1,8-디니트로피렌

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES Personal precautions Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Incineration may be only feasible method for disposal of contaminated laboratory waste from biological expt. However, not all incinerators are suitable for this purpose. The most efficient type ... is probably the gas-fired type, in which a first-stage combustion with a less than stoichiometric air:fuel ratio is followed by a second stage with excess air. Some ... are designed to accept ... aqueous & organic-solvent solutions, otherwise it is necessary ... to absorb soln onto suitable combustible material, such as sawdust. Alternatively, chem destruction may be used, esp when small quantities ... are to be destroyed in laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 1,8-Dinitropyrene (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Handle with gloves. Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.

If inhaled ... , move person into fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. Consult a physician. In case of skin contact, wWash off with soap and plenty of water. Consult a physician. In case of eye contact, fFlush eyes with water as a precaution. If swallowed, never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Rinse mouth with water. Consult a physician.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 1,8-Dinitropyrene (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face particle respirator type N100 (US) or type P3 (EN 143) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

Safety glasses with side-shields conforming to EN166 Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

impervious clothing, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ The carcinogenic effects of a mixture of 1-nitropyrene and three dinitropyrenes (1,3-, 1,6- and 1,8-dinitropyrene) were investigated in rats. Female F344/Jcl rats were given one of three doses (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg bw) of the mixture by repeated intragastric instillations twice a week for 55 weeks, and then autopsied 49 weeks later. Mammary adenocarcinomas were induced in rats of all the three experimental groups dose-dependently, while no adenocarcinoma was induced in the control rats which were given only vehicle. Clitoral gland tumors, most of which were diagnosed as squamous cell carcinomas, were also commonly observed in the NP-treated rats in a dose-dependent way. In addition, high incidences of mononuclear cell leukemias were noted in the NP-treated rats. Other tumors were frequently induced in the uterus and endocrine organs, such as the pituitary, adrenal, and thyroid glands. However, the incidences of these tumors were almost equal in both the control and NP-treated groups...

/GENOTOXICITY/ ... The lambda/lacZ transgenic mouse (Muta Mouse) /was used/ to examine induction of mutations in multiple organs. A commercially available mixture of DNPs (1,3-, 1,6-, 1,8-, and unidentified isomer (s) with a content of 20.2, 30.4, 35.2, and 14.2%, respectively) was injected intragastrically at 200 and 400 mg/kg once each week for 4 weeks. Seven days after the final treatment, liver, lung, colon, stomach, and bone marrow were collected for mutation analysis. The target transgene was recovered by the lambda packaging method and mutation of lacZ gene was analyzed by a positive selection with galE(-) E. coli. In order to determine the sequence alterations by DNPs, the mutagenicity of the lambda cII gene was also examined by the positive selection with hfl(-) E. coli. Since cII gene (294bp) is much smaller than the lacZ (3024bp), it facilitated the sequence analysis. Strongest increases in mutant frequencies (MFs) were observed in colon for both lacZ (7.5x10-5 to 43.3x10-5) and cII (2.7x10-5 to 22.5x10-5) gene. Three-four-fold increases were observed in stomach for both genes. A statistically significant increase in MFs was also evident in liver and lung for the lacZ gene, and in lung and bone marrow for the cII gene. The sequence alterations of the cII gene recovered from 37 mutants in the colon were compared with 50 mutants from untreated mice. Base substitution mutations predominated for both untreated (91%) and DNP-treated (84%) groups. The DNPs treatment increased the incidence of G:C to T:A transversion (2-43%) and decreased G:C to A:T transitions (70-22%). The G:C to T:A transversions, characteristic to DNPs treatment, is probably caused by the guanine-C8 adduct, which is known as a major DNA-adduct induced by DNPs, through an incorporation of adenine opposite the adduct ("A"-rule). /This/ study showed a relevant use of the cII gene as an additional target for mutagenesis in the Muta Mouse and revealed a mutagenic specificity of DNPs in vivo.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1.4X10+5(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1,8-dinitropyrene is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,8-dinitropyrene from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.3X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). 1,8-Dinitropyrene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 9.1X10-10 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(4). Biodegradation data in soil were not available(SRC, 2010).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1.4X10+5(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1,8-dinitropyrene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.3X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 480(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 4.57(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high, provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC). Biodegradation data in water were not available(SRC, 2010).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,8-dinitropyrene, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 9.1X10-10 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase 1,8-dinitropyrene may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). 1,8-Dinitropyrene absorbs at wavelengths >310 nm(3), and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

