브롬화칼슘

3.38 g/cu cm

3.4 g/cm³

Deliquescent granules or orthorhombic crystals

Rhombohedral crystals; hygroscopic

Colorless, orthorhombic, deliquescent crystals

Becomes yellow on exposure to air

In water, 156 g/100 g water at 25 °C

Water solubilty[Table#8606]

In water, 1420 g/L at 30 °C

Very soluble in water

For more Solubility (Complete) data for Calcium bromide (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 30 °C: 142

1815 °C

BP: 806-812 °C, very deliquescent

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /hydrogen bromides/.

810 °C

742 °C

MP: 730 °C (anhydrous)

730 °C

Dry Powder; Liquid

Deliquescent odorless solid; Turns yellow on extended exposure to air; [Merck Index] White hygroscopic solid; [ICSC] White crystalline solid; Odorless; [Alfa Aesar MSDS]

WHITE HYGROSCOPIC POWDER.

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.9% (3 of 348) of reports.

Danger

H318 (97.1%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

P264+P265, P280, P305+P354+P338, and P317 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 348 reports by companies from 8 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.

Danger

Chemical: Calcium bromide (CaBr2)

Calcium bromide (CaBr2) is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Calcium bromide (CaBr2) are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Active Update: 06-02-2013 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/13538

Calcium bromide (CaBr2): Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

Causes somnolence and respiratory depression in oral lethal-dose studies of rats; [RTECS] A skin, eye, and respiratory tract irritant; May have CNS effects on ingestion; [ICSC] Causes eye and mild skin irritation; May cause severe irritation to wet skin; [IUCLID] A skin and strong eye irritant; [Alfa Aesar MSDS]

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention .

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Dry. Separated from strong oxidants.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Wash away remainder with plenty of water.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Do not let product enter drains. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Wash away remainder with plenty of water.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Do not let product enter drains.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Further processing of solid materials may result in the formation of combu formation should be taken into consideration before additional processing. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Calcium bromide (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

EYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water. INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice. SKIN: should be treated immediately by rinsing the affected parts in cold running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by thorough washing with soap and water. If necessary, the person should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and then must seek medical attention. INHALATION: supply fresh air. If required provide artificial respiration.

Bromine vapour causes irritation and direct damage to the mucous membranes. Elemental bromine also burns the skin. The bromide ion is a central nervous system depressant and chronic exposure produces neuronal effects. This is called bromism and can result in central reactions reaching from somnolence to coma, cachexia, exicosis, loss of reflexes or pathologic reflexes, clonic seizures, tremor, ataxia, loss of neural sensitivity, paresis, papillar edema of the eyes, abnormal speech, cerebral edema, delirium, aggressiveness, and psychoses. (L625, L626, L627)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by ingestion.

Oral (L626) ; inhalation (L626) ; dermal (L626)

