헥세티딘

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1.2X10+5(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that hexetidine is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). The pKa of hexetidine is 8.3(3), indicating that this compound will almost entirely exist in cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Volatilization from moist soil is not expected because the base exists as a cation and cations do not volatilize. Hexetidine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.54X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(5). Biodegradation data in soil were not available(SRC, 2010).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1.2X10+5(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that hexetidine is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). A pKa of 8.3(3) indicates hexetidine will exist almost entirely in the cation form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 58(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 5.26(6) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate, provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC). Biodegradation data in water were not available(SRC, 2010).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), hexetidine, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 1.54X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase hexetidine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.3 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.95X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase hexetidine may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Hexetidine does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4), and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of hexetidine can be estimated to be 1.2X10+5(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that hexetidine is expected to be immobile in soil. The pKa of hexetidine is 8.3(3), indicating that this compound will almost entirely exist in cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4).

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Two hundred twenty human subjects were patch tested on the forearm with an ointment containing 1% hexetidine; 48 hours later 212 subjects were available for re-examination. None showed evidence of dermatitis or irritation at the contact site of the test material. Two weeks later 168 of these subjects were available for retesting and the original sites were again used for the repeated patch test. There was no evidence of primary irritation or sensitization.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Allergic contact dermatitis and altered olfactory and taste perception have occasionally been reported ... Toxic when administered intravenously. Solutions of hexetidine in oil at concentrations of 5-10% w/v cause strong primary irritations without sensitization in humans.

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Cell cultures were established from small samples of buccal tissue, using a 3T3 fibroblast feeder-layer technique. After exposure to increasing dilutions of three proprietary oral rinses for 22 hr or 2 hr, the effects upon cell proliferation were studied by measurement of [3H]-thymidine incorporation into cellular DNA. Cell membrane damage was assessed by measurement of lactate dehydrogenase content. Cultures exposed to hexetidine-containing ... rinses for 22 hr at dilutions of 250-fold or lower showed almost complete inhibition of [3H]-thymidine incorporation. ... Exposure to the same dilutions of hexetidine-....containing rinses for 2 hr resulted in 65% and 20% inhibition of incorporation, respectively. Lactate dehydrogenase content decreased to negligible levels after exposure to the rinse containing hexetidine at a 250-fold dilution ... . Thus dividing buccal epithelial cells in vitro may be adversely affected by exposure to certain commercial oral rinses.

An estimated BCF of 58 was calculated in fish for hexetidine(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 5.26(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate, provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC).

A pKa of 8.3(1) indicates hexetidine will exist almost entirely in the cation form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(2). Hexetidine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.54X10-5 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Groups fo 10 male and 10 female Sprague Dawley rats were given hexetidine orally at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 2 or 8 mg/kg bw/day for up to 13 weeks. no adverse signs were observed in terms of appearance or behavior, hematological indices, blood coagulation or urinalysis. No signs of toxicity related to hexetidine were observed. In males given the higher dose of 8 mg/kg/day a slight decrease in mean values for platelet count and prothrombin time was noted and a slight decrease in urea serum levels in the same sex of all treated animal groups was observed. no differences were observed between treated and untreated animals concerning the body weight, food intake, on post-mortem histological examination.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Long-term toxicological studies of up to 0.1% w/w of hexetidine in food for 1 year do not show any toxic effect.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Hexetidine was included in the diet of Albino rats at levels of 0.02% (corresponding to 29 mg/kg bw/day) and 0.05% (corresponding to 50 mg/kg bw/day) for a period of one year. Food consumption and bodyweight gain data did not reveal any signs of toxicity. Histopathological studies on representative rats from the chronic feeding study showed no pathological lesions attributed to hexetidine in any of the tissues examined. A NOEL of 20 mg/kg bw/day could be identified.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ Fetotoxicity, embryotoxicity, and teratogenicity studies in rats of doses up to 50 mg/kg/day exhibit no signs of toxicity.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Hexetidine (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of hexetidine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.95X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 1.3 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound does not contain functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). Hexetidine does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3), and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Occupational exposure to hexetidine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where hexetidine is produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to hexetidine via ingestion of and dermal contact with consumer products containing this compound. (SRC)

Hexetidine's production and use as an antiseptic may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 1.54X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates hexetidine will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase hexetidine will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.3 hours. Particulate-phase hexetidine will be removed from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition. Hexetidine does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm, and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, hexetidine is expected to be immobile based upon an estimated Koc of 1.2X10+5. The pKa of hexetidine is 8.3, indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in the cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization from moist soil is not expected because the base exists as a cation and cations do not volatilize. Biodegradation data were not available. If released into water, hexetidine is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. A pKa of 8.3 indicates hexetidine will exist almost entirely in the cation form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process. An estimated BCF of 58 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate, provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound does not contain functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to hexetidine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where hexetidine is produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to hexetidine via ingestion of and dermal contact with consumer products containing this compound. (SRC)

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/

/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/

LD50 Rat oral 610-1,430 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse oral 1,520 mg/kg

LD50 Rat ip 30-85 mg/kg bw

LD50 Mouse ip 142 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for Hexetidine (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.