Nabam

Fungicides, Herbicides

Active substance -> EU Pesticides database: Not approved

Pesticides -> Dithiocarbamates (Pesticide)

1.14 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.14 at 20 °C (solid)

Colorless crystals when pure.

Crystals from water

Insoluble in common organic solvents.

Forms a continuous film on plant surfaces, which is said to become insoluble in water.

In water, 2X10+5 mg/L at room temperature

Decomposed by light, moisture and heat.

When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of /nitroxides, sodium oxide/, and /sulfoxides/.

FCS -> FDA Inventory of Food Contact Substances Listed in 21 CFR

FCS -> FDA Inventory of Food Contact Substances Listed in 21 CFR

Nabam is a colorless to light amber solid with a a slight odor. Mixes with water. (USCG, 1999)

Liquid

Colorless solid; [Hawley] White crystalline solid; [MSDSonline]

Unstable in dry, crystalline form

Decomposed by light, moisture & heat. Stable as an aqueous soln. On aeration, aqueous solutions deposit yellow mixtures of which the main fungicidal components are sulfur and etem.

Warning

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Warning

H302 (90.5%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Chemical: Carbamodithioic acid, 1,2-ethanediylbis-, disodium salt

Hazard Traits - Developmental Toxicity

Carbamodithioic acid, N,N'-1,2-ethanediylbis-, sodium salt (1:2) is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Carbamodithioic acid, N,N'-1,2-ethanediylbis-, sodium salt (1:2) are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

2002/2076

Carbamodithioic acid, 1,2-ethanediylbis-, disodium salt: Does not have an individual approval but may be used as a component in a product covered by a group standard. It is not approved for use as a chemical in its own right.

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

A skin and mucous membrane irritant; CNS depressant at high concentrations; [Hawley] A skin, eye, and mucous membrane irritant; [HSDB] A skin and eye irritant; May cause skin sensitization; [CAMEO] A respiratory tract irritant; May cause skin sensitization; [eChemPortal: ESIS] Etheylene thiourea (ETU) is a metabolite. [Reference #1] Several of the dialkyldithiocarbamates are known skin sensitizers; See Ethylene thiourea. See Carba mix.

WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 78: Dithiocarbamate Pesticides, ethylenethiourea and Propylenethiourea (1988). EHC are designed for scientists and administrators responsible for the establishment of safety standards and regulations and provide basic scientific risk evaluations of a wide range of chemicals and groups of chemicals.[Available from, as of March 4, 2010: http://www.inchem.org/pages/ehc.html]

USEPA/OPP; Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document - Nabam EPA-738-R-95-035 (January 1996). The RED summarizes the risk assessment conclusions and outlines any risk reduction measures necessary for the pesticide to continue to be registered in the U.S.[Available from, as of March 28, 2010: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm]

U114; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when ethylenebisdithiocarbamic acid, salts & esters, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5). /Ethylenebisdithiocarbamic acid, salts and esters/

Based on the reviews of the generic data for the active ingredient nabam, the Agency has sufficient information on the health effects of nabam and on its potential for causing adverse effects in fish and wildlife and the environment. The Agency has determined that nabam products, labeled and used as specified in this Reregistration Eligibility Decision, will not pose unreasonable risks or adverse effects to humans or the environment. Therefore, the Agency concludes that products containing nabam for all uses are eligible for reregistration.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their continued use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines newer health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether the use of the pesticide does not pose unreasonable risk in accordance to newer saftey standards, such as those described in the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Nabam is found on List A, which contains most pesticides that are used on foods and, hence, have a high potential for human exposure. List A consists of the 194 chemical cases (or 350 individual active ingredients) for which EPA issued registration standards prior to FIFRA '88. Case No: 0641; Pesticide type: fungicide; Registration Standard Date: 04/01/87; Case Status: RED Approved 09/95; OPP has made a decision that some/all uses of the pesticide are eligible for reregistration, as reflected in a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document .; Active Ingredient (AI): nabam; AI Status: OPP has completed a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) for the case/AI.

