과염소산칼륨

Other Classes -> Perchlorates

Reactive agents - 1st degree

2.53 g/cu cm

2.5 g/cm³

2.52 @25 °C

COLORLESS CRYSTALS OR WHITE, CRYSTALLINE POWDER

Colorless orthorhombic crystals

SOL IN 65 PARTS COLD WATER, 15 PARTS BOILING WATER; PRACTICALLY INSOL IN ALCOHOL

In water, 15 g/l at 25 °C.

INSOL IN ETHER

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 1.8

FDA approved drugs -> Active ingredient

FDA approved drugs -> Active ingredient

When heated to decompositon it emits very toxic fumes of K20 and /hydrogen chloride/.

PRESENCE OF 25% OF ORGANOMETALLIC SALT CONSIDERABLY INCR THE RATE OF THERMAL DECOMP OF CHLORATE, INVOLVING HYDROGEN CYANIDE ARISING FROM THE THIOCYANATO GROUPS.

400 °C

Decomposes at 400 °C

525 °C

Potassium perchlorate appears as a white crystalline solid. Forms explosive mixtures with certain combustible materials. Difficult to burn, but will accelerate burning of combustible materials. Prolonged exposure to fire or heat may result in an explosion. Used in explosives, pyrotechnics, photography.

Large Crystals; CBI; Dry Powder

Colorless crystals or white crystalline solid that absorbs moisture from the air; [CHEMINFO]

COLOURLESS CRYSTALS OR WHITE CRYSTALLINE POWDER.

Danger

H271: May cause fire or explosion; strong Oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing liquids; Oxidizing solids]

P210, P220, P264, P270, P280, P283, P301+P317, P306+P360, P330, P370+P378, P371+P380+P375, P420, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Danger

H271 (100%): May cause fire or explosion; strong Oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing liquids; Oxidizing solids]

P210, P220, P260, P264, P270, P280, P283, P301+P317, P306+P360, P319, P330, P370+P378, P371+P380+P375, P420, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Chemical: Perchloric acid, potassium salt

Perchloric acid, potassium salt (1:1) is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Perchloric acid, potassium salt (1:1) are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Active Update: 30-03-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/23770

Perchloric acid, potassium salt: HSNO Approval: HSR000984 Approved with controls

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:

CAUTION: Ammonium nitrate products may explode if involved in fire or contaminated with hydrocarbons (fuels), organic matter, other contaminants or when hot molten and contained. Treat as an explosive (GUIDE 112).

Not combustible but enhances combustion of other substances. Many reactions may cause fire or explosion. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

PRESENCE OF ALUMINUM FLUORIDE INCR THE EASE OF IGNITION OF ALUMINUM-PERCHLORATE MIXTURES, OWING TO COMPLEX FLUORIDE FORMATION.

...AVOID CHANCE SOURCES OF IGNITION FROM ANY CAUSE INCLUDING STATIC ELECTRICITY OR FRICTION...SPARK WHICH HAS INSUFFICIENT ENERGY TO IGNITE FLAMMABLE SUBSTANCE IN NORMAL CIRCUMSTANCES MAY.../IGNITE MIXT OF COMBUSTIBLE...& OXIDIZING SUBSTANCE/. /OXIDIZING SUBSTANCES/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:

· Inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death.

Concentrated solutions are probably not irritating to the skin; May induce methemoglobinemia after ingestion; A strong oxidizer that is explosive when mixed with combustible materials releasing toxic gases including chlorine and hydrogen chloride; [CHEMINFO] Decomposes on heating to produce chlorine and chloroxides; [ICSC] See PERCHLORATES.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:

General First Aid:

OXIDIZING SUBSTANCES SHOULD...NOT BE STORED ALONGSIDE COMBUSTIBLE SUBSTANCES SUCH AS ORGANIC MATERIALS & METAL POWDERS &...SHOULD NOT BE KEPT NEAR REDUCING AGENTS.../THEY SHOULD BE SEGREGATED/ FROM ALL OTHER MATERIALS IN SUITABLE CONTAINERS IN FIRE-RESISTING STORE WHERE THEY CANNOT ACCIDENTALLY COME IN CONTACT WITH WATER. /OXIDIZING SUBSTANCES/

COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE POTASSIUM PERCHLORATE CAPSULES SHOULD BE PROTECTED FROM LIGHT, HUMIDITY, & HEAT & HAVE AN EXPIRATION DATE OF 6 MONTHS FOLLOWING DATE OF MANUFACTURE.

IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT ANY FORMULATION CONTAINING POTASSIUM PERCHLORATE BE KEPT AT ROOM TEMP SINCE PRECIPITATION OF THE ACTIVE INGREDIENT MAY OCCUR IF REFRIGERATED.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into sealable containers. Wash away remainder with plenty of water. Do NOT absorb in saw-dust or other combustible absorbents.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

VENTILATION CONTROL: WHERE THERE IS DANGER OF HARMFUL SUBSTANCES BEING RELEASED INTO ATMOSPHERE, HAZARD AREA SHOULD BE FITTED WITH EXHAUST VENTILATION. /OXIDIZING SUBSTANCES/

...MOST RADICAL SAFETY & HEALTH MEASURE IS TO RATIONALIZE PROCESSES IN WHICH OXIDIZING SUBSTANCES ARE (EMPLOYED. REPLACEMENT OF BATCH BY CONTINUOUS PROCESSES, MECHANIZATION, AUTOMATION & REMOTE CONTROL, SUBSTITUTION OF SAFER MATERIALS & PROCESSES, ENCLOSURE OF CONVEYING SYSTEMS & PROCESS PLANT; THIS MINIMIZES DEGREE OF RISK... /OXIDIZING SUBSTANCES/

IN GENERAL, MOST RADICAL SAFETY & HEALTH MEASURE IS TO RATIONALIZE PROCESSES IN WHICH OXIDIZING SUBSTANCES ARE EMPLOYED (...ENCLOSURE OF CONVEYING SYSTEMS & PROCESS PLANT); THIS MINIMIZES DEGREE OF RISK... /OXIDIZING SUBSTANCES/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for POTASSIUM PERCHLORATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

In case of oral exposure, immediately dilute with 4 to 8 ounces (120 to 240 mol) of water or milk. Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in Trendelenburg and left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first. Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gas or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed. Following inhalation, Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled beta2 agonist and oral or parenteral corticosteroids. In case of acute lung injury, maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gas or pulse oximetry monitoring. Following eye exposure, irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature water for at least 15 minutes. Following dermal exposure, remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists. Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines. (T36)

/POTASSIUM/ PERCHLORATE MAY INTERFERE WITH IODIDE UPTAKE BY THYROID FOR 3 DAYS OR MORE.

IM ADMIN OF POTASSIUM PERCHLORATE 11.5 MG/G TO QUAIL PRETREATED WITH (131)I 1-6 HR PREVIOUSLY GAVE A DISCHARGE OF THE LABELED OVARIAN IODIDE.

Adverse effects on a wide variety of organ systems can result from disruption in the availability of T3 to target tissues. Organ systems affected by disturbances in T3 levels include the skin, cardiovascular system, pulmonary system, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, liver, blood, neuromuscular system, central nervous system, skeleton, male and female reproductive systems, and numerous endocrine organs, including the pituitary and adrenal glands. Such an array of secondary potential targets underscores the need to maintain an adequate level of circulating thyroid hormones. Perchlorate, an environmental contaminant, is known to disturb the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis by blocking iodide accumulation in the thyroid. Iodide deficiency can lead to hypothyroidism and goiter (L894, A267).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.

Inhalation (L894) ; oral (L894) ; dermal (L894) ; eye contact (L894).

The primary and most sensitive target of the perchlorate anion (perchlorate) is the thyroid gland. Perchlorate inhibits the transport of iodide (I-) from the blood into the thyroid follicle cells. The inhibition is thought to be accomplished by perchlorate competitively blocking iodide binding to a carrier, or sodium/iodide symporter (NIS), which catalyzes the simultaneous transfer of Na+ and I-across the basolateral membrane of thyroid follicle cells. Perchlorate inhibition of the NIS can limit the availability of iodide needed for the production of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which in turn, may affect the circulating levels of T4 and T3. All known effects of perchlorate on the thyroid hormone system derive directly or secondarily from the inhibition of the NIS. T3 is essential for normal development of the nervous system and for the regulation of metabolism of cells in nearly all tissues of the body. Disruption in the availability of T3 in target tissues can result in adverse effects on a wide variety of organs and systems (L894).

