Thiofanox

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Acetylcholinesterase activity in red blood cells = 70% of individual's baseline; Butylcholinesterase activity in serum or plasma = 60% of individual's baseline; Sample at end of shift; [TLVs and BEIs]

If material is on fire or involved in a fire do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. /Carbamate pesticide, liquid, nos, (compounds and preparations) (agricultural insecticides, nec, liquid); Carbamate pesticide, liquid, nos (compounds and preparations) (agricultural insecticides, nec, liquid); Carbamate pesticide, liquid, nos (compounds and preparations) (insecticides, other than agricultural, nec/

Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. /Carbamate pesticide, liquid nos (compounds and preparations) (insecticides, other than agricultural, nec)/

Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. /Carbamate pesticide, solid, nos (compounds and preparations) (insecticides, other than agricultural, nec)/

Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. /Carbamate pesticide, solid, nos (compounds and preparations) (agricultural insecticides, nec, other than liquid)/

A system for removing pesticides from the wash water produced by pesticide applicators as they clean their equipment has been developed. The first step is the flocculation/coagulation and sedimentation of the pesticide-contaminated wash water. The supernatant from the first step is then passed through activated carbon columns. /Pesticides/

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P045, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration with a temperature range of 820 to 1600 °C with a residence time of seconds for liquids or gases and hours for solids. Also, a potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration with a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C with a residence time of seconds for liquids or gases and longer for solids.

Group I Containers: Combustible containers from organic or metallo-organic pesticides (except organic mercury, lead, cadmium, or arsenic compounds) should be disposed of in pesticide incinerators or in specified landfill sites. /Organic or metallo-organic pesticides/

Group II Containers: Non-combustible containers from organic or metallo-organic pesticides (except organic mercury, lead, cadmium, or arsenic compounds) must first be triple-rinsed. Containers that are in good condition may be returned to the manufacturer or formulator of the pesticide product, or to a drum reconditioner for reuse with the same type of pesticide product, if such reuse is legal under Department of Transportation regulations (eg 49 CFR 173.28). Containers that are not to be reused should be punctured ... and transported to a scrap metal facility for recycling, disposal or burial in a designated landfill. /Organic or metallo-organic pesticides/

Wear protective clothing.

If material /is/ not involved in fire keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. /Carbaryl (agricultural insecticides, nec, liquid); Carbaryl (agricultural insecticides, nec, other than liquid); Carbaryl (insecticides, other than agricultural, nec)/

Keep upwind. ... Avoid breathing vapors or dusts. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. /Carbaryl (agricultural insecticides, nec, liquid); Carbaryl (agricultural insecticides, nec, other than liquid); Carbaryl (insecticides, other than agricultural, nec/

If material /is/ not on fire and not involved in fire keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors. /Carbamate pesticide, liquid, nos (compounds and preparations) (agricultural insecticides, nec, liquid); Carbamate pesticide, liquid, nos (compounds and preparations) (insecticides, other than agricultural, nec)/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for THIOFANOX (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

0.026 [mg/m3]

0.28 [mg/m3]

1.7 [mg/m3]

For emergency situations, wear a positive pressure, pressure-demand, full facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or pressure- demand supplied air respirator with escape SCBA and a fully-encapsulating, chemical resistant suit. (EPA, 1998)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus. ... Wear appropriate chemical protective clothing. /Carbamate pesticide, liquid, not otherwise specified (compounds and preparations) (agricultural insecticides, not elsewhere classified, liquid)/

Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots and goggles. ... Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material. /Carbamate pesticide, liquid, nos (compounds and preparations) (agricultural insecticides, nec, liquid); carbamate pesticide, liquid, nos (compounds and preparations) (insecticides, other than agricultural, nec)/

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus. ... Wear appropriate chemical protective clothing. /Carbamate pesticide, liquid, nos (compounds and preparations) (insecticides, other than agricultural, nec)/

Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots and goggles. ... Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material. /Carbamate pesticide, solid, nos (compounds and preparations) (insecticides, other than agricultural, nec); Carbamate pesticide, solid, nos (compounds and preparations) (agricultural insecticides, nec, other than liquid)/

If the compound has been ingested, rapid gastric lavage should be performed using 5% sodium bicarbonate. For skin contact, the skin should be washed with soap and water. If the compound has entered the eyes, they should be washed with large quantities of isotonic saline or water. In serious cases, atropine and/or pralidoxime should be administered. Anti-cholinergic drugs work to counteract the effects of excess acetylcholine and reactivate AChE. Atropine can be used as an antidote in conjunction with pralidoxime or other pyridinium oximes (such as trimedoxime or obidoxime), though the use of '-oximes' has been found to be of no benefit, or possibly harmful, in at least two meta-analyses. Atropine is a muscarinic antagonist, and thus blocks the action of acetylcholine peripherally.

