이마자릴

log Kow = 3.82 (pH 9.2 buffer)

3.82

4.56

1.348 g/ml at 26 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.2

Slightly yellow to brown crystalline mass.

Solidified oil

Brownish oil

In acetone, dichloromethane, ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, xylene, toluene, benzene > 500g/L at 20 °C. In hexane 19 g/L at 20 °C. Also soluble in heptane and petroleum ether.

In water, 0.18 g/L at pH 7.6, 20 °C

180 mg/L @ 20 °C (exp)

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 0.14

192 °C

192 °C

347 °C

347.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

319-347 °C (estimated)

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /hydrogen chloride and nitrogen oxides/.

The substance decomposes on distillation or on burning producing toxic fumes of nitrogen oxides and chloride.

52.7 °C

52.7 °C

50 °C

0.00000119 [mmHg]

1.2X10-6 mm Hg at 20 °C

Vapor pressure at 20 °C: negligible

Imazalil is a slightly yellow to brown solidified oil. Non-corrosive. Used as a fungicide.

Solidified oil; [Merck Index] Light yellow to brown solid (solidified oil); [ICSC]

Solid

LIGHT YELLOW-TO-BROWN CRYSTALLINE MASS (SOLIDIFIED OIL).

Very stable to hydrolysis in dilute acids and alkalis at room temperature, in the absence of light. Stable to temperatures up to 285 °C. Stable to light under normal storage conditions.

... Chemically stable at room temperature in the absence of light and stable at temperatures less than about 285 degrees C.

Danger

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]；H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]；H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]；H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]；H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P317, P318, P321, P330, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Danger

Hazard Traits - Carcinogenicity；Authoritative List - Prop 65；Report - regardless of intended function of ingredient in the product

Commission Regulation (EC) No 737/2007

Imazalil + sulfate is listed in the dataset of EPA Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides under the Safe Drinking Water Act (40 eCFR 141)

Imazaquin + salts is listed in the dataset of EPA Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides under the Safe Drinking Water Act (40 eCFR 141)

1997/73/EC, 2007/21/EC, 2010/57/EU, Reg. (EU) 2024/2781, Reg. (EU) No 2019/291, Reg. (EU) No 540/2011, Reg. (EU) No 705/2011

Imazalil: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:；Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Corrosives in contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. For electric vehicles or equipment, ERG Guide 147 (lithium ion or sodium ion batteries) or ERG Guide 138 (sodium batteries) should also be consulted. (ERG, 2024)

Combustible. Liquid formulations containing organic solvents may be flammable. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:；TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause environmental contamination. (ERG, 2024)

An eye irritant; May cause liver injury; [ICSC] Likely to be carcinogenic to humans; Causes liver adenomas in mice; [EPA REDs] A skin and severe eye irritant; Although the Buehler assay was negative on a 13.5% formulation, cases of sensitivity to the compound have been previously described in Europe and in Central America. The technical material is labeled as a potential sensitizer. [HSDB] Skin designation; [MAK] An irritant; May cause serious eye injury; Can be absorbed through skin; [MSDSonline]

Mineau P et al; An Analysis of Avian Reproduction Studies Submitted for Pesticide Registration; Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 29 (3): 304-29 (1994).

USEPA/Office of Pesticide Programs; Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document - Imazalil (July 2002). The RED summarizes the risk assessment conclusions and outlines any risk reduction measures necessary for the pesticide to continue to be registered in the U.S.[Available from, as of July 25, 2006: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm]

Tolerances are established for the combined residues of the fungicide imazalil 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2-propenyloxy)ethyl]-1H-imidazole and its metabolite 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazole-1-yl)-1-ethanol in or on the following food commodities: [Table#6162]

Tolerances are established for the combined residues of the fungicide imazalil 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2-propenyloxy)ethyl]-1H-imidazole and its metabolites 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazole-1-yl)-1-ethanol and 3-[1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazole-1-yl)ethoxyl]-1,2-propane diol in or on the following food commodities: [Table#6163]

Based on a review of these data and public comments on the Agency's assessments for the active ingredient imazalil, EPA has sufficient information on the human health and ecological effects of imazalil to make a reregistration eligibility decision under FIFRA. The Agency has determined that imazalil products are eligible for reregistration provided that: (i) any current data gaps and additional data needs are addressed; and (ii) the risk mitigation measures outlined in this document are adopted, and label amendments are made to reflect these measures.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA, as amended in 1988, were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern and List D pesticides of less concern. Imazalil is found on List B. Case No: 2325; Pesticide type: fungicide; Case Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): 1-(2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2-propenyloxy)ethyl)-1H-imidazole; Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 12/31/90, 02/16/95, 10/13/95, 03/01/96; AI Status: The producers of the pesticide has made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:；SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.；LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.；FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide.

