DNA-protein crosslinks, DNA strand breaks, DNA-DNA interstrand crosslinks, chromium-DNA adducts, chromosomal aberrations and alterations in cellular signaling pathways. It has been shown to induce carcinogenesis by overstimulating cellular regulatory pathways and increasing peroxide levels by activating certain mitogen-activated protein kinases. It can also cause transcriptional repression by cross-linking histone deacetylase 1-DNA methyltransferase 1 complexes to CYP1A1 promoter chromatin, inhibiting histone modification. Chromium may increase its own toxicity by modifying metal regulatory transcription factor 1, causing the inhibition of zinc-induced metallothionein transcription. (A12, L16, A34, A35, A36)

규제 정보

Regulatory Information · 2건

Hazard Traits - Carcinogenicity; Dermatotoxicity; Developmental Toxicity; Hematotoxicity; Hepatotoxicity and Digestive System Toxicity; Reproductive Toxicity; Respiratory Toxicity；Authoritative List - CA MCLs; CA TACs; CWA 303(c); EC Annex VI CMRs - Cat. 1B; IARC Carcinogens - 1; IRIS Carcinogens - Carcin.; NTP RoC - known; OEHHA RELs; Prop 65；Report - regardless of intended function of ingredient in the product

Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 (amended)

안전 데이터

OEL: TWA: None mg/m3
함량 및 규제정보: 물질구분: 제한물질; 혼합물(제품)함량정보: 크로뮴(6+)화합물 및 이를 0.1% 이상 함유한 혼합물
유해화학물질 필터링: 06-5-10

화학 및 산업

약리 정보

Metabolism/Metabolites · 2건

Chromium is absorbed from oral, inhalation, or dermal exposure and distributes to nearly all tissues, with the highest concentrations found in kidney and liver. Bone is also a major storage site and may contribute to long-term retention. Hexavalent chromium's similarity to sulfate and chromate allow it to be transported into cells via sulfate transport mechanisms. Inside the cell, hexavalent chromium is reduced first to pentavalent chromium, then to trivalent chromium by many substances including ascorbate, glutathione, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Chromium is almost entirely excreted with the urine. (A12, L16)

Chromium is absorbed from oral, inhalation, or dermal exposure and distributes to nearly all tissues, with the highest concentrations found in kidney and liver. Bone is also a major storage site and may contribute to long-term retention. Hexavalent chromium's similarity to sulfate and chromate allows it to be transported into cells via sulfate transport mechanisms. Inside the cell, hexavalent chromium is reduced first to pentavalent chromium, then to trivalent chromium by different pathways including ascorbate, glutathione, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Chromium is almost entirely excreted in the urine. (A12, L16)

MeSH Pharmacological ClassificationCarcinogenic substances that are found in the environment.

용도 및 제조

Uses · 2건

Hexavalent chromium is used for chrome plating, dyes and pigments, leather tanning, and wood preserving. (A12)

Elemental chromium is used mainly for making steel. Hexavalent chromium is used for chrome plating, dyes and pigments, leather tanning, and wood preserving. (A12, L17)

Household ProductsInformation on 1 consumer products that contain Chromium hexavalent ion in the following categories is provided:；• Home Maintenance

응용 분야 · 1건

용도The steel industry is the major consumer of chromium. In 2007, estimated consumption of chromium in the United States by end use was 78% in stainless and heat-resisting steel, 13.8% for other steel uses, 3.7% in superalloys, and 4.5% in other alloys and end uses (Papp 2009). Alloys of stainless steel and chromium typically contain between 11.5% and 30% chromium (ATSDR 2000). Chromium(VI) compounds are widely used as corrosion inhibitors, in the manufacture of pigments, in metal finishing and chrome plating, in stainless steel production, in leather tanning, and in wood preservatives (Costa 1997, ATSDR 2000). In 1996, about 52% of all chromium compounds used in the U.S. chemical industry were used in production of wood preservatives; the rest were used in leather tanning (13%), metals finish-ing (13%), pigments (12%), refractories (linings for high-temperature industrial furnaces) (3%), and other uses (7%) (ATSDR 2000). The use of chromium(VI) compounds in wood preservatives increased dramatically from the late 1970s to the early 2000s; however, this use is expected to decrease because of a voluntary phase-out of all residential uses of wood treated with chromated copper arsenate (pressure-treated wood) that went into effect December 31, 2003 (Brooks 2009). Chromium(VI) compounds are also used in textile-dyeing processes, printing inks, drilling muds, pyrotechnics, water treatment, and chemical synthesis (HSDB 2009). Calcium chromate is used primarily as a corrosion inhibitor and as a depolarizer in batteries (IARC 1973, 1990, HSDB 2009). Chromium trioxide is used primarily in chrome plating and other metal finishing (particularly in the production of automobiles and military aircraft), in production of wood preservatives, as a corrosion inhibitor, and in production of organic chemicals and catalysts. Lead chromate has been used in paints and printing inks and as a colorant in vinyl, rubber, and paper. Potassium chromate is used in production of dyes and in textile-dyeing processes. Potassium dichromate has largely been replaced by sodium dichromate in many applications; however, it is still used in photomechanical processes and production of pigments and wood preservatives. Sodium chromate is used as a corrosion inhibitor and in textile dyeing processes, inks, paints, leather tanning, wood preservatives, drilling muds, cutting oils, water treatment, and production of other chromium compounds. Sodium dichromate is the primary base material for the production of chromium compounds and is used as a corrosion inhibitor, in metal treatments, in drilling muds, and in the production of dyes, wood preservatives, synthetic organic chemicals, and catalysts. Strontium chromate is used as a corrosion inhibitor and metal conditioner, in aluminum flake coatings, as a colorant in polyvinyl chloride, in pyrotechnics, in chrome plating, and for sulfate ion control in electrochemical processes. Zinc chromates are used as corrosion inhibitors