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Pesticides

Pesticide -> EPA IRIS

Acaricides, Insecticides

Active substance -> EU Pesticides database: Not approved

Pesticides -> Organophosphate Insecticides

Acaricides, Insecticides

log Kow = 4.38

4.38

4.3

4.3

1.338 g/mL at 20 °C

1.4 g/cm³

Crystals

White

Colorless

Sol in ketones, alcohols and most aromatic solvents; practically insol in aliphatic hydrocarbons

In ethyl acetate, acetone, acetonitrile, benzene, chloroform, dichloromethane, dioxane, methyl ethyl ketone, toluene, xylene c. 1000, hexane 11 (all in g/L, 20 °C)

In water, 3.05mg/L at 25 °C

0.00305 mg/mL at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 25 °C: 0.0003 (very poor)

When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of /hydrogen chloride/, oxides of nitrogen, oxides of phosphorus and oxides of sulfur.

Hydrolyzed by strong alkalis and acids

The principal hydrolysis products are 6-chlorobenzoxazolone, (EtO)2 P(O)OH, and formaldehyde.

47.5-48 °C

46 °C

47.5-48 °C

0.00000005 [mmHg]

Vapor pressure at 25 °C: negligible

Danger

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P317, P321, P330, P333+P317, P362+P364, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Danger

H301 (100%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

P261, P262, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P317, P321, P330, P333+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Commission Regulation (EC) No 451/2000

Phosalone is listed in the dataset of EPA Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides under the Safe Drinking Water Act (40 eCFR 141)

A skin, eye, and respiratory tract irritant; Can be absorbed through skin; A weak cholinesterase inhibitor; [ICSC] Effects in animal studies include zonal hepatitis; [RTECS] May cause skin sensitization; [eChemPortal: ESIS] The average of two baseline respective cholinesterase activity determinations three days apart, with no exposures to enzyme inhibiting pesticides for at least 30 days, is recommended for each worker prior to exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors because of large inter-individual differences in published baseline values. To be established at least once a year. Removal from workplace exposures is recommended until the cholinesterase activity returns to within 20% of baseline. [TLVs and BEIs]

EPA/OPP; Organophosphorus Cumulative Risk Assessment - 2006 Update. p 40. (August 2006) Downloadable as a zipped pdf file from http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/cumulative/2006-op/index.htm as of June 20, 2007 provides a comparative risk assessment of organophosphorus pesticides and evaluates the risk posed by existing exposure scenarios.

EPA/OPP; Finalization of Interim Reregistration Eligibility Decisions (IREDs) and Interim Tolerance Reassessment and Risk Management Decisions (TREDs) for the Organophosphate Pesticides, and Completion of the Tolerance Reassessment and Reregistration Eligibility Process for the Organophosphate Pesticides. Memorandum dated July 31, 2006 indicates that the pesticides covered by the IREDs that were pending the results of the OP cumulative assessment (listed in Attachment A) are indeed eligible for reregistration; and (2) the pesticide tolerances covered by the IREDs and TREDs that were pending the results of the OP cumulative assessment (listed in Attachment A) meet the safety standard under Section 408(b)(2) of the FFDCA. The phosalone TRED was completed in 2001.

USEPA/Office of Pesticide Programs; Report of the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) Tolerance Reassessment Progress and Risk Management Decision (TRED) for Phosalone p.12 EPA 738-R-01-001 (January 2001). EPA issues a TRED for a pesticide that requires tolerance reassessment decisions, but does not require a reregistration eligibility decision at present because: the pesticide was initially registered after November 1, 1984, and by law is not included within the scope of the reregistration program; EPA completed a RED for the pesticide before FQPA was enacted on August 3, 1996; or the pesticide is not registered for use in the U.S. but tolerances are established that allow crops treated with the pesticide to be imported from other countries.[Available from, as of June 15, 2007: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm]

Tolerances are established for residues of the insecticide phosalone (S-(6-chloro-3-(mercaptomethyl)-2-benzoxazolinone) O,O,-diethyl phosphorodithioate) in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: [Table#4765]