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:；Refer to the "General First Aid" section. Specific First Aid: For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required. (ERG, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:；ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

LC50 Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck, 14 days old) diet >5620 ppm/8 days[USEPA, Office of Pesticide Programs; Pesticide Ecotoxicity Database (2000) on 1-

LC50 Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite quail, 14 days old) diet 6290 ppm/8 days[USEPA, Office of Pesticide Programs; Pesticide Ecotoxicity Database (2000) on 1-

LD50 Coturnix japonica (Japanese quail) oral 510 mg/kg[USEPA, Office of Pesticide Programs; Pesticide Ecotoxicity Database (2000) on 1-

LD50 Phasianus colchicus (Ring-necked pheasant) oral 2000 mg/kg[USEPA, Office of Pesticide Programs; Pesticide Ecotoxicity Database (2000) on 1-

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for IMAZALIL (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 2,081 to 6,918 measured in 8 soils(2) indicates that imazalil is expected to have slight to no mobility in soil(SRC). Imazalil is a weak base with pKa of 6.53(3), indicating it will exist partially in the protonated form under environmental conditions(SRC). Volatilization of imazalil from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since cations do not volatilize and the Henry's Law constant for imazalil is estimated as 2.6X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) from its experimental values for vapor pressure, 1.2X10-6 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 180 mg/L(3). Volatilization from dry soil surfaces is not expected(SRC) based on the vapor pressure(3). The biodegradation half-life of imazalil in loam soil under aerobic conditions was 166 days(2), suggesting that biodegradation is not an important fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 2,081 to 6,918(2), indicate that imazalil is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Imazalil is a weak base with pKa of 6.53(3), indicating it will exist partially in the protonated form under environmental conditions(SRC). Volatilization of imazalil from water surfaces is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since cations do not volatilize and the Henry's Law constant for imazalil is estimated as 2.6X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) from its experimental values for vapor pressure, 1.2X10-6 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 180 mg/L(3). According to a classification scheme(4), an estimated BCF of 170(SRC), from its log Kow of 3.82(3), and a regression derived equation(5), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC). Imazalil was stable to hydrolysis (half-life > 30 days) at pH 5, 7, and 9, but had a photodegradation half-life of 36 hours in aqueous solution(2).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), imazalil, which has a vapor pressure of 1.2X10-6 mm Hg at 20 °C(2), is expected to exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase imazalil is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 8.5X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC), that was derived using a structure estimation method(3) Particulate-phase imazalil may be physically removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Imazalil may undergo direct photolysis in the atmosphere since it was shown to photodegrade in aqueous solution(4).

Imazalil was detected in 28.6% of the bananas sampled in Belgium between 1991 and 1993 at a maximum concentration of 0.89 ppm, and a mean concentration of 0.084 ppm(1). Imazalil was detected in the U.S. food supply during the 1989, 1990, and 1994 Fiscal Years(2,3,4). Imazalil was detected in 56 out of 6391 surveillance samples of U.S. domestic agricultural commodities during the period Oct 1981 to Sept 1986 at concentrations ranging from 0.05 to >2.0 ppm; it was detected in 20 out of 45 oranges, 20 out of 81 grapefruits, 11 out of 26 lemons, 2 out of 16 mandarin oranges, in 1 out of 1 tangellos, 1 out of 13 tangerines, and 1 sample of orange peel feed(5). Imazalil was detected in regulatory monitoring samples of domestic and imported foods which may be eaten by infants/children during 1985-1991, max concentration (ppm): domestic and imported oranges, 3.5 and 2.0, respectively(6). Imazalil was identified, not quantified in 2 out of 25 cucumbers sampled in the Danish National Pesticide Monitoring Program 1995-1996(7). Imazalil was detected in grapefruit, oranges and lemons in Japan at mean levels of 0.66-0.68. 0.61-0.63, and 1.7 ppm, respectively(8). Imazalil was detected in 76 domestic citrus fruits in Japan at levels of <0.05 ug/g (4 detections), <0.1 ug/g (1 detection), <0.5 ug/g (17 detections), <1 ug/g (23 detections), <= 1ug/g (31 detections)(9). Imazalil was detected in oranges, grapefruits, and lemons imported into Japan at levels of 0.64, 0.21, and 0.32-3.59 ug/g(9).

