3-브로모-1-클로로-5,5-디메틸하이단토인

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 23(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 3-bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 3-bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.1X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). 3-Bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 6.6X10-6 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(4). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2005).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 23(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 3-bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.1X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3.2(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of -0.94(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Based on analogous compound 1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin, 3-bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin is expected to release hypochlorous and hypobromic acid upon exposure to water(8). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2005).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 3-bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 6.6X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 3-bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 5.24 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3.1X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase 3-bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). 3-Bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

-Bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin's production and use as a germicide and fungicide in treatment of water as well as its use as a disinfectant, halogenating agent, catalyst and oxidant(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3.2 was calculated for 3-bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of -0.94(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of 3-bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin can be estimated to be 23(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 3-bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ ... 5,5-Dimethylhydantoin (DMH) in Rats, Dantoin (DMH, purity = 99.8%) was fed in diet to CD rats (60/sex/dose) at 0 (2 control groups), 100, 300, or 1000 mg/kg/day for 104 weeks. Diets were adjusted periodically for DMH concentration to maintain the doses with separate diets for males and females. Chronic NOEL = 300 mg/kg/day (Survival time relative to controls was decreased in both sexes at 1000 mg/kg/day, however it was statistically significantly decreased only in males. Bodyweights were statistically significantly lower (9 - 14%) in females at 1000 mg/kg late in the study. Bodyweight gains were significantly decreased (compared to both controls) in males at 1000 mg/kg. No effects were observed in relation to hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis, ophthalmology, organ weights or pathology.) Oncogenic NOEL > 1000 mg/kg/day (There were no treatment-related tumorigenic effects at any dose.) /5,5-Dimethylhydantoin/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Dimethylhydantoin (purity = 98.9%) was fed in diet to Beagle dogs (4/sex/dose) at 0, 4000, 12000 and 40000 ppm for one-year. Chronic NOEL = 12000 ppm (Adrenal cortical hypertrophy was increased and correlated with increased relative adrenal weight for males at 40000 ppm. Adrenal hypertrophy was diffuse/bilateral and involved zona fasciculata cells. Body weight values were not statistically significantly decreased, but were generally lower in both sexes at 40000 ppm relative to the controls.) NOEL = 12000 ppm. /5,5-dimethylhydantoin/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ Dimethylhydantoin (96.0 - 98.7% pure) was administered orally by gavage to Crl:CD BR rats (30/sex/dose/generation) at 0 (1% methylcellulose), 250, 500 or 1000 mg/kg/day (limit test) from 70 days pre-mating through lactation (21 days post-natal) for 2 generations (F0 & F1). Reproductive NOEL > 1000 mg/kg/day (No treatment-related effects at any dose.) Pup NOEL = 250 mg/kg/day (F1 pups had significantly decreased body weights at > 500 mg/kg and F2 pups at 1000 mg/kg. F2 mean live litter size was significantly decreased at 1000 mg/kg prior to culling.) Male Parental NOEL = 250 mg/kg/day (F1 weanling mean male body weights were decreased at the start of the F1 generation. They were decreased 9-10% weeks 19 and 20 at > 500 mg/kg and remained slightly decreased through week 37. These decreases were very slight, however (< 10%). Absolute and relative kidney (F0) and pituitary (F1) weights were increased in males at 1000 mg/kg.) Female Parental NOEL >1000 mg/kg/day (No treatment-related effects were observed at any dose.) /5,5-dimethylhydantoin/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ 5,5-Dimethylhydantoin (97%) was administered by gavage to groups of 27 mated New Zealand White Rabbits at dose levels of 0, 1.0, 100 or 1050 mg/kg/day in vehicle - water on days 7 - 19 of gestation. Possible increases in abortion rate and increased incidence of clinical signs at 1050 mg/kg/day, however not statistically significant. No evidence of toxicity in any fetal parameter measured. Maternal NOEL = Developmental NOEL = 1050 mg/kg/day. /5,5-dimethylhydantoin/

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 3-bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 3.1X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 5.24 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Based on analogous compound 1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin, 3-bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin is expected to release hypochlorous and hypobromic acid upon exposure to water(2). 3-Bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Occupational exposure to 3-bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin may occur through inhalation of dust and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 3-bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin is produced or used. The greatest potential for exposure among the general population is from dermal contact with this compound which is used as a disinfectant in swimming pools. (SRC)

The Henry's Law constant for 3-bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin is estimated as 8.1X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 3-bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from moist soil(SRC) and water surfaces(2). 3-Bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 6.6X10-6 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

3-Bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin's production and use as a germicide and fungicide in treatment of water as well as its use as a disinfectant, halogenating agent, catalyst and oxidant may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 6.6X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 3-bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase 3-bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 5.24 days. Particulate-phase 3-bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. 3-Bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 3-bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 23. Volatilization from water and moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.1X10-7 atm-cu m/mole. 3-Bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Biodegradation data were not available. If released into water, 3-bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. An estimated BCF of 3.2 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Based on analogous compound 1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin, 3-bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin is expected to release hypochlorous and hypobromic acid upon exposure to water. Occupational exposure to 3-bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin may occur through inhalation of dust and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 3-bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin is produced or used. The greatest potential for exposure among the general population is from dermal contact with this compound which is used as a disinfectant in swimming pools. (SRC)

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poison A and B/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in respiratory arrest. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poison A and B/