NABAM is a dithiocarbamate. Flammable gases are generated by the combination of thiocarbamates and dithiocarbamates with aldehydes, nitrides, and hydrides. Thiocarbamates and dithiocarbamates are incompatible with acids, peroxides, and acid halides.

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Dithiocarbamate pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Dithiocarbamate pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Dithiocarbamate pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Dithiocarbamate pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. /Dithiocarbamate pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Dithiocarbamate pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Dithiocarbamate pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Dithiocarbamate pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Dithiocarbamate pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Dithiocarbamate pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Dithiocarbamate pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Dithiocarbamate pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Dithiocarbamate pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Dithiocarbamate pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Dithiocarbamate pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Dithiocarbamate pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Nabam (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Nabam

Marine pollutant

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U114, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids. /Ethylenebisdithiocarbamate/

Do not discharge effluent containing this product into lakes, streams, ponds, estuaries, oceans or other waters unless in accordance with the requirements of a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit and the permitting authority has been notified in writing prior to discharge. ... For guidance contact your State Water Board or Regional Office of the EPA.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in a manner that results in no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose of, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance procedures to confirm the efficacy of the cleaning procedures should be implemented prior to the decontaminated protective clothing being returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing (including shoes/socks) should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

Products Intended Primarily for Occupational Use. Do not apply this product in a way that will contact workers or other persons.

Products Intended Primarily for Occupational Use. If coveralls are required for pesticide handlers: Discard clothing or other absorbent materials that have been drenched or heavily contaminated with this product's concentrate. Do not reuse them.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Nabam (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Dust mask; self-contained breathing apparatus if compound is hot; goggles; rubber gloves. (USCG, 1999)

No nabam end-use products are within the scope of the Worker Protection Standard for Agricultural Pesticides (40 CFR parts 170 and 156). However, personal protective equipment for non-WPS occupational use is required.

The minimum (baseline) PPE for all occupational uses of nabam end use products is: Minimum PPE:Applicators and other handlers must wear: long-sleeve shirt and long pants, chemical-resistant gloves, socks plus shoes.

Engineering Control Requirements for liquid formulations: ... This product must be loaded and transferred only using a metering-pump system or a closed loading/application system for the following uses: air washer water systems; commercial/industrial water cooling systems (includes shipboard seawater cooling systems); evaporative condenser water systems; pasteurizer/warmer/cannery cooling water systems; and heat exchanger water systems.}. Open pouring is prohibited. For dry formulations: All nabam end-use products formulated as a dry formulation must be placed in water-soluble packaging.

LD50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck, male, age 3-4 months) oral >2560 mg/kg /purity 93%/

LC50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck, age 10 days) diet >5000 ppm for 5 days /purity 93%/

LC50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck, juvenile) diet 7500 ppm for 8 days

LD50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Northern bobwhite quail); Concentration: > 2250 mg/kg (30% a.i.)

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Nabam (43 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Nabam is decomposed by light, moisture, and heat(1,2). The major product of nabam abiotic decomposition is reported to be ethylenethiourea(2). Based on this rapid degradation, mobility in soil and volatilization are not expected to be important fate processes in the environment(SRC). Nabam exhibited a removal rate of 96% per day in activated sludge bench-scale reactors(3), indicating that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Nabam is decomposed by light, moisture, and heat, and is unstable in aqueous solution(1,2). The major product of nabam abiotic decomposition is reported to be ethylenethiourea(2). Based on this rapid degradation, volatilization from water is not expected in the environment(SRC). According to a classification scheme(3), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of -4.24(4) and a regression-derived equation(5), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Nabam exhibited a removal rate of 96% per day in activated sludge bench-scale reactors(6) indicating that biodegradation of nabam in water may be an important fate process(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: Since nabam is a sodium salt(1), it will exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase nabam may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Nabam absorbs light in the environmental UV spectrum(2) and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Nabam was qualitatively found as a residue in samples tested during the Food and Drug Administration pesticide residue monitoring of various food samples for the test period of 1978-1982(1).