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ The Svalbard population of pink-footed geese Anser brachyrhynchus is concentrated in western Jutland, Denmark, from early March to early May. During spring, the geese shift feeding habitat from grasslands and stubble fields to new-sown fields. To avoid crop damage, grain bait is provided at five sites. The aim of this study was to quantify the exposure of geese to, and the ingestion rates of, pesticide-treated seeds, and to evaluate the potential effects at the individual and the population level. During spring 1994, approximately 7% and 1% of the total number of goose-days were spent on new-sown cereal fields and new-sown pea fields, respectively. After the commencement of sowing, about 25% of all goose-days were spent in new-sown fields. Late-departing individually marked geese made more frequent use of new-sown field than early-departing individuals (P < 0.001). Geese foraged intensively in new-sown fields early in the morning and sometimes late in the evening. Due to high feeding profitability of the new-sown grain compared to grass, the geese obtained half or more of their daily energy intake by feeding on new-sown cereal fields, even where bait grain was provided. Spring-sown barley is treated with the fungicide Imazalil and peas are usually treated with Thiram. The daily Imazalil ingestion rate by an 'average' goose was estimated at 9-15 mg active ingredient (AI), or 3-5 mg AI/kg body mass, which is two orders of magnitude below reported LD50 values for various species of test birds. Imazalil may have sublethal effects, especially on geese using the new-sown cereal fields for consecutive days, but the low toxicity and high mobility of the compound suggest that effects are minor and short-lived.

Redness. Pain.

Nausea.

Imazalil

1.3 x 10 ^-2 mg/kg-day

Soil adsorption coefficient Kd values of 182, 209, and 68 were reported in clay loam, sandy loam, and sandy soil, respectively(1). The Koc of imazalil was shown to range from 2,081 to 6,918 in 8 soils (average Koc 4,324)(2). The mobility of C-14 labeled (at 2-ethyl carbon) imazalil was also evaluated in a soil column leaching study(2). Imazalil was found to be immobile in loam and sandy soils. The majority of imazalil remained in the top soil zone (95.7% of the applied was detected in the 0-2.5 cm zone for the loam soil column whereas 84.5% was detected in the same zone for the sand soil column). According to a classification scheme(3), these Koc values suggests that imazalil is expected to have slight to no mobility in soil(SRC).

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ A study in volunteers was undertaken to examine the local effects of imazalil on the skin. Imazalil base 0.2%, imazalil base 0.2% ointment, imazalil sulfate (530 mg base/L), Fungaflor (68% w/w imazalil), and two control formulations not containing imazalil were applied under occlusive adhesive strips for 48 hrs. The skin was then examined for redness, edema, irritation, or inflammation. There were no complaints of burning, itching, or pain, and the skin at the sites of application appeared normal in all cases.

/CASE REPORTS/ A 43-year-old female developed an acute eczematous contact dermatitis of the right hand and forearm 2 weeks after treatment of a dermatophytic skin infection with imazalil. After imazalil treatment was discontinued, the condition resolved. Patch tests showed allergy to several imizadole derivatives including imazalil.

/CASE REPORTS/ A case of palatal and nasal infection with Alternaria was treated with imazalil at oral doses up to 1200 mg/kg bw administered topically and orally. The drug was tolerated, but it was found to be bitter and unpleasant with an aftertaste lasting for hours, and nausea occurred at high doses ( 800 mg). Very limited studies of pharmacokinetics were carried out: at a dose of 400 mg/day, the maximum serum concentration was about 2 ug/mL, while at a dose of 1200 mg, the maximum serum concentration was about 4 ug/mL.

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Although the Buehler assay was negative on a 13.5% formulation, cases of sensitivity to the compound have been previously described in Europe and in Central America. The technical material is labeled as a potential sensitizer.

Hazard Traits - Carcinogenicity；Authoritative List - Prop 65；Report - regardless of intended function of ingredient in the product

Commission Regulation (EC) No 737/2007

Imazalil + sulfate is listed in the dataset of EPA Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides under the Safe Drinking Water Act (40 eCFR 141)

Imazaquin + salts is listed in the dataset of EPA Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides under the Safe Drinking Water Act (40 eCFR 141)

1997/73/EC, 2007/21/EC, 2010/57/EU, Reg. (EU) 2024/2781, Reg. (EU) No 2019/291, Reg. (EU) No 540/2011, Reg. (EU) No 705/2011

Imazalil: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

Tolerances are established for the combined residues of the fungicide imazalil 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2-propenyloxy)ethyl]-1H-imidazole and its metabolite 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazole-1-yl)-1-ethanol in or on the following food commodities: [Table#6162]