... The Agency has completed its assessment of risk from dietary exposure to phosalone alone in order to determine whether any risk reduction measures are necessary to allow the continued importation of almonds, apples, apricots, cherries, grapes, peaches, pears, and plums containing this chemical, pending completion of the cumulative assessment. As a result of its assessment, EPA has determined that dietary risk from exposure to phosalone does not exceed the Agency's level of concern. Therefore, no mitigation is necessary and no further actions are warranted at this time.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Phosalone is found on List A, which contains most food use pesticides and consists of the 194 chemical cases (or 350 individual active ingredients) for which EPA issued registration standards prior to FIFRA '88. Case No: 0027; Pesticide type: insecticide (acaricide); Registration Standard Date: 11/30/87; Case Status: No products containing the pesticide are actively registered. Therefore, we are characterizing the case as "cancelled." Under FIFRA, pesticide producers may voluntarily cancel their registered products. EPA also may cancel pesticide registrations if registrants fail to pay required fees or make/meet certain reregistration commitments, or if EPA reaches findings of unreasonable adverse effects.; Active ingredient (AI): phosalone; AI Status: The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered products. Thus, we characterize it as "cancelled."

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. /Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for PHOSALONE (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Phosalone

Severe marine pollutant

Refer immediately for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer immediately for medical attention.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Acetylcholinesterase activity in red blood cells = 70% of individual's baseline; Butylcholinesterase activity in serum or plasma = 60% of individual's baseline; Sample at end of shift; [TLVs and BEIs]

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, carbon dioxide or dry chemical. /Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, NOS/

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use "alcohol" foam, carbon dioxide or dry chemical. /Organophosphorus pestices, solid, NOS/

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Hydrolysis ... : Mix phosalone with excess lime and sand or other adsorbent ... . Sodium carbonate can be added to the mixture to help speed the reactions when lime is used as the main alkali. ... (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

A STUDY WAS CONDUCTED TO PROVIDE INFORMATION FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A WORKER REENTRY PERIOD. HEALTH SCIENTISTS RECOMMENDED 21 DAY REENTRY INTERVAL ON THE BASIS ON THIS STUDY.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Use water spray to knock-down vapors. /Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, NOS/

Personnel protection: Keep upwind. Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots and goggles. Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material. /Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, NOS/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for PHOSALONE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

If the compound has been ingested, rapid gastric lavage should be performed using 5% sodium bicarbonate. For skin contact, the skin should be washed with soap and water. If the compound has entered the eyes, they should be washed with large quantities of isotonic saline or water. In serious cases, atropine and/or pralidoxime should be administered. Anti-cholinergic drugs work to counteract the effects of excess acetylcholine and reactivate AChE. Atropine can be used as an antidote in conjunction with pralidoxime or other pyridinium oximes (such as trimedoxime or obidoxime), though the use of '-oximes' has been found to be of no benefit, or possibly harmful, in at least two meta-analyses. Atropine is a muscarinic antagonist, and thus blocks the action of acetylcholine peripherally.

Rats were given chlorpromazine (I) (0.02 mg/day, orally), zolone (II) (0.0386 mg/day, orally), or both drugs together for 5 wk. Histological and histochemical study of liver tissue showed both morphological and enzymological damage resulting from drug treatment. Combination treatment caused more damage than treatment with I or II alone. I appears to be a hepatotoxin, and the increased alteration of hepatocytes after combination treatment may be the result of a II-induced increase in metabolism of I, with rapid formation of hepatotoxic free radicals.

