소다의 염산

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:

Use water in large amounts. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer immediately for medical attention.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.

INGESTION: induce vomiting and follow with gastric lavage, saline cathartics, fluid therapy, and oxygen.

EYES OR SKIN: Flush with running water for at least 15 min.; hold eyelids open if neccessary. Wash skin with soap and water.

General First Aid:

General First Aid:

Heat above 300 degrees C produces oxygen which can increase the intensity of fire and may ignite other combustible materials.Poisonous gases are produced in fire.

Behavior in fire: Melts, then decomposes to give oxygen gas that increases the intensity of fire.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

Sodium chlorate may burn, but does not readily ignite. Heat above 300 degrees C produces oxygen which can increase the intensity of fire and may ignite other combustible materials. Flood areas with water unless that is incompatible with other materials in the fire area. ... If materials or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local healty and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position.

Fire extinguishing agents not to be used: fire blankets.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Flood with water. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. /Sodium chlorate; Sodium chlorate, aqueous solution/

Evacuation: If fire becomes uncontrollable-consider evacuation of one-half (1/2) mile radius.

For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for SODIUM CHLORATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Store in cool, dry, fire resistant area, separate from ... solvents, oils, organic substances ,,, sulfides, powdered metals... . Do n ot contaminate food or feedstuffs by storage.

Keep out of contact with organic matter or other oxidizable substances.

Keep away from fire and flammable materials.

When not in use, keep tightly closed in original metal container. ... Store ... separately from ... strong acids.

For more Storage Conditions (Complete) data for SODIUM CHLORATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area of spill or leak after clean-up is complete. Keep sodium chlorate out of a confined space, such as a sewer, because of the possiblity of an explosion, unless the sewer is designed to prevent the build-up of explosive concentrations. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Contact your Department of Environmental Protection or your regional office of the federal EPA for specific recommendations. If employees are required to clean-up spills, they must be properly trained and equipped.

Sweep up spills immediately into metal containers.

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ /Sodium chlorate (Environmentally hazardous substances, liquid, NOS)/

Environmental considerations: Air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. /Sodium chlorate (Environmentally hazardous substances, liquid, NOS)/

Do not apply directly to water, or to areas where surface water is present, or to inter-tidal areas below the mean high water mark. Do not contaminate water when cleaning equipment or disposing of equipment washwater or rinsate.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

... Must be disposed properly by following package label directions or by contacting your state pesticide or environmental control agency or by contacting your regional EPA office.

Sodium chlorate should not be disposed of into waterways as fish and plant life may be affected.

Do not discharge effluent containing this product into lakes, streams, ponds, estuaries, oceans, or other waters unless in accordance with the requirements of a National Pollutant Discharge Eliminations System (NPDES) permit and the permitting authority has been notified in writing prior to discharge. Do not discharge effluent containing this product to sewer systems without previously notifying the local sewage treatment plant authority. For guidance, contact your State Water Board or Regional Office of the Environmental Protection Agency

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for SODIUM CHLORATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Sodium and potassium chlorate were evaluated as promoters of renal tumors in N-ethyl-N-hydroxyethylnitrosamine (EHEN)-initiated F344 rats. Sodium chlorate and potassium chlorate were administered in the drinking-water for 28 weeks. There was an increased incidence of renal cell tumors (7/15 rats) in the EHEN-initiated group treated with sodium chlorate, but no effect was observed with potassium chlorate (1/5) relative to control rats (2/15). The small numbers of animals used in this study make the treatment groups indistinguishable from one another statistically ... .

Sodium chlorate was tested in an initiation/promotion model of rat renal carcinogenisis. Two groups of 15 male Fischer 344 rats were given /1% sodium chlorate/ in drinking water, for the first two weeks during the intiation phase, N-ethyl-N-hydroxethylnitrosamine (EHEN) at 0.05% and, thereafter for 25 weeks sodium chlorate 1% or distilled water respectively. Two other groups, used as controls, were treated similarly, except that distilled water instead of EHEN was given in the initiation phase. There were no statistically significant differences in the renal cell tumors between sodium chlorate and distilled water-treated rats initiated with EHEN. The authors concluded that, under the conditions of this study, sodium chlorate showed no promoting effect in rat renal carcinogenisis.

Sodium and potassium chlorate were evaluated as promoters of renal tumors in N-ethyl-N-hydroxyethylnitrosamine (EHEN)-initiated F344 rats. Sodium chlorate and potassium chlorate were administered in the drinking-water for 28 weeks. There was an increased incidence of renal cell tumors (7/15 rats) in the EHEN-initiated group treated with sodium chlorate, but no effect was observed with potassium chlorate (1/5) relative to control rats (2/15). The small numbers of animals used in this study make the treatment groups indistinguishable from one another statistically ... .

