메틸수은 염화물

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty). Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. /Mercury compounds, solid, n.o.s./

If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. /Mercury alkyl compounds/

Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots, and goggles ... Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material. /Mercury compounds, solid, n.o.s./

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

These compounds should be stored in a refrigerator or a cool dry place away from oxidizers. A regulated, marked area should be established where this chemical is handled, used, or stored ... /Mercury alkyl compounds/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Spill Handling: Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until clean-up is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Spills should be collected with special mercury vapor suppressants or special vacuums and deposited in sealed containers. Kits specific for clean-up of mercury spills are available. Ventilate area after clean-up is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. /Mercury alkyl compounds/

Environmental considerations - land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. /Mercury compounds, solid, n.o.s./

Environmental considerations - water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. /Mercury compounds, solid, n.o.s./

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with 60-70% ethanol and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 60-70% ethanol to pick up any remaining material. Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Mercury is an element, and therefore its chemical structure cannot be further broken down. In its elemental form, mercury is highly toxic when inhaled. Therefore, incineration of mercury is not recommended as a disposal method. Mercury-containing waste products include waste effluents from chloralkali plants and discarded mercury-containing mechanical and electrical devices ... Under current federal guidelines, mercury and its compounds are considered hazardous substances, and various regulations are in effect to control the emission of mercury into the environment (especially organic compounds) ... Emissions from mercury ore processing facilities and mercury cell chloralkali plants are limited to 2.3 kg/day/facility. Emissions of mercury from the incineration or drying of wastewater sludges is limited to 3.2 kg/day/facility ... In addition, dumping wastes containing more than trace amounts of mercury is prohibited. Recycling of mercury-containing compounds is an important method of disposal. Recycling (retorting) is a treatment for five categories of mercury wastes including: (D009) characteristic mercury; (K106) chloralkali waste; (P065) mercury fulminate; (P092) phenylmercuric acetate; and (U151) elemental mercury ... From 1987 to 1991, annual production of mercury from old scrap averaged nearly 180 metric tons, equivalent to 16% of the average reported consumption during that period (Jasinski 1993). Virtually all mercury can be reclaimed from mercury cell chloralkali plants, electrical apparati, and control instruments when plants are dismantled or scrapped ... Increased recycling would decrease the mercury load from waste sites and treatment plants. As environmental concerns increase with respect to the disposal of mercury, the recovery by recycling and industrial processes will become a more significant source of domestic supply ...

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Incineration may be only feasible method for disposal of contaminated laboratory waste from biological expt. However, not all incinerators are suitable for this purpose. The most efficient type ... is probably the gas-fired type, in which a first-stage combustion with a less than stoichiometric air:fuel ratio is followed by a second stage with excess air. Some ... are designed to accept ... aqueous & organic-solvent solutions, otherwise it is necessary ... to absorb soln onto suitable combustible material, such as sawdust. Alternatively, chem destruction may be used, esp when small quantities ... are to be destroyed in laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

If material not involved in fire: Keep material out of water sources and sewers. /Mercury compounds, solid, n.o.s./

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing dusts and fumes from burning material. Keep upwind. Avoid bodily contact with the material ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water ... If contact with the material anticipated, wear appropriate chemical protective clothing. /Mercury compounds, solid, n.o.s./

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical. /Mercury alkyl compounds/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Methylmercuric chloride (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

0.01 [mg/m3], as Hg

0.03 [mg/m3], as Hg

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.01 mg/cu m; 15 min Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) 0.03 mg/cu m. Skin. /Mercury, alkyl compounds, as Hg/

Adult mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were fed ... a diet 10 ppm mercury plus 10 ppm selenium. ... When the diet contained 10 ppm selenium in addition to the 10 ppm mercury, none of 12 males became sick. In contrast to the protective effect of selenium against mercury poisoning in males, selenium plus mercury was worse than selenium or mercury alone for some measurements of reproductive success. Both selenium and mercury lowered duckling production through reductions in hatching success and survival of ducklings, but the combination of mercury plus selenium was worse than either mercury or selenium alone. Controls produced an average of 7.6 young per female ... and females fed both mercury and selenium produced 0.2 young. Teratogenic effects also were worse for the combined mercury plus selenium treatment; deformities were recorded in 6.1% of the embryos of controls, 16.4% for those fed methylmercury chloride, 36.2% for those fed selenomethionine, and 73.4% for those fed methylmercury chloride and selenomethionine. The presence of methylmercury in the diet greatly enhanced the storage of selenium in tissues. The livers of males fed 10 ppm selenium contained a mean of 9.6 ppm selenium, whereas the livers of males fed 10 ppm selenium plus 10 ppm mercury contained a mean of 114 ppm selenium. However, selenium did not enhance the storage of mercury. The results show that mercury and selenium may be antagonistic to each other for adults and synergistic to young, even within the same experiment.