Cough. Sore throat.

Redness.

Redness. Pain.

Irritating to skin, eyes, and respiratory system, depending on the route of exposure. Esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation could occur following exposures (L894).

THERE HAVE BEEN NO SIDE EFFECTS REPORTED AFTER SINGLE-DOSE ADMIN OF POTASSIUM PERCHLORATE AS ADJUNCT TO SODIUM PERTECHNETATE TC 99M.

IN HIGHER DOSES AS ANTITHYROID AGENT, POTASSIUM PERCHLORATE HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH GASTRIC IRRITATION, NAUSEA, VOMITING, FEVER, SKIN RASHES, LYMPHADENOPATHY, NEPHROTIC SYNDROME & RARELY, LEUKOPENIA, AGRANULOCYTOSIS, PANCYTOPENIA & FATAL APLASTIC ANEMIA.

SKIN, EYE & RESPIRATORY IRRITANT.

For basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . /Chlorates and related compounds/

For advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious. Start an IV with D5W TKO. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Chlorates and related compounds/

0.0007

IRIS Current

(CA) CALIFORNIA 6 ug/L /Perchlorate ion/

(MA) MASSACHUSETTS 2 ug/L /Perchlorate ion/

Potassium perchlorate

A Commercial Grade

400

Explosive/Improvised Explosive Device Precursor material that, if stolen or diverted, can be converted into weapons using simple chemistry, equipment, or techniques.

(CA) CALIFORNIA 6 ug/L /Perchlorate ion/

(ME) MAINE 1 ug/L /Perchlorate ion/

H - Systemic hormonal preparations, excl. sex hormones and insulins

QH - Systemic hormonal preparations, excl. sex hormones and insulin

Potassium perchlorate inhibits thyroid iodide transport. The clinical use of potassium perchlorate in hyperthyroidism, such as Graves' disease and amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism, have been investigated in various studies. Thyroid dysfunction occurs in about 15-20% of the patients receiving long-term amiodarone therapy. In patients with amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism, short-term administration of potassium perchlorate resulted in restoration of euthyroidism in most patients. Euthyroidism promoted by potassium perchlorate does not persist unless amiodarone treatment is withdrawn.

Thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3) are major thyroid hormones, or iodothyronines, that are synthesized and released from the thyroid. Iodine plays an essential role in the synthesis of these hormones. Via the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS), which is a protein located on the basolateral membrane of the thyroid follicular cell, iodine is transported from the blood into the thyroid gland where it is oxidized to. Perchlorate (ClO4−) is the dissociated anion of potassium perchlorate that exerts an inhibitory effect on iodide uptake by the thyroid gland in the cellular level. Due to its similarity in ionic size and charge to iodide, perchlorate inhibits the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) without being translocated into the thyroid follicular cell. The inhibition constant, Ki, is estimated as 0.4 µmol to 24 µmol. At therapeutic dosage levels this competitive inhibition decreases the entrance of iodide into the thyroid, resulting in less available iodide for hormone synthesis and, therefore, a decrease in T3 and T4 synthesis. When ambient iodine intake is low or iodide uptake is sufficiently inhibited, perchlorate is capable in inducing goiter and hypothyroidism from inhibited iodide uptake. At high doses of potassium perchlorate, reduced T3 and T4 levels may be accompanied by increased TSH levels via a negative feedback loop, affecting the thyroid, pituitary and hypothalamus.

POTASSIUM PERCHLORATE ADMIN ONCE A WK FOR 8 WK TO FRESHWATER CATFISH, HETEROPNEUSTES FOSSILIS, SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED THYROIDAL ACTIVITY & ELEVATED TSH LEVEL OF PITUITARY GLAND. GONADOTROPIC POTENCY OF PITUITARY GLAND, & OVARIAN ACTIVITY, WERE EFFECTIVELY LOWERED AFTER TREATMENT.

