Brucine

Log Kow= 0.98

0.98

Needles from acetone + water

COLORLESS CRYSTAL OR WHITE, CRYSTALLINE POWDER

White, crystalline alkaloid

Colorless prisms (from ethanol/water)

Crystals. Sol in water or alcohol. The solns are neutral or slightly acid. /Hydrochloride/

Prisms, dec 230 °C. Sol in water or alcohol. /Nitrate dihydrate/

Slightly soluble in ethyl ether and benzene; very soluble in ethanol.

Slightly sol in water, ether, glycerin and ethyl acetate.

Soluble in alcohol, chloroform, and benzene; slightly soluble in ether, glycerol, and ethyl acetate.

In water, 3.2X10+3 mg/l @ 15 °C

470 °C

470 °C

470 °C @760 [mm Hg]

352 °F (NTP, 1992)

178 °C

178 °C

178 °C

Danger

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

P260, P264, P270, P271, P273, P284, P301+P316, P304+P340, P316, P320, P321, P330, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Danger

H300+H330 (32.9%): Fatal if swallowed or if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, inhalation]

P260, P264, P270, P271, P273, P284, P301+P316, P304+P340, P316, P320, P321, P330, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Chemical: Strychnidin-10-one, 2,3-dimethoxy-

Strychnidin-10-one, 2,3-dimethoxy-, (brucine): HSNO Approval: HSR001529 Approved with controls

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Toxic oxides of nitrogen may form in fires. (USCG, 1999)

· Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.

Combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

Chemical is toxic if inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through skin. Inhalation produces intense bitter taste. Ingestion causes nausea, vomiting, restlessness, excitement, twitching, and (rarely) convulsions. Contact with dust irritates eyes. (USCG, 1999)

· Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin.

P018; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when brucine, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to federal and/or state hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any container or inner liner used to hold this waste or any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5(e)).

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide.

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink. Refer for medical attention . Avoid unnecessary stimulation of the victim.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

General First Aid:

Wear goggles and self-contained breathing apparatus /while fighting fires/. Extinguish with water, dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire (material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use foam, dry chemical, carbon dioxide.

1. Ventilate area of spill. 2. Collect spilled material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers for reclamation, or for disposal in a secured sanitary landfill. Liquid containing strychnine should be absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material. /Strychnine/

Pour into sodium bicarbonate or a mixture of sand-soda ash (9:1). After mixing, transfer into a paper carton filled with packing paper. Burn in an open furnace, or more efficiently in the furnace with afterburner and scrubber.

Environmental considerations - Land spill. Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. /Strychnine/

Environmental considerations - Water spill; Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. If dissolved, in region of 10 ppm or greater concn, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates. /Strychnine/

Spread over with 9:1 mixture of sand and soda ash. After mixing, transfer into a paper carton, stuffed with ruffled paper. Burn in an open furnace with the utmost care or in the furnace with afterburner and scrubber.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P018, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

(a) Dissolve in such combustible solvent as alcohols, benzene, etc. Spray the solution into the furnace with afterburner and scrubber. (b) Pour into sodium bicarbonate or a mixture of sand-soda ash (9:1). After mixing, transfer into a paper carton filled with packing paper. Burn in an open furnace, or more efficiently in the furnace with afterburner and scrubber.

A good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids. /From table/

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Treatment of brucine poisoning involves an oral application of an activated charcoal infusion to absorb any poison within the digestive tract that has not yet been absorbed into the blood. Anticonvulsants such as phenobarbital or diazepam are administered to control convulsions, along with muscle relaxants such as dantrolene to combat muscle rigidity. (L1228)

LC50 Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill sunfish) 36 ppm/96 hr (static bioassay in fresh water @ 23 °C, with mild aeration after 24 hr)

LC50 Menidia beryllina 20 ppm/96 hr (static bioassay in synthetic seawater @ 23 °C, with mild aeration after 24 hr)

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 81(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that brucine is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). However, the ability of brucine to adsorb to sediments and soil can not be predicted with certainty since this compound may act markedly different than its estimated Koc value indicates(SRC). Volatilization of brucine from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.1X10-16 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(3). Brucine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.0X10-10 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(4). Half-life data for brucine indicate that biodegradation in soil may occur(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 81(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that brucine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.1X10-16 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). A pKa of 8.28 indicates brucine will exist almost entirely in the ionized form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process. According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow(6) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), brucine, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 1.0X10-10 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase brucine may be removed from the air by direct photolysis and dry deposition(SRC).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.

