사이페노티린

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist. Normal measures for preventive fire protection.

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multipurpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

Following oral exposure, the treatment is symptomatic and supportive and includes monitoring for the development of hypersensitivity reactions with respiratory distress. Provide adequate airway management when needed. Gastric decontamination is usually not required unless the pyrethrin product is combined with a hydrocarbon. Following inhalation exposure, move patient to fresh air. monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled beta2 agonist and oral or parenteral corticosteroids. In case of eye exposure, irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, the patient should be seen in a health care facility. If the contamination occurs through dermal exposure, Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists. Vitamin E topical application is highly effective in relieving parenthesis. (L363)

Despite the widespread use of pyrethroid insecticides that led to common exposure in the population, few studies have been conducted to quantitatively assess dose-additive effects of pyrethroids using a funcional measure involved in the common toxic mode of action. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potency and efficacy of 6 Type II pyretroids (alpha-cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, cyphenothrin and esfenvalerate) to evoke induction of both nitric oxide and lipid peroxides levels measured as malondialdehyde in three in vitro models (SH-SY5Y, HepG2 and Caco-2 human cells) as well as to test the hypothesis of dose additivity for mixtures of these same 6 pyrethroids. Concentration-responses for 6 pyrethroids were determined as well as the response to mixtures of all 6 pyrethroids. Additivity was tested assuming a dose-additive model. The human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line was the most sensitive in vitro model. The rank order of potency for cell SH-SY5Y viability MTT assay was deltamethrin> cyphenothrin> lamda-cyhalothrin> cyfluthrin> esfenvalerate> alpha-cypermethrin. When 6 pyrethroids were present in the mixture at an equitoxic mixing ratio, the action on nitric oxide (NO) and lipid peroxides measured as malondialdehyde (MDA) production was consistent with a dose-additive model. The results of the present study are consistent with previous reports of additivity of pyrethroids in vivo e in vitro.

Pyrethroid effects typically include rapid onset of aggressive behavior and increased sensitivity to external stimuli, followed by fine tremor, prostration with coarse whole body tremor, elevated body temperature, coma, and death. Paresthesia, severe corneal damage, hypotension and tachycardia, associated with anaphylaxis, can also occur following pyrethriod poisoning. (L857)

LC50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Northern Bobwhite Quail); diet >5620 ppm for 8 days /94.3% purity/

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water Flea) age <24 hr; Conditions: freshwater, flow through; Concentration: 0.92 ug/L for 48 hr (95% confidence interval: 0.78-1.11 ug/L); Effect: intoxication, immobilization /96.3% purity/

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water Flea) age <24 hr; Conditions: freshwater, flow through; Concentration: 0.43 ug/L for 48 hr (95% confidence interval: 0.28-0.54 ug/L); Effect: intoxication, immobilization /94.3% purity/