In 1989, 18,798 food samples were analyzed by the FDA for pesticide residues(1). Of these, only 1,278 samples were analyzed for EBDCs (ethylene bis-dithiocarbamates) in which nabam was detected; percent positive and concentrations not specified(1). Vegetables analyzed included peppers, leafy vegetables, cantaloupe, squash and peas(1). In 1990, the same study was conducted by the FDA but with 1,472 samples being analyzed for EBDCs; nabam was detected (percent positive and concentrations not specified)(2).

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Signs of intoxication /from acute oral administration to birds, goats, and bullfrogs (all symptoms may not be found in every species)/: ataxia, tremors, tachypnea, myasthenia, salivation, miosis, tenesmus, diarrhea, piloerection.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Nabam was found to be practically nontoxic to birds on an acute oral and subacute dietary basis. To establish the toxicity of nabam to birds, the following tests /were/ required: one avian single-dose oral (LD50) study on one species (preferably mallard or bobwhite quail); one subacute dietary study (LC50) on one species (preferably the mallard duck or bobwhite quail).

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Moderately toxic to fish.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ To establish the toxicity of a pesticide to freshwater fish, the minimum data required/by the USEPA/ on the technical grade of the active ingredient is one freshwater fish toxicity study using either a coldwater fish (preferably the rainbow trout) or a warmwater fish (preferably the bluegill sunfish). Rainbow Trout, LC50 11ppm, and Bluegill Sunfish, LC50 28 ppm, Slightly Toxic, Static tests on 30% nabam. /From table/.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Nabam (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Nabam is decomposed by light, moisture, and heat, and is unstable in aqueous solution(1,2). The major product of nabam abiotic decomposition is reported to be ethylenethiourea(2). Based on this rapid degradation, mobility in soil is not expected to be an important fate process in the environment(SRC).

Nabam (CAS # 142-59-6) was evaluated for effects on thyroid hormone levels in distinct groups (numbers unspecified) of male and female rats administered daily dermal exposures to 0, 46, 457, 1525, and 3050 mg/kg of Aquatreat DN-30 (30% w/w Nabam in water), 5 days per week for 3 weeks. Statistically significant reductions were noted in thyroxine (T4) levels of 3050 mg/kg females and in triiodothyronine (T3) hormone levels of females at all treatment levels. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were statistically significantly increased in 46 and 1525 mg/kg males. Reviewers reported a possible treatment-related effect on thyroid hormones in these preliminary results of the study. No further information was provided.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ The irritant and allergic potential of most dithiocarbamates is evident in occupational exposure. Skin irritation and sensitization were studied in man using a conventional patch test. A cotton square was dipped in 19% nabam solution and placed on the inner surface of the forearm, and, 14 days later, this procedure was repeated on the opposite forearm. Zineb was tested in the same manner, except that the cotton square was dipped in 65% wettable powder. The patches were left in place for 48 hr. Of the 25 subjects included in the nabam study, 2 showed irritation (mild erythema and itching). Thirteen of the 25 reacted to the retest (from mild erythema to severe erythema, edema, and vesiculation), indicating sensitization. Of the 50 subjects used in the zineb study, no reaction at all was seen in 49 of them. One reacted in such a way that it indicated primary irritation rather than sensitization ...

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ It is irritating to the skin and mucous membranes, and it is /SRP: a CNS depressant/ in high concentrations.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Some applicators have experienced mild dermatitis, pharyngitis, rhinitis, bronchitis, and conjunctivitis from high exposure ... Skin irritation tests in humans showed reactions in 13 of 25 subjects including severe edema, erythema, vesiculation, and indications of development of sensitization reactions.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The ethylenebisdithiocarbamate (EBDC) compounds are not inhibitors of cholinesterase or of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. They do not induce cholinergic illness or antabuse reactions. /Ethylenebisdithiocarbamates/

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Nabam (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

AEROBIC: Nabam was fed at the rate of 9.8, 10.2, 9.6, and 9.8 ppm over four consecutive days to a bench-scale activated sludge unit operating at 3 liters synthetic sewage per day(1). The percent removal of nabam from these units was reported to be over 96% per day(1).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for nabam(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of -4.24(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