1,8-Dinitropyrene concentration in emissions from a diesel power plant on the Harvard campus in Massachusetts was less than 8 ppm in the soluble organic fraction. Concentration ranged from not detected to 4 ppm in the soluble organic fraction of diesel-powered mobile emission sources; sampling was conducted in 1983. The emission rate of 1,8-dinitropyrene from the power plant was <6X10-8 lb/BTU (quantification limit), with an annual contribution to Boston ambient air of <0.14 tons from both the plant and mobile diesel sources(1). The concentration of 1,8-nitropyrene in emission particulates from diesel (1986 model) and gasoline (1989 model) engine vehicles was reported as 0.44 and 0.45 pmol/mg particulate, respectively(2). Exhaust particle concentrations of 3.4 and 0.013-0.7 mg/kg have been reported for heavy-duty and light-duty diesel engines, respectively(3). 1,8-Dinitropyrene daily emission at a typical US airport has been estimated at 20 g/day(4). Emissions of 1.88 and 0.88 mg/kg extract have been reported for gas and liquified petroleum gas burner, respectively, used for home heating and cooking(5).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of 1,8-dinitropyrene can be estimated to be 1.4X10+5(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1,8-dinitropyrene is expected to be immobile in soil.

URBAN/SUBURBAN: 1,8-Dinitropyrene was detected in Baltimore, MD and Fort Meade, MD, during January 24-27 and July 15-23, 2001. Mean concentrations in Baltimore and Fort Meade were <0.7 pg/cu m in both January and July, respectively(1). The mean concentrations in air samples from downtown Kanazawa, Japan collected from spring 1989 to winter 1992 were 2.90 (spring, 2.35 (summer), 4.04 (autumn), and 5.28 (winter), with an annual mean of 3.63 mol/cu m(2). A maximum of 29.8 to a minimum of 1.1 mol/cu m during the time frame of 9-11AM and in ambient air samples collected from urban (Detroit Science Center, summer 1981; downtown Detroit), suburban (Warren, MI in December 1982 and June 1984) areas were 0.0025 and <0.004 ug/g particulates, respectively(3).

RURAL/REMOTE: For 1,8-dinitropyrene, mean concentrations of 0.0024 and 0.0035 ug/g particulates were reported in ambient air samples collected in rural Cape Henlopen State Park, DE, 0.8 km from the Atlantic Ocean and in remote southwest Bermuda 9 km from Hamilton, respectively(1).

SOURCE DOMINATED: The concentration ranges for 1,8-dinitropyrene were 58.3-293.0 pg/cu m (indoors) and 3.2-22.5 pg/cu m (outdoors) in air samples from a Taiwanese temple in Taichung County, central Taiwan; the source was attributed to burning of incense. Atmospheric concentrations ranged from 2.8-12.0 pg/cu m and the overall indoor emission average was 180.5 pg/cu m(1). The mean concentration of 1,8-dinitropyrene in ambient air samples collected from two industrial areas (River Rouge, MI 2-4 km from industries including steel mills, coke ovens, power plants, a refinery, and chemical works, 1982-1983 and from Dearborn, MI - steel mills and coke ovens, 1980-1983) was reported to be 0.0131 and 0.0200 ug/g particulates, respectively(2).

/GENOTOXICITY/ ...The mutagenic ... effects of benzene (B), nitrobenzene (NB), phenol (P), 2-nitrophenol (2-NP), 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP), pyrene (Py), 1-nitropyrene (1-NPy), 1,3-dinitropyrene (1,3-DNPy), 1,6-dinitropyrene (1,6-DNPy), and 1,8-dinitropyrene (1,8-DNPy) ... were evaluated with umuC test in presence and in absence of metabolic activation with S9 mix. Then ... both cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus (CBMN) assay, in combination with fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) of human pan-centromeric DNA probes on human lymphocytes /were used/ in order to evaluate the genotoxic effects. Analysis of all results shows that nitro polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are definitely environmental genotoxic/mutagenic hazards and confirms that environmental aromatic nitration reactions lead to an increase in genotoxicity and mutagenicity properties. Particularly 1-NPy and 1,8-DNPy can be considered as human potential carcinogens...

/GENOTOXICITY/ The mutagenicity, metabolism, DNA adduction and induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) of 1-nitropyrene and 1,8-dinitropyrene were investigated in the human hepatoma cell line HepG2. Previous results had demonstrated that 1-nitropyrene was both mutagenic at the hgprt locus and induced UDS in these cells. In /this/ study ... the dinitropyrenes, although highly mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium, /were/ not mutagenic and /did/ not induce UDS in the HepG2...