Acute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Accumulation of ACh at motor nerves causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression at the neuromuscular junction. When this occurs symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, fasciculation, and paralysis can be seen. When there is an accumulation of ACh at autonomic ganglia this causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression in the sympathetic system. Symptoms associated with this are hypertension, and hypoglycemia. Overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system, due to accumulation of ACh, results in anxiety, headache, convulsions, ataxia, depression of respiration and circulation, tremor, general weakness, and potentially coma. When there is expression of muscarinic overstimulation due to excess acetylcholine at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors symptoms of visual disturbances, tightness in chest, wheezing due to bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial secretions, increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, peristalsis, and urination can occur. Certain reproductive effects in fertility, growth, and development for males and females have been linked specifically to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Most of the research on reproductive effects has been conducted on farmers working with pesticides and insecticdes in rural areas. In females menstrual cycle disturbances, longer pregnancies, spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and some developmental effects in offspring have been linked to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Prenatal exposure has been linked to impaired fetal growth and development. Neurotoxic effects have also been linked to poisoning with OP pesticides causing four neurotoxic effects in humans: cholinergic syndrome, intermediate syndrome, organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP), and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (COPIND). These syndromes result after acute and chronic exposure to OP pesticides.

LD50 (Phasianus) pheasant oral 290 mg/kg

LC50 Coturnix japonica 4737 ppm (95% confidence interval 3530-6536 ppm)

LC50; Species: Cyprinus carpio (Common carp, fingerlings, length 4.5-5.5 cm, weight 1.1-1.4 g); Conditions: freshwater, static, with soil substrate; Concentration: 2110 ug/L for 24 hr (95% confidence interval: 1570-2830 ug/L)

LC50; Species: Cyprinus carpio (Common carp, fingerlings, length 4.5-5.5 cm, weight 1.1-1.4 g); Conditions: freshwater, static, without soil substrate; Concentration: 1580 ug/L for 24 hr (95% confidence interval: 1080-2320 ug/L)

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for PHOSALONE (26 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc range of 1,800(2) to 12,608(3), indicates that phosalone is expected to have slight to negligible mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of phosalone from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.9X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Phosalone is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 4.5X10-8 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(5). Slow mineralization (0.5-2.5% of 14-CO2 in 84 days) when incubated under anaerobic conditions in moist or flooded soil(6) indicates that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: IN SOIL, INITIAL STAGES WERE APPARENTLY SAME AS IN PLANTS. HOWEVER RED MATERIAL WAS OBSERVED & IDENTIFIED AS SUBSTITUTED PHENOXAZONE. DISULFIDE FORMED BY OXIDATION OF PHOSPHORODITHIOATE.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: If sprayed on plants, phosalone persists for about 14 hr, being converted into the corresponding phosphorothioate which is rapidly hyrolyzed(1). Another study showed that half-life of phosalone applied to apples, grapes and alfalfa was 2.5, 9.9-16.0, and 4.0 days, respectively(3). When (phenyl-14C) phosalone was uniformly incorporated into moist (75% field capacity) and flooded Matapeake loam and Monmouth fine sandy loam at 10 ppm and incubated at 22 °C, it was found that the field half-life in soil was 3-7 days with loss attributed to extensive binding and condensation(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: An analysis of soil extracts and volatilized material, indicate that volatilization was not a major loss mechanism (<0.1%). After 85 days in moist soil, 8.5% and 9.9% of phosalone was converted to CO2, 16.9 and 11.2% were extractable residues, and 74.9 and 79.3% were bound residues. For the flooded soils the values were 0.5 and 2.7%, 11.9 and 11.2%, and 87.6 and 88%, respectively. The bound fraction was primarily associated with the fulvic acids in soil. Approximately 8% of the extractable 14C remaining in the moist Matapeake soil after 85 days was phosalone(2). Based on the products identified in soil, a metabolic pathway was proposed in which phosalone undergoes extensive binding and condensation in soil, similar to many aniline-based herbicides. Metabolism proceeds by oxidation of the phosalone to the oxon, cleavage of the O,O-diethyl methyl phosphorodithioate linkage to form 6-chloro-2-benzoxalinone, and opening of the heterocyclic ring followed by condensation to form 2-amino-7-chloro-3H-phenoxazin-3-one(1), the same dimer formed from 4-chloroaniline in soil(3).