Oral (ingestion) (L1817) ; dermal (L1817)

The CIR Expert Panel concluded that the available data are insufficient to support the safety of Alcohol Denat., SD Alcohol 39, and SD Alcohol 40 denatured with Quassin, Brucine, and Brucine Sulfate in cosmetic products, and that the available data are insufficient to support the safety of Quassin, Brucine, and Brucine Sulfate as denaturants.

Ingredients for which the data are insufficient and their use in cosmetics is not supported

Brucine acts as an antagonist at the inhibitory or strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor, a ligand-gated chloride channel in the spinal cord and the brain. (L1230)

See Ingestion.

Redness.

Headache. Nausea. Vomiting. Muscle twitching. Restlessness. Convulsions. Laboured breathing.

Brucine causes muscular convulsions of increasing intensity and frequency and eventually death through asphyxia or sheer exhaustion. (L1227)

1) Initial Medical Screening: Employees should be screened for history of certain medical conditions ... which might place the employee at incr risk from strychnine exposure. ... Persons with a history of convulsive disorders may be more susceptible to the effects of this agent. 2) Periodic Medical Examination: Any employee developing ... /convulsive disorders/ should be referred for further medical examination. /Strychnine/

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc for brucine can be estimated to be 81(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that brucine is expected to have high mobility in soil. The pKa of brucine is 8.28(3) indicating that this compound will exist in the protonated form in the environment and cations generally adsorb to organic carbon and clay more strongly than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process because the cation is not expected to volatilize. Therefore, the ability of brucine to adsorb to sediments an soil cannot be predicted with certainty since this compound may act markedly different than its estimated Koc value indicates(SRC).

P018; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when brucine, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to federal and/or state hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any container or inner liner used to hold this waste or any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5(e)).

Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. Brucine is included on this list.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 100 lb or 45.4 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

Substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. The classical agents (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contain bacterial antigens. Some are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.

Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS.

Substances used for the detection, identification, analysis, etc. of chemical, biological, or pathologic processes or conditions. Indicators are substances that change in physical appearance, e.g., color, at or approaching the endpoint of a chemical titration, e.g., on the passage between acidity and alkalinity. Reagents are substances used for the detection or determination of another substance by chemical or microscopical means, especially analysis. Types of reagents are precipitants, solvents, oxidizers, reducers, fluxes, and colorimetric reagents. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p301, p499)

CIR ingredient: Brucine

Extracted from the seeds and bark of Strychnos aculeata; Used for denaturing alcohol and oils; Also used as an additive to lubricants, a rodent poison, a CNS stimulant, and a chemical reagent; [HSDB] A poison resembling strychnine that is much less potent; [Reference #1]

Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]

DENATURANT FOR ETHANOL; REAGENT FOR SEPARATING RACEMIC MIXTURES.

Rodent poison.

THE MOST COMMON DENATURANT /FOR ETHANOL/ USED NOW ... IN COSMETIC PREPARATIONS ...

(1972) 2.12X10+7 GRAMS (BRUCINE & CMPDS)

(1975) 1.20X10+7 GRAMS (BRUCINE & CMPDS)

(1984) 2.84X10+8 g

EXTRACTED FROM THE SEEDS & BARK OF STRYCHNOS ACULEATA.

By extraction & subsequent crystallization from nux vomica or ignatia seeds.

From Strychnos seeds (Strychnos nux-vomica L. and S. igantti Berg., Loganiaceae).

Prepn from strychnine, q.v.: E. Tedeschi et al., Tetrahedron 24, 4573 (1968); P. Rosenmund et al., Ber. 101, 2754 (1968).

Forms brucine sulfate, hydrochloride, & nitrate (mp 230 °C).

THE MOST COMMON DENATURANT /FOR ETHANOL/ USED NOW ... IN COSMETIC PREPARATIONS, IS SD-40 WHICH HAS THE FOLLOWING FORMULATIONS: 3 OZ OF BRUCINE (ALKALOID) OR BRUCINE SULFATE

Alkaloid, NF grade; dihydrate, white powder grade; sulfate, NF grade

Available as the free base or as the sulfate salt.