Tolerances are established for the combined residues of the fungicide imazalil 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2-propenyloxy)ethyl]-1H-imidazole and its metabolites 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazole-1-yl)-1-ethanol and 3-[1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazole-1-yl)ethoxyl]-1,2-propane diol in or on the following food commodities: [Table#6163]

Based on a review of these data and public comments on the Agency's assessments for the active ingredient imazalil, EPA has sufficient information on the human health and ecological effects of imazalil to make a reregistration eligibility decision under FIFRA. The Agency has determined that imazalil products are eligible for reregistration provided that: (i) any current data gaps and additional data needs are addressed; and (ii) the risk mitigation measures outlined in this document are adopted, and label amendments are made to reflect these measures.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA, as amended in 1988, were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern and List D pesticides of less concern. Imazalil is found on List B. Case No: 2325; Pesticide type: fungicide; Case Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): 1-(2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2-propenyloxy)ethyl)-1H-imidazole; Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 12/31/90, 02/16/95, 10/13/95, 03/01/96; AI Status: The producers of the pesticide has made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner.

Two single-copy genes, designated atrA and atrB (ATP-binding cassette transporter A and B), were cloned from the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans and sequenced. Based on the presence of conserved motifs and on hydropathy analysis, the products encoded by atrA and atrB can be regarded as novel members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily of membrane transporters. Both products share the same topology as the ABC transporters PDR5 and SNQ2 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and CDR1 from Candida albicans, which are involved in multidrug resistance of these yeasts. Significant homology also occurs between the ATP-binding cassettes of atrA and atrB, and those of mammalian ABC transporters (P-glycoproteins). The transcription of atrA and, i particular, atrB in mycelium of A. nidulans is strongly enhanced by treatment with several drugs, including antibiotics, azole fungicides and plant defense toxins. The enhanced transcription is detectable within a few minutes after drug treatment and coincides with the beginning of energy-dependent drug efflux activity, reported previously in the fungus for azole fungicides. Transcription of the atr genes has been studied in a wild-type and in a series of isogenic strains carrying the imaA and/or imaB genes, which confer multidrug resistance to various toxic compounds such as the azole fungicide imazalil. atrB is constitutively transcribed at a low level in the wild-type and in strains carrying imaA or imaB. Imazalil treatment enhances transcription of atrB to a similar extent in all strains tested. atrA, unlike atrB, displays a relatively high level of constitutive expression in mutants carrying imaB. Imazalil enhances transcription of atrA more strongly in imaB mutants, suggesting that the imaB locus regulates atrA. Functional analysis demonstrated that cDNA of atrB can complement the drug hypersensitivity associated with DPR5 deficiency in S. cerevisiae.

... Little imazalil was excreted unchanged /in rats/: less than 1% of the administered dose in the feces and trace amounts in the urine. The compound was metabolized to at least 25 metabolites. Three major metabolites were identified, (+/-)-1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2,3-dihydroxypropyloxy)ethyl]-imidaxolidine-2,5-dione (metabolite 8), (+/-)-1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2,3-dihydroxypropyloxy)ethyl]-1H-imidazole (metabolite 10), and (+/-)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-imidazol-1-ylethanol (metabolite 11). The main routes of metabolism were epoxidation, epoxide hydratation, oxidative O-dealkylation, oxidation, and scission and oxidative N-dealkylation. The metabolic pattern was similar after oral and intravenous administration and in animals of each sex.

Comparison of the excretion patterns after oral and intravenous dosing suggests that the bioavailability, and therefore the absorption, of imazalil given orally is high.

Imazalil technical (purity = 98.7%) and 14C-imazalil (117.1 uCi/mL; purity = 99.9%) was administered to 4 groups of 6-8 Wistar rats. Group A: 5 rats/sex & reserve group I (1/sex) were injected in tail vein with 1.25 mg 14C-imazalil/kg (single dose). Group B: 5/sex were dosed by gastric intubation at 1.25 mg 14C-imazalil/kg (single dose). Group C: 5/sex & reserve group K (3/sex) were dosed by gastric intubation at 1.25 mg imazalil/kg/day for 14 days. At 24 hours after the last unlabelled dose, 5/sex received a single oral dose of 14C-imazalil at 1.25 mg/kg. Group D: 5/sex & reserve group L (1/sex) were dosed by gastric intubation at 20 mg 14C imazalil/kg (single dose). At 96 hours post-dosing (Groups B, C & D) were sacrificed for tissue collection. Group A & reserve rats (those not used) were sacrificed & disposed of. Distribution showed that after 96 hrs only 1% of 14C-imazalil was recovered in tissues and carcass. There was a dose-response in tissue levels of compound but there was no accumulation after multiple dosing. There were no sex differences. Approximately 50% of tissue 14C-imazalil was recovered in liver 96 hrs after gavage, levels in liver were approximately 20 times higher and kidney, lung and adrenals 4-10 times higher than corresponding blood levels. All other tissues examined had concentrations of 14C-imazalil < that of blood, with none detected in brain. By all routes and methods of administration, the majority (approximately 90%) of radioactivity was excreted within 24 hrs (primarily in urine & slightly higher in females).