/GENOTOXICITY/ The mutagenicity (trifluorothymidine resistance at the thymidine kinase locus) of 1-, 2-, and 4-nitropyrene (1-, 2-, and 4-NP), 1,3-, 1,6-, and 1,8-dinitropyrene (1,3-, 1,6-, and 1,8-DNP), and pyrene was assessed in a quantitative forward mutation assay using a metabolically competent line (MCL-5) of human B-lymphoblastoid cells. These cells contain endogenous cytochrome P450 activity (CYP1A1) and two plasmids that express cDNAs for four additional P450s (CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2E1, CYP3A4) and microsomal epoxide hydrolase found in human liver. The major finding is that 2-NP and 1,3-DNP, both potent bacterial mutagens, were nonmutagenic in this assay. The following mutagenic potency series, expressed as the minimum detectable mutagen concentration (MDMC) in nmol/mL, was obtained: 1,6-DNP (0.8), 1,8-DNP (1.5), 4-NP (3.1), 1-NP (9.1), 2-NP (> 81), 1,3-DNP (> 86), pyrene (> 494). There was over an 11-fold difference between the most potent (1.6-DNP) and the least potent (1-NP) mutagen. 1,6-DNP was approximately twice as mutagenic as 1,8-DNP, which was almost twice as mutagenic as 4-NP, which, in turn was nearly three times as potent as 1-NP...

/GENOTOXICITY/ N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) ... inhibits the mutagenicity of 1,8-dinitropyrene (1,8-DNP) and 1-nitropyrene (1-NP) known to be present in diesel exhaust and to be activated by cellular O- transacetylases and nitropyrene reductases. NAC inhibits also the induction of SCE in human lymphocytes by diesel extract.

/GENOTOXICITY/ The genotoxicities of 8 nitroarenes, i.e., 1-nitropyrene, 1,3-dinitropyrene, 1,6-dinitropyrene, 1,8-dinitropyrene, 2,7-dinitrofluorene, 3-nitrofluoranthene, 1-nitro-3-hydroxypyrene and 1-nitro-3-acetoxypyrene, were examined in DNA repair tests using human isolated hepatocytes. Out of the tested nitroarenes, 5 compounds, i.e., 1-nitropyrene, 1,3-dinitropyrene, 1,6-dinitropyrene, 1,8-dinitropyrene and 1-nitro-3-acetoxypyrene, clearly elicited positive responses of DNA repair. Among the chemicals which elicited positive responses, the levels of unscheduled DNA synthesis induced by the three dinitropyrene isomers were much higher than those of the other nitroarenes. Three chemicals, i.e., 2,7-dinitrofluorene, 3-nitrofluoranthene and 1-nitro-3-hydroxypyrene, elicited negative responses. The negative responses of 2,7-dinitrofluorene and 3-nitrofluoranthene, which had been positive in DNA repair tests with rodent hepatocytes, suggest some species differences between humans and rats in the metabolic activity of hepatocytes toward these agents.

1,8-Dinitropyrene is a nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon which is formed as a result of combustion of petrochemical fuel, preparation of food with grilling, cigarette smoking, activities associated with occupational settings such as the coke-oven industry, or photochemical reactions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with ambient or atmospheric hydroxyl radicals and NO2 which form nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(1). These processes may result in the release of 1,8-dinitropyrene to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

AEROBIC: Biodegradation data under environmental conditions were not available(SRC, 2010). Resistence to microbial degradation of higher molecular weight nitropolyaromatic hydrcarbons is due partly to their strong adsorption to soil organic matter and low solubility(1). /Nitro-polyaromatic hydrocarbons/

1,8-Dinitropyrene

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

2014

2012

An estimated BCF of 480 was calculated in fish for 1,8-dinitropyrene(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 4.57(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high, provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for 1,8-dinitropyrene is estimated as 1.3X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1,8-dinitropyrene is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). 1,8-Dinitropyrene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 9.1X10-10 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

No commercial applications; Found in particulates in emissions from combustion, e.g., diesel exhausts; [NTP] Found in some carbon blacks and in emissions from diesel engines, kerosene heaters, and gas burners; [IARC]

1,8-Dinitropyrene has been reported to be a photosensitizer, increasing the spectral activity of bis-azide compounds with light. However, no evidence was found that 1,8-dinitropyrene is currently used commercially for this or other applications.