Perchlorate has a half-life in humans of approximately 6 to 8 hours.

PERCHLORATE IONS... ABOUT 1/2 OF ORAL DOSE ELIMINATED IN 5 HR & REMAINDER EXCRETED WITHIN 48-72 HR.

Perchlorate ions are not reported to undergo metabolism.

PERCHLORATE IONS ARE NOT METABOLIZED...

There is no evidence that potasssium perchlorate is metabolized in the body. It is rapidly eliminated from the body through the urinary tract (L894).

Perchlorate is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract after ingestion. The time to reach peak plasma levels of perchlorate is approximately 3 hours following oral administration. As potassium perchlorate is an organic compound with complete ionization in water, dermal absorption through intact skin is unlikely.

Perchlorate is mainly excreted unchanged in the urine with the recovery rate of approximately 95% within 72 hours. It is reported that half of the total perchlorate ions administered orally are excreted during the first 5 hours post-dosing while the rest of the dose is excreted within 48 to 72 hours.

No pharmacokinetic data on the volume of distribution. Perchlorate is likely to sequester into the thyroid gland, gastrointestinal tract, and possibly the skin.

No pharmacokinetic data on clearance rate. Systemic clearance is biphasic with a slow terminal phase.

POTASSIUM PERCHLORATE IS ABSORBED FROM GI TRACT. PERCHLORATE IONS... /CONCENTRATE/ IN THYROID, CHOROID PLEXUS, SALIVARY GLANDS & GASTRIC MUCOSA. PEAK PLASMA LEVELS OF PERCHLORATE ARE REPORTED TO OCCUR ABOUT 3 HR AFTER ORAL ADMIN.

PERCHLORATE IONS ARE...EXCRETED UNCHANGED IN URINE.

Used in explosives, fireworks, rocket propellants, life-support systems for generating oxygen, and photography; Used as an oxidizing agent and laboratory reagent; [CHEMINFO] Used to make airbags for automobiles; [Luttrell, p. 132]

Photographic Processing [Category: Other]

IN EXPLOSIVES, PYROTECHNICS & PHOTOGRAPHY; IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Explosives, oxidizing agent, photography, pyrotechnics and flares, reagents, oxidizer in solid rocket propellants.

INFLATING AGENT IN AUTOMOBILE SAFETY AIR BAGS

MEDICATION

CAPSULES, 200 MG; POWDER; EACH 200 MG CAPSULE OF POTASSIUM PERCHLORATE CONTAINS ABOUT 1.5 MILLIEQUIVALENTS OF POTASSIUM.

GRADES: TECHNICAL; REAGENT; ORDNANCE.

All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing

Perchloric acid, potassium salt (1:1): ACTIVE

GREEN SPARKLERS CONTAIN BARIUM NITRATE, POTASSIUM PERCHLORATE, PLUS WHEAT PASTES, GUM, DEXTRIN & ALUMINUM POWDER. RED SPARKLERS CONTAIN STRONTIUM CARBONATE & NITRATE, POTASSIUM PERCHLORATE, PLUS GUMS, WHEAT PASTES, DEXTRIN & ALUMINUM POWDER.

FOLLOWING ADMIN OF POTASSIUM PERCHLORATE PRIOR TO SODIUM PERTECHNETATE TC 99M IN BRAIN IMAGING PROCEDURES, PERCHLORATE ION REDUCES LOCALIZATION OF PERTECHNETATE IN CHOROID PLEXUS & APPEARANCE OF UNWANTED IMAGE OF CHOROID PLEXUS ON BRAIN IMAGE.

...USED PRIMARILY AS ADJUNCT TO SODIUM PERTECHNETATE TC 99M TO MINIMIZE UPTAKE OF PERTECHNETATE IN CHOROID PLEXUS & SALIVARY GLANDS THEREBY ENHANCING VISUALIZATION OF INTRACRANIAL LESIONS & FACILITATING INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS OF BRAIN IMAGING PROCEDURES.

...USED IN CONJUCTION WITH SODIUM IODIDE (131)I IN PERCHLORATE DISCHARGE TEST TO MEASURE ABILITY OF THYROID TO BIND INORGANIC IODIDE TO TYROSINE.