For more Environmental Fate (Complete) data for PHOSALONE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

In FDA's pesticide monitoring of foods for 1978-1982, phosalone residues were found in 10 of the 1044 composite samples analyzed(1). In FDA's pesticide monitoring program for 1983-1986, 63 of the 3744 samples analyzed contained phosalone(2). For 1985-1991, FDA analyzed pesticide residues in foods eaten by infants and children(3). The protocol mandated using whole, unwashed, and unpeeled fruit. For domestic produce, phosalone residues were found in 36 of 2464 samples of apples and 6 of 571 samples of pears. The maximum residues were 3.1 ppm in apples and 0.93 ppm in pears. For imported foods, phosalone was found in 25 of 735 samples of apples and 4 of 816 samples of pears. The maximum residues were 0.45 ppm in apples and 0.10 ppm in pears.

In FDA's Total Diet Study of 27 market baskets of infant foods and adult foods eated by infants and children for 1985-91, phosalone residues were found in the following food items (number of findings, maximum residue in ppm): Oatmeal with apples and bananas (2,0.005); Dutch apple/apple betty (3,0.043); fruit dessert with tapioca (2,0.003); custard pudding (1,0.008); apple sauce (11,0.026); peaches (8,0.18); pears/pears and pineapple (15,0.085); raw apples (3,0.110); and applesauce (3,0.004)(1). From 1982 to 1986, the FDA Los Angeles District laboratory found phosalone in 3 out of 6391 samples of domestic and 7 out of 12,044 samples of imported food and feed; all residues were found on grapes(3). One residue was between 1 and 2 ppm, while the others were <0.5 ppm(3). In a 1980-84 fruit monitoring program in Ontario, Canada, phosalone was found in 10 of 26 composite samples of sweet cherries at a mean concentration of 0.25 ppm(2).

Phosalone was not found on 354 Ontario-grown vegetable composites analyzed between 1980 and 1985(2). Phosalone was not one of the most commonly found pesticides according to FDA's 1990 Total Diet Study (i.e., fewer than 9 of the 936 samples contained phosalone)(1). Phosalone was not found on any of the 6970 produce samples tested in San Antonio from 1989-1991 above the 2 ppm detection limit(3). Phosalone residues were only detected in the fruit category in FDA's Total Diet studies(1-2). In the FY 1981/1982 Adult Total Diet Study, the mean concn of phosalone in the fruit category was 0.0074 ppm, with 4 positive composites containing 0.017-0.087 ppm phosalone(5). The mean concn in the fruits and fruit juices category in the analogous infant and toodler study was 0.0035 ppm(4).

Results of a 1993-1994 U.S. Food and Drug Administration study of 769 domestic and 1.062 imported fresh apples and 598 domestic and 612 imported processed rice samples resulted in phosalone detections of 1% (max 0.23 ppm) and 9% (max 3.2 ppm) in the domestic and imported apple samples, respectively(1). It was not detected in the rice samples(1). Results of a 1992-1993 U.S. Food and Drug Administration study of 710 domestic and 949 imported fresh pear and 1,219 domestic and 144 imported tomato samples resulted in phosalone detections of <1% (max 0.58 ppm) not detected in the domestic and imported pear samples(2). It was not detected in the tomato samples(2). A U.S. Market Basket Survey conducted from 1982-1991 that analyzed 234 processed food items containing 5,000 food types resulted in phosalone detections of 107 times found in 18 foods with an ave concn of 0.0252 ug/g(3). Individual results in this study were: apple products were detected 6 times at an ave concn of 0.0678 ug/g; baby food (Dutch apple or Apple Betty), detected 4 times at a concentration of 0.0438 ug/g; baby food, oatmeal, applesauce or banana, detected 2 times, ave concn 0.0035 ug/g; baby food, peaches, detected 10 times, ave concn 0.050 ug/g; baby food, pears or pears with pineapple, detected 10 times, ave concn 0.0326 ug/g; cereal, raisin bran, detected 3 times, ave concn 0.0283 ug/g; cherries, sweet, raw, detected 2 times, ave concn 0.0125 ug/g; grapes, purple or green, detected one, ave concn 0.0920 ug/g; peaches, raw, detected 2 times, ave concn 0.0410 ug/g; plums, purple, raw, detected once, ave concn 0.0080 ug/g; prunes, dried, detected 19 times, ave concn 0.0111 ug/g; raisins, dried, detected 4 times, ave concn 0.0420 ug/g(3). Phosalone residues on fruits and vegetables samples over a five-year period from 1991-1995 (1,536 vegetable and 802 fruits samples) were noted in 104 samples (a total of 4.4% of all samples) with one violation; concentration in ug/g, no of samples: <0.01, 5; <0.05, 12; <0.1, 14; <0.5, 38; <1, 17; <5, 17; <10, 1; >/=10, 0(4). 3 of 72 and 3 of 96 apple samples in 1995 and 1996, respectively, and 1 of 15 peach samples in 1996, tested positive for phosalone as part of the Danish National Pesticide Monitoring program of 4,182 samples collected from January 1995 through December 1996(5). Residues in 18 of 69 Spanish honey samples collected in 1988, 1989 and 1990 ranged from 3-37 ug/kg, mean of 10.3 ug/kg(6).