EC50; Species: Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Diatom, exponential growth phase, CCAP 1052/A strain); Conditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C; Concentration: 298000 ug/L for 72 hr (95% confidence interval: 177000-468000 ug/L); Effect: decreased population biomass />99.0% purity/

EC50; Species: Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Diatom, exponential growth phase, CCAP 1052/A strain); Conditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C; Concentration: 444000 ug/L for 72 hr (95% confidence interval: 274000-719000 ug/L); Effect: decreased population growth rate />99.0% purity/

EC50; Species: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Green algae); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 133000 ug/L for 5 days (95% confidence interval: 122000-144000 ug/L); Effect: population abundance /99% purity/

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea); Conditions: freshwater, static, 12 °C, pH 6.52-6.59; Concentration: 3162000 ug/L for 48 hr

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for SODIUM CHLORATE (19 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Remains in soil for 0.5 to 5 years, depending upon rate of application, soil type, fertility, organic matter content, moisture, and weather conditions.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: AT 300 KG/HECTACRE ... GIVES CONTROL FOR ABOUT 05.YR BUT IS LEACHED BY HIGH RAINFALL.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ In acute studies of the Mallard duck, the LD50 was > 2510 mg/kg-bw. No mortality and no clinical signs of toxicity were observed. In chronic studies of the bobwhite quail, the NOAEC = 271 ppm. The LOAEC was 964 ppm based on effects on egg production and thickness, embryonic survival, and hatchling body weight.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Acute toxicity studies for both freshwater and marine/estuarine fish were consistent with a practically non-toxic designation for fish. No effects were observed in sheepshead minnows (estuarine/marine) or bluegill (freshwater) fish at up to 1000 mg/L.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ /In an acute toxicity test,/ ...a 10%, 15%, and 30% reduction in shell growth /of Easter oysters/ was observed at 250, 500, and 1000 mg/L, respectively. /from table/

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The 96-hour acute toxicity of sodium chlorate to mysid shrimp was studied under flow-through conditions. Mysid shrimp (20/concentration) were exposed to sodium chlorate at nominal concentrations of 0, 130, 220, 360, 590, and 1000 mg/L. Dissolved oxygen was 7.4 to 8.9 mg/L, pH was 7.6 to 7.8, and the temperature was 21.4 to 23.0 °C. 2/20 mysids died at 1000 mg/L, and 1/20 died at 590 mg/L. No other mortalities or signs of toxicity were noted.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for SODIUM CHLORATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

See Ingestion.

Redness.

Redness.

Sore throat. Cough. Abdominal pain. Nausea. Vomiting. Diarrhoea. Blue lips, fingernails and skin. Shock or collapse.

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical. [http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=7775-09-9]

Before beginning employment and at regular times after that, for those with frequent or potentially high exposures, the following are recommended: lung function tests. If symptoms develop or overexposure is suspected, the following may be useful: complete blood count (CBC). Test for methemoglobin if skin is blue.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Administration of 500 mL of a 5 ppm solution to 10 males daily for 12 weeks did not cause any adverse clinical effects or changes in the biochemical or cellular composition of blood or urine.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Incident reports show that ingestion of toxic doses of sodium chlorate by humans produces gastritis, hemolysis, methemoglobinemia, hemoglobinurea, late toxic nephritis, and acute renal failure.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Poisoning symptoms after ingestion include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, cyanosis, dyspnea; methemoglobinemia.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The irritant action on the gut causes nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Once absorbed, hemoglobin is rapidly oxidized to methemoglobin, and intravascular hemolysis occurs. Cyanosis is prominent if methemoglobinemia is severe and may be the only presenting sign. Acute tubular necrosis and hemoglobinuria may result from the hemolysis or direct toxic injury. Plasma and urine are dark brown from the presence of free hemoglobin and methemoglobin. Release of potassium from red cell destruction results in hyperkalemia which may be severe enough to cause life-threatening arrythmias. The liver and spleen are often enlarged due to uptake of hemolyzed erythrocytes. Hypoxemia may lead to convulsions. Death may be the result of shock, tissue hypoxia, renal failure, hyperkalemia, or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for SODIUM CHLORATE (24 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Water Disinfection Byproducts (Sodium Chlorate)

TR-517: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Sodium Chlorate (CASRN 7775-09-9) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Drinking Water Studies) (2005 )

12/09/04

Some Evidence

Some Evidence

No Evidence

Sodium chlorate is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance for residues in or on the following raw agricultural commodities when used as a defoliant, desiccant, or fungicide in accordance with good agricultural practice: beans, dry, edible; corn, fodder; corn, forage; corn, grain; cottonseed; flaxseed; flax, straw; guar beans; peas, southern; peppers, chili; potatoes; rice; rice, straw; safflower, grain; sorghum, grain; sorghum, fodder; sorghum, forage; soybeans; and sunflower seed.

A time-limited exemption from the requirement of a tolerance is established for residues of the defoliant/desiccant in connection with use of the pesticide under section 18 emergency exemptions granted by EPA. The exemption will expire and is revoked on the date specified: commodity: wheat; Expiration/Revocation Date: 12/31/06.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA, as amended in 1988, were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern and List D pesticides of less concern. Sodium chlorate is found on List D. Case No: 4049; Pesticide type: Herbicide, antimicrobial; Case Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): sodium chlorate; AI Status: The producers of the pesticide has made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner.

Sodium chlorate

A Commercial Grade

400

Explosive/Improvised Explosive Device Precursor material that, if stolen or diverted, can be converted into weapons using simple chemistry, equipment, or techniques.

(CA) CALIFORNIA 800 ug/L /Chlorate ion/

(ME) MAINE 7 ug/L /Chlorate ion/