U114; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when ethylenebisdithiocarbamic acid, salts & esters, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5). /Ethylenebisdithiocarbamic acid, salts and esters/

Based on the reviews of the generic data for the active ingredient nabam, the Agency has sufficient information on the health effects of nabam and on its potential for causing adverse effects in fish and wildlife and the environment. The Agency has determined that nabam products, labeled and used as specified in this Reregistration Eligibility Decision, will not pose unreasonable risks or adverse effects to humans or the environment. Therefore, the Agency concludes that products containing nabam for all uses are eligible for reregistration.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their continued use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines newer health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether the use of the pesticide does not pose unreasonable risk in accordance to newer saftey standards, such as those described in the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Nabam is found on List A, which contains most pesticides that are used on foods and, hence, have a high potential for human exposure. List A consists of the 194 chemical cases (or 350 individual active ingredients) for which EPA issued registration standards prior to FIFRA '88. Case No: 0641; Pesticide type: fungicide; Registration Standard Date: 04/01/87; Case Status: RED Approved 09/95; OPP has made a decision that some/all uses of the pesticide are eligible for reregistration, as reflected in a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document .; Active Ingredient (AI): nabam; AI Status: OPP has completed a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) for the case/AI.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 5000 lb or 2270 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b). /Ethylenebisdithiocarbamic acid, salts and esters/

... Radiolabelled nabam was administered to male and female rats by both oral and intravenous routes. Group A rats each received a single intravenous injection at 4.5 mg/kg; group B rats each received a single oral dose of 4.5 mg/kg. Each group C rat was dosed with 4.5 mg unlabelled nabam/kg/day, and then received 4.5 mg labelled nabam/kg on day 15. Each group D rat received a single dose of 100 mg labelled nabam/kg. For each group, most of the recovered radioactivity was in the urine (percentages ranged from 56.92 in group D males to 91.82 in group A females), with most of the remainder in the feces. Although the amount of radiolabelling in thyroids tended to be relatively low in terms of total administered (14)C (0.001% to 0.008%) concentrations were relatively high (10X to 31X) relative to carcass values. /Ethylene thiourea/ (ETU) was present in urine (11.7 to 36.6% of total (14)C present in the urine, with the highest percentages occurring in group D rats). No ETU was detected in the feces from group A animals; but 65.3% of the (14)C in the feces of group D males was from ETU; the value for group D females was 47.5%.

Cucumber seedlings were treated with Nabam via roots. Sap pressed from seedlings was chromatographed. Spots that appeared after development were chromatographically indistinguishable from ethylenethiourea. This could ... have been taken up from solution in which it may form spontaneously.

2-Imidazoline was tentatively identified as a minor conversion product of ethylenethiourea in cucumber and wheat seedlings and was assumed to be a terminal residue after root treatment with ethylenebisdithiocarbamate fungicides such as Nabam.

Studies with nabam, after application to soybeans, indicated the formation of ethyleneurea, 2,4-imidazolidinedione, 1-(2-imidaxolin-2-yl)-2-imidazolidinethione, and several other unidentified compounds.

For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for Nabam (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/Nabam is/ rapidly distributed in the mammalian system and /affects/ a variety of enzymes, phosphatase, phosphotransferase, and dopamine beta-hydroxylase. Most of the material is degraded and excreted ... . /Thiocarbamates/

... Radiolabelled nabam was administered to male and female rats by both oral and intravenous routes. Group A rats each received a single intravenous injection at 4.5 mg/kg; group B rats each received a single oral dose of 4.5 mg/kg. Each group C rat was dosed with 4.5 mg unlabelled nabam/kg/day, and then received 4.5 mg labelled nabam/kg on day 15. Each group D rat received a single dose of 100 mg labelled nabam/kg. For each group, most of the recovered radioactivity was in the urine (percentages ranged from 56.92 in group D males to 91.82 in group A females), with most of the remainder in the feces. Although the amount of radiolabelling in thyroids tended to be relatively low in terms of total administered (14)C (0.001% to 0.008%) concentrations were relatively high (10X to 31X) relative to carcass values. /Ethylene thiourea/ (ETU) was present in urine (11.7 to 36.6% of total (14)C present in the urine, with the highest percentages occurring in group D rats). No ETU was detected in the feces from group A animals; but 65.3% of the (14)C in the feces of group D males was from ETU; the value for group D females was 47.5%.