Phosalone was detected, not quantified in a survey of imported foods conducted in the US in 2003(1). The compound was not detected in canned and fresh peaches from Skydra, Greece collected in August 2000, detection limit of 20 ug/kg(2). Phosalone residues on fresh prunes, after washing for 5 minutes, after washing for 25 minutes, after drying, after drying and rehydration, and after a combination of 5 minutes washing, drying and rehydration were 0.21, 0.07, 0.08, 0.62, 0.49, and 0.24 mg/kg, respectively(3).

Phosalone is a cholinesterase or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. A cholinesterase inhibitor (or 'anticholinesterase') suppresses the action of acetylcholinesterase. Because of its essential function, chemicals that interfere with the action of acetylcholinesterase are potent neurotoxins, causing excessive salivation and eye-watering in low doses, followed by muscle spasms and ultimately death. Nerve gases and many substances used in insecticides have been shown to act by binding a serine in the active site of acetylcholine esterase, inhibiting the enzyme completely. Acetylcholine esterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released at nerve and muscle junctions, in order to allow the muscle or organ to relax. The result of acetylcholine esterase inhibition is that acetylcholine builds up and continues to act so that any nerve impulses are continually transmitted and muscle contractions do not stop. Among the most common acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are phosphorus-based compounds, which are designed to bind to the active site of the enzyme. The structural requirements are a phosphorus atom bearing two lipophilic groups, a leaving group (such as a halide or thiocyanate), and a terminal oxygen.

Acute US exposure assessment of phosalone has been reprted as 0.000049 mg/kg/day; chronic exposue has been reported as 0.000001 mg/kg/day(1).

The Average Daily Intake of phosalone from diet estimated from the FDA 1990 Total Diet Study is <0.0001 ug/kg body weight-day for both infants and adults(1). The daily intakes of phosalone for various groups, according to FDAs 1982-1984 survey are (group, intake in ug/kg body wt-day): 6-11 month old, 0.0746; 2 yr old, 0.0193; 14-16 yr male, 0.0040; 60-65 yr female, 0.0066(2). The intake of phosalone from the FY1981/82 FDA's Adult Total Diet Study, in which the typical 14-day diet of a 16-19 yr male is collected throughout the US from market basket composite samples in 12 food groups, was 1.68 ug/day(3). An analagous study for infants and toddlers determined the daily intake of phosalone to be 0.017 and 0.044 ug/kg body wt/day for infants and toddlers, respectively(4). Phosalone level in the Italian diet from 1990-1991 was at less than 2% of the acceptable daily intake(5).