WHEN 2,2-DIMETHYL-1,3-BENZODIOXOL-4-YL-N-METHYLCARBAMATE WAS APPLIED SIMULTANEOUSLY WITH GRANULAR 3,3-DIMETHYL-1-METHYLTHIO-2-BUTANONE O-METHYLCARBAMOYLOXIME ON SUGAR BEETS IT CONTROLLED APHIS FABAE AND HAD A SYNERGISTIC ACTION BETTER THAN DID EITHER CMPD APPLIED INDIVIDUALLY.

Acute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Accumulation of ACh at motor nerves causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression at the neuromuscular junction. When this occurs symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, fasciculation, and paralysis can be seen. When there is an accumulation of ACh at autonomic ganglia this causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression in the sympathetic system. Symptoms associated with this are hypertension, and hypoglycemia. Overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system, due to accumulation of ACh, results in anxiety, headache, convulsions, ataxia, depression of respiration and circulation, tremor, general weakness, and potentially coma. When there is expression of muscarinic overstimulation due to excess acetylcholine at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors symptoms of visual disturbances, tightness in chest, wheezing due to bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial secretions, increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, peristalsis, and urination can occur. Chronically high (>10 years) exposure leads to neuropsychological consequences including disturbances in perception and visuo-motor processing (A15321).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: The major route of metabolism for thiofanox in soil is oxidation to its sulfoxide and further, to the sulfone(1,2). By analogy to aldicarb, the sulfoxide and sulfone may degrade to the oxime by hydrolysis(1). However, thiofanox is relatively stable to hydrolysis at pH 5-9 under 30 °C(2). Thiofanox was detected from treated soil at 92.9, 49.2, 14.5, 0.6, 0.1 and 0 percent of applied dose after 0, 3, 7 ,14, 28 and 56 days, respectively(1). In the same study, the sulfoxide and the sulfone were found to increase in concn and eventually degrade with concns of 4.6, 9.3, 12.5, 12.0, 8.8, 0.4 and 0.7, 1.1, 1.5, 1.5, 1.6, 0 percent of applied dose, respectively, at 0, 3, 7, 14, 25, and 56 days. An estimated Koc value of about 39.5 indicates very high mobility in soil and significant leaching(3,4,SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: By analogy to aldicarb, the sulfinyl and sulfonyl derivatives formed by oxidation of thiofanox may be slowly degraded by hydrolysis to oximes(3); therefore, hydrolysis may be a significant fate process in water(SRC). However, thiofanox is relatively stable to hydrolysis at pH 5-9 under 30 °C(1,SRC). Thiofanox is expected to volatilize from water very slowly based on a Henry's Law constant of 9.38X10-7 atm cu-m/mole at 25 °C(2,SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep flowing 1 m/sec with a wind velocity of 3 m/sec) has been estimated to be about 15.8 yrs(2,SRC). An estimated Koc of 39.5 and BCF of 4.96 indicate that adsorption to sediment and bioconcentration in water are not significant(2,SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: In an aquatic environment, thiofanox was rapidly oxidized to the sulfoxide, then to the sulfone, & hydrolysis to the oxime. In plants, the sulfoxide was absorbed & converted to the sulfone, which was cleaved to the oxime & conjugated. Some methane was also formed.

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: Based on a reported vapor pressure of 1.7X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C(1), thiofanox should exist almost entirely in the vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere(2,SRC). Vapor-phase thiofanox is expected to degrade rapidly in the ambient atmosphere by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction is about 5.1 hr(3,SRC).

Thiofanox is a cholinesterase or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. Carbamates form unstable complexes with chlolinesterases by carbamoylation of the active sites of the enzymes. This inhibition is reversible. A cholinesterase inhibitor suppresses the action of acetylcholine esterase. Because of its essential function, chemicals that interfere with the action of acetylcholine esterase are potent neurotoxins, causing excessive salivation and eye-watering in low doses. Headache, salivation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea are often prominent at higher levels of exposure. Acetylcholine esterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released at nerve and muscle junctions, in order to allow the muscle or organ to relax. The result of acetylcholine esterase inhibition is that acetylcholine builds up and continues to act so that any nerve impulses are continually transmitted and muscle contractions do not stop.

As with organophosphates, the signs and symptoms are based on excessive cholinergic stimulation. Unlike organophosphate poisoning, carbamate poisonings tend to be of shorter duration because the inhibition of nervous tissue acetylcholinesterase is reversible, and carbamates are more rapidly metabolized. Muscle weakness, dizziness, sweating and slight body discomfort are commonly reported early symptoms. Headache, salivation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea are often prominent at higher levels of exposure. Contraction of the pupils with blurred vision, incoordination, muscle twitching and slurred speech have been reported. (L795)

Based on a reported water solubility of 5.2X10+3 mg/l at 22 °C(1,2) and a recommended regression derived equation(3), a Koc for thiofanox can be estimated to be approximately 39.5(SRC) indicating that thiofanox has very high mobility in soil and will leach(4).

As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when Thiofanox, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to federal and/or state hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any container or inner liner used to hold this waste or any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5(e)).

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 100 lb or 45.4 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Thiofanox is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 100/10,000 lbs.