LC50; Species: Barbus macrops (Barb) length 46 mm; Conditions: freshwater, renewal, 27 °C; Concentration: 15 ug/L for 24 hr (95% confidence interval: 14-17 ug/L) /10% purity/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Cyphenothrin (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 8.0X10+4(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that cyphenothrin is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of cyphenothrin from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.5X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), based upon its vapor pressure, 9.0X10-8 mm Hg(n), and water solubility, 1.0X10-2 mg/L(m). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). Cyphenothrin is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). Biodegradation data in soil were not available(SRC, 2018).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 8.0X10+4(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that cyphenothrin is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.5X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 9.0X10-7 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 1.0X10-2 mg/L(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2 and 19 days, respectively(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 15 yrs if adsorption is considered(5). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 360(SRC), from its log Kow of 6.29(7) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC). Biodegradation data in water were not available(SRC, 2018).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), cyphenothrin, which has a vapor pressure of 9.0X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase cyphenothrin is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4 hrs(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.0X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Vapor-phase cyphenothrin is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 38 minutes(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.0X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase cyphenothrin may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Cyphenothrin contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Cyphenothrin is a type II pyrethroid. It is used as fumigant, insecticide, and veterinary medicine. HUMAN STUDIES: The symptoms of poisoning caused by pyrethroids are characterized by ataxia, loss of coordination, hyperexcitation, convulsions, and paralysis. Depending on the type of pyrethroid, repetitive discharges and/or conduction block are observed in various regions of the nervous system. Type II pyrethroids such as cyphenothrin contain a cyano group at the alpha-carbon cause nerve membrane depolarization and block leading to paralysis. The action is ascribed to modification of nerve membrane sodium channels which result in very slow gating kinetics. ANIMAL STUDIES: Tremors and convulsions have been noted in animals at 30 mg/kg and higher. There was no statistically significant increased incidence of neoplasms in oral studies for 104 weeks in mice. In developmental studies in rabbits there were no reproductive or teratogenic effects noted. Cyphenothrin was negative in genotoxicity studies with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA-1535, TA-1537, TA-1538, TA-98 and TA-100 and Escherichia coli WP-2 uvrA in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: The histopathological effects of several doses of cyphenothrin were observed in adult guppies (Lebistes reticulatus) at 34.8, 46.5, 53.5 or 60 ug cyphenothrin/L for 96-hr and their gills were examined. The most common changes at all cyphenothrin doses were the lifting of the epithelial layer from gill lamellae and some necrosis. Degeneration of secondary lamellae due to edema, the shortening of secondary lamellae, and club-shaped lamellae were also observed.

Both type I and type II pyrethroids exert their effect by prolonging the open phase of the sodium channel gates when a nerve cell is excited. They appear to bind to the membrane lipid phase in the immediate vicinity of the sodium channel, thus modifying the channel kinetics. This blocks the closing of the sodium gates in the nerves, and thus prolongs the return of the membrane potential to its resting state. The repetitive (sensory, motor) neuronal discharge and a prolonged negative afterpotential produces effects quite similar to those produced by DDT, leading to hyperactivity of the nervous system which can result in paralysis and/or death. Other mechanisms of action of pyrethroids include antagonism of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated inhibition, modulation of nicotinic cholinergic transmission, enhancement of noradrenaline release, and actions on calcium ions. They also inhibit calium channels and Ca2+, Mg2+-ATPase. (T10, T18, L857)

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ...The histopathological effects of several doses of cyphenothrin /were observed/. Adult guppies (Lebistes reticulatus) were placed in water containing 34.8, 46.5, 53.5 or 60 micrograms cyphenothrin/L for 96-hr and their gills examined. The most common changes at all cyphenothrin doses were the lifting of the epithelial layer from gill lamellae and some necrosis. Degeneration of secondary lamellae due to edema, the shortening of secondary lamellae, and club-shaped lamellae were also observed. The 96-hr LC50 for cyphenothrin to Lebistes reticulatus was 48.7 ug/L.

Spilling on the head, face and eyes can result in pain, lacrimation, photophobia, congestion, and edema of the conjunctiva and eyelids. Ingestion cases epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, anorexia, fatigue, tightness in chest, blurred vision, paresthesia, palpitations, coarse muscular fasciculations, and disturbances of conciousness. In servere poisonings, convulsive attacks with opisthotonos and loss of conciousness have occurred. (T10)

EPA has released the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays/[USEPA; ICSS Dashboard Application; Available from, as of August 9, 2018: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/]

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of cyphenothrin can be estimated to be 8.0X10+4(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that cyphenothrin is expected to be immobile mobility in soil(SRC).