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The level of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in brain regions of /the tropical fish/ Oreochromis mossambicus at different intervals showed the extent of phosalone toxicity. Significant inhibition of AChE at the end of 96 hr in the brain regions was observed. In contrast to AChE inhibition, the monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity showed significant increase in the regions of cerebral hemispheres, dien/mesencephalon, cerebellum and medulla oblongata. The increase of MAO activity in the brain regions under phosalone toxicity is considered to be one of the mechanisms to maintain the amines level in O. mossambicus.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Effect of multiple sublethal concentrations of phosalone on whole animal and kidney oxygen consumption, hematological indices and serum enzymes of freshwater fish, Oreochromis mossambicus, were carried out over a 90 day exposure period. Significant changes were observed which have been indicating that the presence of hypoxic condition in the biosystem, gradual increase in the rate of synthesis of hemoglobin and disruption of liver function during the toxicity of phosalone.

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ /Phosalone is one of the/ Group II: moderately toxic pesticides (LD50 2.0 to 10-99 ug/bee): These can be used in the vicinity of bees if dosage, timing, the method of application are correct, but should not be applied directly on bees in the field or at colonies.

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ An acute dose of phosalone, an organophosphate pesticide, widely used in crop fields, injected to Rana tigrina, intraperitoneally, inhibited the different inorganic ion linked ATPase enzymes of the central nervous system (CNS). Six discrete CNS compartments, namely telencephalon, mid-brain, rhombencephalon, cervical spinal cord, thoracic spinal cord and lumbar spinal cord showed markedly diminished ATPase activity. ATPases inhibition affected the neuronal activity and muscular coordination leading to moribund or comatose phase in the poisoned frogs. The specific inhibition of Mg(2+)-ATPase suggests the uncoupling action of the compound in the neuronal tissue. Increased oxygen uptake in the brain regions of phosalone-treated frogs also supports the above uncoupling action.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for PHOSALONE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The concn of phosalone on cotton leaves applied at 1,050 g/ha and 2,100 g/ha was 70.6 and 137 ppm after application, 43.9 and 75.0 ppm 6 days after application, and 11.3 and 13.5 ppm 14 days after application, respectively(1). Cotton seed harvested 14 days after one application with 1,050 and 2,100 g/ha contained 0.05 and 0.04 ppm phosalone respectively(1). The concentration of dislodgeable phosalone residues on grape foliage in two fields that had been treated with phosalone at the time the grapes were being harvested was 4.78 (Standard Deviation = 3.53) ppm and 10.87 (Standard Deviation = 7.07)(2). The mean concentration of phosalone-oxon from these fields were 0.83 and 1.39 ppm. The mean (range) concn of phosalone in dislodgeable residues on grape leaves from 8 commercial vineyards near Stockton, CA was 5,456 (4,340-12,700) ng/sq cm-day after application and declined to 1,812 (495-2,220) ng/sq cm-35 days after application(3).

Tolerances are established for residues of the insecticide phosalone (S-(6-chloro-3-(mercaptomethyl)-2-benzoxazolinone) O,O,-diethyl phosphorodithioate) in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: [Table#4765]

... The Agency has completed its assessment of risk from dietary exposure to phosalone alone in order to determine whether any risk reduction measures are necessary to allow the continued importation of almonds, apples, apricots, cherries, grapes, peaches, pears, and plums containing this chemical, pending completion of the cumulative assessment. As a result of its assessment, EPA has determined that dietary risk from exposure to phosalone does not exceed the Agency's level of concern. Therefore, no mitigation is necessary and no further actions are warranted at this time.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Phosalone is found on List A, which contains most food use pesticides and consists of the 194 chemical cases (or 350 individual active ingredients) for which EPA issued registration standards prior to FIFRA '88. Case No: 0027; Pesticide type: insecticide (acaricide); Registration Standard Date: 11/30/87; Case Status: No products containing the pesticide are actively registered. Therefore, we are characterizing the case as "cancelled." Under FIFRA, pesticide producers may voluntarily cancel their registered products. EPA also may cancel pesticide registrations if registrants fail to pay required fees or make/meet certain reregistration commitments, or if EPA reaches findings of unreasonable adverse effects.; Active ingredient (AI): phosalone; AI Status: The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered products. Thus, we characterize it as "cancelled."