Groups of 10 /male ICR/ mice were given methylmercury chloride at a concentration of 40 mg/g of diet, with or without melatonin at a concentration of 20 mg/mL in drinking-water, for 5 weeks. Greater numbers of animals treated with methylmercury alone showed signs of neurotoxicity (abnormal righting reflex, staggering gait, fallen posture) and a higher rate of mortality after 35 days of treatment than the group receiving methylmercury plus melatonin. It was suggested that the anti-oxidative capacity of melatonin reduces the toxicity of methylmercury ...

Groups of six pregnant CD-1 mice were given a single intraperitoneal dose of methylmercury chloride of either 0 or 10 mg/kg bw on day 9 of gestation, and litters were examined for teratological effects on day 17 of gestation. Co-exposure to methylmercury chloride and PK11195 (4 mg/kg), a ligand for the mitochondrial peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor, reduced the overall incidence of fetal malformation by approximately 2.5-fold... In embryos collected from dams 3 hr after treatment with methylmercury chloride at 5 mg/kg bw on day 9 of gestation, expression of mitochondrial 16S rRNA was decreased approximately three-fold compared with controls, while co-treatment with PK11195 (4 mg/kg) prevented any decrease.

Mercury mainly affects the nervous system. Exposure to high levels of metallic, inorganic, or organic mercury can permanently damage the brain, kidneys, and developing fetus. Effects on brain functioning may result in irritability, shyness, tremors, changes in vision or hearing, and memory problems. Acrodynia, a type of mercury poisoning in children, is characterized by pain and pink discoloration of the hands and feet. Mercury poisoning can also cause Hunter-Russell syndrome and Minamata disease. (L7)

LC50; Species: Coturnix japonica (Japanese quail, age 14 days) diet 47 ppm for 5 days (95% confidence interval: 36-60 ppm)

LD50; Species: Coturnix japonica (Japanese quail, age 17 days) oral via capsule 18 mg/kg (95% confidence interval: 14-24 mg/kg)

EC50; Species: Anabaena flosaquae (Blue-green algae); Conditions: freshwater, static, 23-25 °C, pH 6.2-6.8; Concentration: 2.8 ug/L for 24 hr; Effect: growth, general

EC50; Species: Anacystis nidulans (Blue-green algae); Conditions: freshwater, static, 23-25 °C, pH 6.2-6.8; Concentration: 5.0 ug/L for 24 hr; Effect: growth, general

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Methylmercuric chloride (28 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin

Compound with “good evidence” of ototoxic properties in animal studies.

High-affinity binding of the divalent mercuric ion to thiol or sulfhydryl groups of proteins is believed to be the major mechanism for the activity of mercury. Through alterations in intracellular thiol status, mercury can promote oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and changes in heme metabolism. Mercury is known to bind to microsomal and mitochondrial enzymes, resulting in cell injury and death. For example, mercury is known to inhibit aquaporins, halting water flow across the cell membrane. It also inhibits the protein LCK, which causes decreased T-cell signalling and immune system depression. Mercury is also believed to inhibit neuronal excitability by acting on the postsynaptic neuronal membrane. It also affects the nervous system by inhibiting protein kinase C and alkaline phosphatase, which impairs brain microvascular formation and function, as well as alters the blood-brain barrier. Organic mercury exerts developmental effects by binding to tubulin, preventing microtubule assembly and causing mitotic inhibition. Mercury also produces an autoimmune response, likely by modification of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules, self peptides, T-cell receptors, or cell-surface adhesion molecules. (L7, A8, A25, A26)