A striking decrease was found in the effectiveness of thiabendazole (TBZ), benomyl, imazalil and prochloraz in controlling blue and green molds as a result of delaying the fungicidal treatments. Although imazalil and prochloraz gave low protective activity, they had high antisporulation efficiency. On the other hand, thiabendazole and benomyl protected fruits against subsequent infection. Storage was found to have a pronounced effect on the residual activity of imazalil compared with thiabendazole. Residues of imazalil and thiabendazole were found in orange jam made from fungicide-treated fruits.

Imazalil is absorbed, distributed, and metabolized rapidly in rodent species. It is a sulfate, of which approximately 90% is excreted within 96 hours.

Broad spectrum antimycotic used to disinfect stable and kennel equipment and to treat fungal infections in humans and animals; [Merck Index] Used to protect fruit, vegetables, and ornamentals; as seed dressing for cereals; as post-harvest treatment for citrus fruit, pome fruit, bananas, and seed potatoes; to treat equipment and egg storage areas in chicken hatcheries; [HSDB]

Using Disinfectants or Biocides [Category: Clean]；Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]

For Imazalil (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 111901) ACTIVE products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

Mesh Heading: fungicides, industrial

Systemic fungicide used to control a wide range of fungal diseases on fruit, vegetables, and ornamentals

Fungicide; Wheat and barley seed treatment for common (dryland) root rot (Fusarium, Helminthosporium) and associated seedling diseases. For control of seedborne leaf stripe, net blotch, and Septoria nodorum. Prevents post-harvest decay of citrus, banana, and pome fruit. Active against benzimidazole-resistant strains of plant pathogenic fungi.

E. F. Godefroi et al., German patent 2,063,857 corresponds to US patent 3,658,813 (1971, 1972 both to Janssen)

alpha,2,4-Trichloroacetophenone + imidazole + allyl chloride (amine formation/carbonyl reduction/ether formation).

By bromination of 2',4'-dichloroacetophenone, followed by reduction with sodium borohydride to form an epoxide intermediate. The epoxide is opened with imidazole, and the resulting alcohol is then etherified.

Emulsifiable concentrate; water soluble powder; soluble liquid.

Trade Names: Fungaflor, Fungazil, Deccozil, Nuzone, Freshguard.

Technical is > or =95% pure.

Selected products: Deccozil; Flo-Pro; Freshgard; Magnate; Mazal. Mixtures: Baytan Combi (+fuberidazole +triadimenol) (fuberidazole not present in some formulations); Baytan Universal (+fuberidazole +triadimenol) (seed treatment); Vincit (+flutriafol +thiabendazole). Other products: Florasan; Nuzone; Sphinx; Stryper. Mixtures: Nectec (+azaconazole); Baytan IM (+fuberidazole +triadimenol); Citrocil (+2-phenylphenol); Extratect (+thiabendazole) (seed); Manta Plus (+fuberidazole +imidacloprid +triadimenol) (Germany); Panoctine Plus (+guazatine); Raxil (+tebuconazole) (seed treatment, East Europe); Raxil Complex Liquido (+tebuconazole) (seed treatment, Italy); Raxil IM (+tebuconazole) (seed treatment); Raxil MD Extra (+metalaxyl +tebuconazole); Robust (+triticonazole); Vincit FS (+flutriafol +thiabendazole); Vitaflo Extra (+carboxin +thiabendazole); Vitavax Extra (+carboxin +thiabendazole). Discontinued products: mixtures: Larin (+fenpiclonil +tebuconazole) (seed treatment, Germany); Raxil WS (+tebuconazole) (seed treatment, E Europe).

Fungicides

Environmental transformation -> Pesticides (parent, predecessor)

Control powdery mildews on cucurbits and ornamentals; powdery mildew on roses; storage diseases (particularly Penicillium, Gloeosporium, Phomopsis spp., etc.) of citrus fruit, pome fruit, bananas, and seed potatoes. Also used as a seed dressing, for control of diseases (particularly Fuasrium and Helminthosporium spp.) of cereals. It is particularly active against benzimidazole-resistant strains of plant-pathogenic fungi.