갈릭산

Fire Extinguishing Agents: Water, foam, dry chemical, carbon dioxide (USCG, 1999)

Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide.

Fresh air, rest.

Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with ethanol and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with ethanol to pick up any remaining material. Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

Liquid acid may be injected at base of incinerator or after mixing with a flammable solvent.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

GA is anticipated to be a successful medication for the long-term prevention of DILI because of its weak toxicity in animal and clinical trials. In in vivo models, GA ameliorated liver toxicity induced by CCl4, antineoplastic drugs, NSAIDs, alcohols, biotoxins, antidepressants, anti-tuberculosis drugs, and other environmental toxins. The main mechanisms for GA's reduction of DILI include modulation of CYP450 enzyme activity, regulation of the MAPKs signaling pathway, free radical scavenging, upregulation of Nrf2, and downregulation of NF-κB and pro-inflammatory cytokines.

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 57(SRC), determined from an experimental log Kow of 0.70(2,SRC) and a recommended regression-derived equation(3), indicates that gallic acid is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Gallic acid is not expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3,SRC) based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.5X10-20 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF value of 2(3,SRC), from an experimental log Kow(2,SRC), suggests that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). An aerobic biodegradation study of gallic acid, based on COD measurements, using an activated sludge inoculum of 100 mg/l and an initial pyrogallic acid concentration of 200 ppm, indicated 90.5 percent COD removal over a period of 5 days at pH=7.2 and 20 °C(6). Under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, gallic acid is mineralized to methane and carbon dioxide in the presence of certain Rhodospirillaceae(7).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 57(SRC), determined from an experimental log Kow of 0.70(2,SRC) and a recommended regression-derived equation(3), indicates that gallic acid is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Gallic acid is not expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3,SRC) based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.5X10-20 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF value of 2(3,SRC), from an experimental log Kow(2,SRC), suggests that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). An aerobic biodegradation study of gallic acid, based on COD measurements, using an activated sludge inoculum of 100 mg/l and an initial pyrogallic acid concentration of 200 ppm, indicated 90.5 percent COD removal over a period of 5 days at pH=7.2 and 20 °C(6).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), gallic acid, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 1.2X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C(2,SRC), is expected to exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase gallic acid is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be about 3.6 hours(3,SRC). Particulate-phase gallic acid may be physically removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC).

Ingestion of the leaves of Acer rubrum (red maple), especially the wilted one in the fall, can cause severe oxidative damage to equine erythrocytes, leading to potentially fatal methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia. Gallic acid and tannins from Acer rubrum leaves have been implicated as the toxic compounds responsible for red maple toxicosis. To investigate further how red maple toxicosis occurs, this study used aqueous solutions of gallic acid, tannic acid, and ground dried Acer rubrum leaves that were incubated with contents of equine ileum, jejunum, cecum, colon, and liver, and then analyzed for the metabolite pyrogallol, a more potent oxidizing agent. They found that gallotannins (a class of molecules belonging to the hydrolysable tannins) and free gallic acid are present in Acer rubrum leaves and can be metabolized by the K. pneumoniae and E. cloacae found in the equine ileum to form pyrogallol.

Maple and pistachio genera plants have been reported to cause acute hemolysis in horses, possibly due to the metabolism of gallic acid to pyrogallol by enteric bacteria. The diagnosis is often tentative and circumstantial. and the treatment is symptomatic and supportive. This can include detoxification, fluid and electrolyte therapy, supplemental oxygen, and pain control. The prognosis is guarded to poor; however, horses that survive six days postexposure are expected to recover.

According to toxicology studies conducted on a range of animals and clinical trials, GA rarely exhibits toxicity or side effects.

The Koc of gallic acid is estimated as approximately 57(SRC), using a measured log Kow of 0.70(1) and a regression-derived equation(2,SRC). According to a recommended classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that gallic acid is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC).

FED TO MEN IN QUANTITIES OF 2 TO 10 G WITHOUT FATALITIES AND WITHOUT EVEN SEVERE ILL EFFECTS.

A MILD LOCAL IRRITANT.

LESS TOXIC THAN TANNIC ACID.

APPARENTLY MUCH LESS TOXIC THAN SALICYLIC ACID.

TOXICITY: VERY LOW SYSTEMIC TOXICITY.

Gallic acid's production and use in photography, writing ink, dyeing, manufacture of pyrogallol, paper manufacture, pharmaceuticals, engraving of lithography, and as an analytical reagent(1) may result in its release to the environment(SRC).

AEROBIC: An aerobic biodegradation study of gallic acid, based on BOD measurements, using a sewage inoculum at 20 °C and an unknown gallic acid concentration, indicated 0.08 percent BODT, over a period of 5 days(1). An aerobic biodegradation study of gallic acid, based on COD measurements, using an activated sludge inoculum of 100 mg/l and an initial pyrogallic acid concentration of 200 ppm, indicated 90.5 percent COD removal over a period of 5 days at pH=7.2 and 20 °C(2). An aerobic biodegradation study of gallic acid, based on BOD measurements, using an acclimated sewage inoculum at and an unknown gallic acid concentration, indicated 0 percent BODT, over a period of 5 days(3). The carbon dioxide evolution from pasture soil (pH=6.7) and arable sandy soil (pH=6.2) was studied after addition of gallic acid to the soil and an incubation period of 300 hours at 13 °C and 20 °C(4). The decomposition of gallic acid, reflected as carbon dioxide production, became exponential within 10 hours(4). ANAEROBIC: Under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, gallic acid is mineralized to methane and carbon dioxide in the presence of certain Rhodospirillaceae(5).

An estimated BCF value of 2 was calculated for gallic acid(SRC), using an experimental log Kow of 0.70(1,SRC) and a recommended regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF value suggests that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for gallic acid is estimated as 8.5X10-20 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This value indicates that gallic acid will be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2,SRC). Gallic acid's Henry's Law constant(1,SRC) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected(SRC). Gallic acid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based on an estimated vapor pressure of 1.2X10-7 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).