OPs /including phosalone/ exert their neurotoxicity by binding to and phosphorylating the enzyme acetylcholinesterase in both the central (brain) and peripheral nervous systems. There are laboratory animal data on OPs for cholinesterase activity in plasma, red blood cell (RBC) and brain, as well as behavioral or functional neurological effects in submitted guideline studies. Measures of acetylcholinesterase inhibition in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are very limited for the OP pesticides. As a matter of /EPA/ science policy, blood cholinesterase data (plasma and RBC) are considered appropriate surrogate measures of potential effects on PNS acetylcholinesterase activity and of potential effects on the central nervous system (CNS) when brain cholinesterase data are lacking.

Phosalone-oxon, which was formed in treated plants, degraded more rapidly than phosalone. In plants they were attacked hydrolytically @ p-s-c link.

Metabolism of organophosphates occurs principally by oxidation, by hydrolysis via esterases and by reaction with glutathione. Demethylation and glucuronidation may also occur. Oxidation of organophosphorus pesticides may result in moderately toxic products. In general, phosphorothioates are not directly toxic but require oxidative metabolism to the proximal toxin. The glutathione transferase reactions produce products that are, in most cases, of low toxicity. Paraoxonase (PON1) is a key enzyme in the metabolism of organophosphates. PON1 can inactivate some organophosphates through hydrolysis. PON1 hydrolyzes the active metabolites in several organophosphates insecticides as well as, nerve agents such as soman, sarin, and VX. The presence of PON1 polymorphisms causes there to be different enzyme levels and catalytic efficiency of this esterase, which in turn suggests that different individuals may be more susceptible to the toxic effect of organophosphate exposure.

Drugs that inhibit cholinesterases. The neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE is rapidly hydrolyzed, and thereby inactivated, by cholinesterases. When cholinesterases are inhibited, the action of endogenously released acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses is potentiated. Cholinesterase inhibitors are widely used clinically for their potentiation of cholinergic inputs to the gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder, the eye, and skeletal muscles; they are also used for their effects on the heart and the central nervous system.

Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics.

Used as insecticide and acaricide for fruits, vegetables, ornamentals, and other crops; Still used in many countries; [HSDB] Import tolerances for almonds, grapes, apples, and other fruits grown in countries with active registrations; [Reference #1]

Cancelled--no longer registered as a pesticide for use in the US; [HSDB] Banned in the EU for use as pesticide for plant protection; [eChemPortal: ESIS]

Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]

For phosalone (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 97701) there are 0 label matches. /SRP: Not registered for current use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered pesticide products ... "cancelled."

An insecticide/acaricide, phosalone is used to control various insect species in/on almonds, apples, apricots, cherries, grapes, peaches, pears, and plums in Algeria, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Hungary, Iraq, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Morocco, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovak Republic, Spain, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tunisia, Turkey, and Ukraine. It is not registered under FIFRA and may not be sold, distributed, or used in the U.S. Nine import tolerances are established for residues of phosaone in/on imported almonds, apples, apricots, cherries, grapes, peaches, pears, and plums. It is estimated that less than 1.5% of the apples (fresh and dried), 0.1% of pears, 0.05% of peaches, and 0.2% of plums available in the U.S. are imported from countries with phosalone registrations. Total imports treated with phosalone is approximately 13.0 %; 6.0 % of which is from apple juice.