/BIOMONITORING/ An observational biomonitoring study was conducted involving adults and children in households that purchased and applied a cyphenothrin-containing spot-on product for dogs as part of their normal pet care practices. The 3- to 6-yr-old children had greater exposure than the adult applicators in the same house, 3.8 and 0.6 ug/kg body weight, respectively. The mean measured values in children were 13-fold lower than those estimated using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) current standard operating procedures (SOP) for pet products (assuming 5% dermal absorption), although the maximum absorbed dosage of one child on one day was equivalent to the default value derived from the SOPs. With regard to potential human health risks, it can be concluded that despite the inherent conservatism in both the exposure and toxicology data, the margins of exposure (MOE) were consistently greater than 100 for average, 95th percentile, and maximum exposures. More specifically, the results of this study demonstrated that the MOE were consistently greater than 1,000 for mean exposures and exceeded 100 for 95th percentile and maximum measured exposures, which clearly indicates a reasonable certainty of no harm when using the cyphenothrin spot-on products. It is also noteworthy that Sergeant's spot-on products containing cyphenothrin currently sold in the United States have lower weight percentages of active ingredient and lower applied amounts than those used by all but two of the participant households in this study.

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Despite the widespread use of pyrethroid insecticides that led to common exposure in the population, few studies have been conducted to quantitatively assess dose-additive effects of pyrethroids using a funcional measure involved in the common toxic mode of action. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potency and efficacy of 6 Type II pyretroids (alpha-cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, cyphenothrin and esfenvalerate) to evoke induction of both nitric oxide and lipid peroxides levels measured as malondialdehyde in three in vitro models (SH-SY5Y, HepG2 and Caco-2 human cells) as well as to test the hypothesis of dose additivity for mixtures of these same 6 pyrethroids. Concentration-responses for 6 pyrethroids were determined as well as the response to mixtures of all 6 pyrethroids. Additivity was tested assuming a dose-additive model. The human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line was the most sensitive in vitro model. The rank order of potency for cell SH-SY5Y viability MTT assay was deltamethrin> cyphenothrin> lamda-cyhalothrin> cyfluthrin> esfenvalerate> alpha-cypermethrin. When 6 pyrethroids were present in the mixture at an equitoxic mixing ratio, the action on nitric oxide (NO) and lipid peroxides measured as malondialdehyde (MDA) production was consistent with a dose-additive model. The results of the present study are consistent with previous reports of additivity of pyrethroids in vivo e in vitro.

New Active Ingredients ... includes chemicals not previously registered as pesticides, as well as pesticide active ingredients initially registered after November 1, 1984 and that currently have active product registrations. By law, these pesticides must meet new safety standards, such as those described in the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 and, if new safety standards are met, will be reviewed again on a 15-year cycle. Cyphenothrin is designated by EPA as a New Pesticide Active Ingredient. Active Ingredient Number: 129013; Type of Pesticide: conventional - insecticide; Use Site: domestic home use, pets; Year: 1991.

MEDICATION (VET)

For cyphenothrin (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 129013) ACTIVE products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the USA but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

Fumigant, insecticide.

Flying and crawling insect control for industrial locations and outdoor use.

It is used to control pests in domestic, public health and industrial locations.

Pyrethroids are used as insecticides. (L857)

Parastar Plus for Dogs (Elanco US, Inc.): Active ingredient: cyphenothrin 5.2% and fipronil 9.8%.

Multicide Intermediate 2738 (McLaughlin Gormley King Company): Active ingredient: MGK 264 12.77%; prallethrin 1.0%; and cyphenothrin 13.34%.

Multicide Total Release Aerosol 27381 (McLaughlin Gormley King Company): Active ingredient: MGK 264 0.38%; prallethrin 0.03%; and cyphenothrin 0.4%.

MGK F-2926(P) (McLaughlin Gormley King Company): Active ingredient: cyphenothrin 7.2%.

For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for Cyphenothrin (25 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Registration Notes: USA: Not for edible crop use.

Used indoors in household/domestic dwellings, storage areas, pet living quarters, ships, processing plants, on horses and dogs; and outdoors on external doorways, window cracks and under porches liquid squeeze-on product on dogs and horses; aerosol/fogger for indoor control; spray for crack and crevice spot treatment