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Sixty breeding pairs of captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius) were exposed to a range of sublethal dietary concentrations of mercury (Hg), in the form of methylmercuric chloride, and their subsequent reproduction was measured. Egg production, incubation performance, and the number and percent of eggs hatched decreased markedly between 3.3 and 4.6 mg/kg dry weight of Hg (1.2 and 1.7 mg/kg wet wt), in the diet. The number of fledglings and the percent of nestlings fledged were reduced markedly at 0.7 mg/kg dry weight (0.3 mg/kg wet wt) and declined further between 2 and 3.3 mg/kg dry weight (0.7 and 1.2 mg/kg wet wt). Dietary concentrations of 4.6 mg/kg dry weight (1.7 mg/kg wet wt) were associated with total fledging failure. The estimated decline in fledged young per pair (24%, Bayesian regression) for kestrels consuming 0.7 mg/kg dry weight (0.3 mg/kg wet wt) raises concerns about population maintenance in areas subject to high inputs of anthropogenic Hg. Mercury concentrations in 20 second-laid eggs collected from all groups were related to dietary concentrations of Hg, and the Hg concentrations in 19 of these eggs were related to eggs laid and young fledged. Concentrations of Hg in eggs from the highest diet group (5.9 mg/kg dry wt; 2.2 mg/kg wet wt) were higher than egg concentrations reported for either wild birds or for captive birds (nonraptors) fed dry commercial food containing 5 mg/kg methylmercury. Accumulation ratios of Hg from diets to eggs were higher than those reported for feeding studies with other species.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ American kestrels (Falco sparverius) were fed meat diets containing 0, 3, 6, or 12 ppm (dry weight) methylmercury chloride. Birds fed the 12-ppm diet started to show signs of neurotoxicity after 26 days and all died in 39-49 days. One male kestrel fed the 6-ppm diet died after 75 days of exposure and several others showed signs of neurotoxicity after 45 days. None of the birds fed the 3-ppm diet died or showed signs of toxicity. After 59 days of exposure, mercury concentrations in the liver, kidney, and blood of nonreproducing kestrels increased with increasing dietary concentration. Tissue concentrations of mercury also steadily increased over time in birds fed diets with 6 ppm mercury, which were necropsied at 8, 15, 29, or 59 days of exposure, reaching mean total mercury concentrations of 57, 46, and 45 ppm (wet weight) at 59 days in the liver, kidney, and whole blood, respectively. Two pairs of kestrels at each dietary concentration were allowed to breed. Eggs averaged 8.3 and 18.1 ppm (wet weight) total mercury from birds fed 3- and 6-ppm diets, respectively. Feathers grown during mercury exposure contained high concentrations of mercury: Birds fed 3- and 6-ppm diets contained 275 and 542 ppm total mercury, respectively.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Breeding pairs of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were fed a control diet or a diet containing 0.5 ug/g mercury (Hg) in the form of methylmercury chloride. There were no effects of Hg on adult weights and no overt signs of Hg poisoning in adults. The Hg-containing diet had no effect on fertility of eggs, but hatching success of eggs was significantly higher for females fed 0.5 ug/g Hg (71.8%) than for controls (57.5%). Survival of ducklings through 6 days of age was the same (97.8%) for controls and mallards fed 0.5 ug/g mercury. However, the mean number of ducklings produced per female was significantly higher for the pairs fed 0.5 ug/g Hg (21.4) than for controls (16.8). Although mercury in the parents' diet had no effect on mean duckling weights at hatching, ducklings from parents fed 0.5 ug/g Hg weighed significantly more (mean = 87.2 g) at 6 days of age than did control ducklings (81.0 g). The mean concentration of Hg in eggs laid by parents fed 0.5 ug/g mercury was 0.81 ug/g on a wet-weight basis.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Methylmercury compounds induce adverse effects on human development - most notably microcephaly and deficits in neurological development ... The dose levels of methylmercury compounds that affect reproduction and development are generally lower than those of inorganic mercury and affect a wider range of end-points. /Methylmercury compounds/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The most consistent and pronounced effects of /chronic/ exposure to ... short-chain alkylmercury compounds such as methylmercury are on CNS. Effects ... are neurological and psychiatric. Common symptoms include depression, irritability, exaggerated response to stimulation (erethism), excessive shyness, insomnia, emotional instability, forgetfulness, confusion, and vasomotor disturbances such as excessive perspiration and uncontrolled blushing. Tremors are also common ... Sensory effects ... occur more consistently and at lower levels of exposure. Earliest sign is paresthesia. At ... higher levels of exposure other effects occur, such as ataxia, constriction of visual field, dysarthria, and hearing defects. These alterations are irreversible when poisoning is severe. Neuropsychiatric effects ... are likely to involve spontaneous fits of laughing and crying and intellectual deterioration.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ In humans the neurotoxic symptoms of methyl mercury salts, the Hunter-Russel syndrome, involve focal cerebral and cerebellar atrophy. The granular cell layer of neocerebellum is affected followed by cortical atrophy of area striata, which leads to blindness.

/GENOTOXICITY/ ... Four studies involving subjects exposed to methylmercury compounds from contaminated seal or fish meat were either inconclusive or indicated slight chromosomal effects. /Methylmercury compounds/

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Methylmercuric chloride (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Methylmercury toxicity is very strain- and sex-specific in mice. A single oral dose of methylmercuric chloride at 16 mg Hg/kg resulted in the death of 4 of 6 male mice (C57BL/6N Jcl strain) but no deaths in females ... No increase in mortality was observed in female mice until 40 mg Hg/kg was administered, at which dosage 4 of 6 females died.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ A decrease in heart rate was observed in male rats (strain unknown) given 2 gavage doses of 12 mg Hg/kg as methylmercuric chloride.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Administration of methylmercuric chloride to mice (strain and sex unknown) in a single gavage dose of 16 mg Hg/kg resulted in decreased renal function (decreased phenolsulfonphthalein excretion), increased plasma creatinine, and swelling of tubular epithelial cells, with exfoliation of the cells into the tubular lumen.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Although no effects were observed after a single gavage dose of 8 mg Hg/kg ..., 5 daily gavage doses of 8 mg Hg/kg/day as methylmercuric chloride in rats (strain and sex unknown) resulted in vacuolization and tubular dilation in the proximal tubules with ongoing regeneration.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Methylmercuric chloride (88 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

D009; A solid waste containing mercury may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Mercury/