The analysis of technical organophosphorus insecticides by (31)P nuclear magnetic resonance showed the major known toxic contaminants to be simple trialkyl phosphorothio- and -dithioic acid esters and the S-alkyl insecticide isomers. Small amt of the bis derivatives & the dithiopyrophosphate were also detected. These contaminants included both byproducts from the synthesis as well as degradation products. This procedure was used to analyze the following technical grade products: ronnel, sulfotepp, methyl parathion, dimethoate, malathion, methidathion, ethion, phosalone, & fenitrothion. /Organophosphorous insecticides/

(1975) 3.98X10+8 G (PRINCPL CUSTMS DISTS)

(1977) 2.78X10+8 G (PRINCPL CUSTMS DISTS)

(1975) 2.72X10+8 G (CONSUMPTION)

(1978) 9.08X10+7 G (CONSUMPTION)

Phosalone is produced by treating O,O-diethyldithiophosphoric acid with N-chloromethyl-5-chlorobenzoxazolone.

REACTION OF 6-CHLORO-3-(CHLOROMETHYL)BENZOXAZOLONE WITH METAL SALT OF PHOSPHORODITHIOIC ACID

Produced by the condensation of sodium O,O-diethyl phosphorodithioate with 6-chloro-3-chloromethyl-3H-benzoxazol-2-one, the latter being obtained by the interaction of urea with 2-aminophenol to give 3H-benzoxazol-2-one which is chlorinated to give the 6-chloro analog ... .

...Include: Emulsifiable concentrate in UK `Zolone' (330 g/L) and in Australia (300 g/L). Various formulations known as `Zolone DT' for use in cotton contain phosalone plus DDT.

Flowable

'Zolone Liquid', 'Rubitox' (in Japan), emulsifiable concentrate (300-350 g ai/l); wettable powder (300 g/kg); dustable powder (25 or 40 g/kg). Mixtures include: (phosalone + parathion-methyl).

Phosalone is available in formulations of 30, 33, and 35% emulsifiable concentrate; 30% wettable powder; and 2.5 and 4% dusts.

Acaricides, Insecticides

INSECTICIDES

The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard identifies Phosalone (technical grade) as Class II: moderately hazardous; Main Use: insecticide.

Phosalone has no U.S. registrations and nine import tolerances, on almond (hulls), almonds, apples, apricots, cherries, grapes, peaches, pears, and plums (fresh prunes). Phosalone treated crops do not pose risk concerns, and no risk mitigation is necessary at this time.

/Outside the U.S./ Phosalone is used to control mites, apple rust mite, broad mite, brown almond mite, brown mite, spruce spider mite, citrus red mite, European red mite, Pacific spider mite, two-spotted spider mite, thrips, citrus thrips, Colorado potato beetle, plum curculio, pecan weevil, chrysanthemum leafminer, cherry fruit fly, walnut husk fly, apple maggot, whiteflies, aphids, citrus aphids, pecan aphids, buckthorn aphid, apple aphid, green apple aphid, leafcurl plum aphid, thistle aphid, black peach aphid, walnut aphid, rosy apple aphid, wooly apple aphid, potato aphid, rose, aphid, filbert aphid, black cherry aphid, green peach aphid, hop aphid, black pecan aphid, pecan spittlebug, leafhoppers, potato leafhopper, grape, leafhopper, variegated leafhopper, pecan phylloxera, grape phylloxera, pear psylla, European apple sawfly, peach twig borer, potato tuberworm, green fruitworm, orangedog, plume moths, pecan nut casebearer, mineola moth, European corn borer, fruittree leafroller, redbanded leafroller, obliquebanded leafroller, omnivorous leafroller, European leafroller, filbert leafroller, oriental fruit moth, hickory shuckworm, codling moth, filbert worm, grape berry moth, eyespotted bud moth.

Phosalone is applied as broadcast foliar applications using ground or aerial equipment. The maximum use rate per season on labels ranges from 1.6 lb ai/acre/season to 4.0 lb ai/acre/season, however, labels for non-EU countries (Turkey, Czech Republic, and Slovak Republic) do not specify the maximum number of applications allowed. Actual use practices typically result in significantly longer (<35 days) preharvest intervals, no more than 2- 3 applications per year at timings determined by pest pressure and official recommendations.

For more General Manufacturing Information (Complete) data for PHOSALONE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.