Nabam appears to be rapidly absorbed from the GI tract, distributed to target organs and excreted almost totally within 96 hr.

In a dermal absorption study ... male rats received 10 hr occluded exposures to 0.2%, 2%, and 20% (equal to 0.013, 0.13, and 1.3 mg/sq cm respectively) radiolabelled nabam in aqueous solutions; there was absorption of 0.24%, 0.05% and 0.08% of the label, respectively. Corresponding values for the amounts remaining on the skin (and presumably available for absorption) were 15.68%, 3.66%, and 1.09% respectively. It is noted that in a dermal absorption study for ETU ... "A significant portion of the dermal dose could not be washed off with soap and water and was subsequently absorbed."

Used as fungicide for agriculture and in leather industry; to make other fungicides such as Zineb, Maneb, Dithane m-45, and Manzate 200; as cooling-water slimicide; Not currently registered with the EPA for use in the US; [HSDB] Used as biocide in pulp and paper mills; [Merck Index] Has repellent effects on plant-eating Japanese beetles; [Ullmann] No longer used in agriculture; [Krieger, p. 1689] Registered for use to control algae and slime-forming bacteria and fungi in industrial water systems including pulp/paper mills and cane and beet sugar processing systems; [Reference #1]

Pulp and Paper Processing [Category: Industry]

For nabam (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 014503) ACTIVE products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

As a result of the Special Reviews on nabam, all food uses were voluntarily cancelled except one FDA-regulated food use on sugar mill grinding, crusher and/or diffuser systems. Pesticides added to sugar mill processing water systems to control microorganisms is an indirect food additive and, therefore falls under FDA jurisdiction. All other uses of nabam are as an industrial biocide in paper mills, water cooling systems, drilling mud and packer fluids and secondary oil recovery water systems.

Agricultural fungicide; biocide in pulp and paper industry

Plant fungicide, starting material for derivatives that are also pesticides

2021: 6,214 lb

(1969) 8.8 X 10+8 g

(1975) 9.08 X 10+7 g (consumption)

Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule. [Table#2938]

98% as a systemic fungicide on crops (fruit, nuts, and vegetables); and 2% in other applications (as a systemic fungicide on ornamentals, as a fungicide in the leather and paper industries, and as an intermediate for the fungicides Zineb, Maneb, Dithane M-45, and Manzate 200) (1975) /SRP: Former in USA/

Prepared by treating ethylenediamine with carbon disulfide in the presence of sodium hydroxide.

Addition of carbon disulfide to an alcoholic solution of ethylenediamine followed by neutralization with sodium hydroxide.

A complete list of currently registered active pesticide products can be found in the National Pesticide Information Retrieval System's USEPA/OPP Registered and Cancelled Pesticide Product Database. These pesticide products are registered for use in the U.S. but approved products may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved products.

AMA-9 (Kemira): Nabam 4.5%, Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate 4.5%

AMA-30 (Kemira): Nabam 15%, Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate 15%

Aquatreat DNM-9 (Akzo): Nabam 4.5%, sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate 4.5%

For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for Nabam (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Carbamodithioic acid, N,N'-1,2-ethanediylbis-, sodium salt (1:2): ACTIVE

The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard identifies Nabam (technical grade) as Class II: moderately hazardous; Main Use: fungicide, other than for seed treatment.

Superseded as protective fungicide by Zineb though the latter may be prepared by the mixing, in the field, of solutions of Nabam and of zinc sulfate.

In most countries, nabam has been superseded by zineb and maneb, because of the high phytotoxicity of nabam to plant foliage.