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Calcium bromide (CaBr2) is a solid. The major use for CaBr2 is as a component of high-density clear drilling, completion, workover, and packing fluids to control wellbore pressures. Calcium bromide is also used in photography, in medicine, in sizing compounds, as a wood preservative, and in flame retardant blends. An important new use for CaBr2 is in the control of mercury emissions at power generation units and incinerators. HUMAN STUDIES: Bromoderma is a cutaneous eruption caused by the absorption of bromide. Clinical manifestations include acneiform and vegetative lesions. The case of an infant with bromoderma was reported caused by the use of syrup for abdominal colic containing CaBr2. The lesions regressed after discontinuation of the drug. A 25-year-old female suffered from forgetfulness and unstable gait after long-term frequent injections of a preparation to relieve head and neck pain. Blood tests showed hyperchloremia (171 mEq/L) and a negative anion gap (-48.7 mEq/L). Serum bromide measured 2150 mg/L. Calcium bromide brine is a highly concentrated aqueous solution of calcium bromide and calcium chloride. It is used extensively in the oil industry. This solution and its components are recognized as causes of skin injury. Two patients who were injured following unprotected skin exposure to this solution and one patient who was injured following exposure to calcium chloride powder are reported. All sustained skin injuries characterised by an absence of pain and a delayed clinical appearance of the full extent of the injury. Furthermore healing was complicated by graft loss or was slow. ANIMAL STUDIES: A New Zealand White rabbit was treated with single instillation of 0.1 mL of the calcium bromide; eyes were unwashed for 24 hours. The eye was observed at 1 and 24 hours. Transcluent corneal opacity, iridial inflammation, severe irritation and sloughing of the cornea with petechial hemorrhage of the lower conjunctival membrane and an area of possible necrosis over this area and the nictitating membrane were noted in the treated eye at the 1 and 24-hour observations. Three New Zealand White rabbits were treated with 0.5 g of calcium bromide moistened in 0.5 mL of water for 4 hours. They were observed at 1, 24, 48 and 74 hours and at 7 days. Very slight to well-defined erythema was noted at all treated skin sites 1 hour after patch removal and at the 24 hr observation. Inhalation exposure of rats for 1 hour to a dust atmosphere of calcium bromide at calculated concentration of 204 mg/L did not result in any observable toxic effects during or after the exposure. In Ames test with calcium bromide no significant increases in revertant colony numbers over control counts were obtained with any of the tester strains following exposure to the test material dissolved in water at levels from 50 to 5000 ug per plate, either in the presence or the absence of the metabolic activation. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: High concentrations of CaBr2 were harmful to Daphnia's reproduction and could reduce its abundance. CaBr2 showed toxic effect on the root tip cells of shallot (Allium cepa L. var. ascalonicum) in concentration 0.05 mol/cu dm.

Bromine is a powerful oxidizing agent and is able to release oxygen free radicals from the water in mucous membranes. These free radicals are also potent oxidizers and produce tissue damage. In additon, the formation of hydrobromic and bromic acids will result in secondary irritation. The bromide ion is also known to affect the central nervous system, causing bromism. This is believed to be a result of bromide ions substituting for chloride ions in the in actions of neurotransmitters and transport systems, thus affecting numerous synaptic processes. (L626, L627, A543)

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Concentrated CaCl2 and CaBr2 salt solutions of densities up to 2.3 kg/L are regularly used to control hydrostatic pressure in oil wells during special operations in the exploration and production of natural gas and crude oil. Various concentrations of high density salts are frequently left in mud pits near the drilling site as waste, polluting fresh and ground waters by spillage and drainage. The toxic effects of these salts have already been observed. This study investigated the effects of CaCl2 and CaBr2 on water flea Daphnia magna Straus in a 21-day reproduction test. The three tested concentrations of CaCl2 (240, 481, and 1925 mg/L) caused a significant dose-response decrease of reproduction (p<0.001). With CaBr2 (533 and 1066 mg/L), only aborted eggs were produced, demonstrating the embryotoxicity of the substance. The results suggest that high concentrations of the tested chemicals are harmful to Daphnia's reproduction and could reduce its abundance.

/PLANTS/ Saturated water solutions of calcium chloride, calcium bromide (densities 1.30 kg/cu dm and 1.61 kg/cu dm, respectively) and their 1:1 mixture have been commonly used as oil industry "high-density brines." In our experiment they were added to tap water in amounts appropriate to achieve concentrations of 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, and 0.1 mol/cu dm to study their cytotoxic effect on the root tip cells of shallot (Allium cepa L. var. ascalonicum). All tested solutions in concentrations of 0.075 and 0.1 mol/cu dm caused significant inhibition of shallot root growth. CaBr (2) showed this effect in concentration 0.05 mol/cu dm. The investigated solutions in all concentrations applied decreased mitotic activity in root tip cells. The most of mitotic abnormalities were the consequence of spindle failure and chromosome stickiness. Furthermore, the cell microtubules were investigated by indirect immunofluorescence to confirm that most abnormalities observed were the consequence of spindle failure. The present study, as well as previously done Lemna tests and Chlorella tests showed that investigated samples have certain effects on plants, so constant control of their presence in the environment is needed.

Cough.

Redness. Pain.

Redness. Pain.

Sore throat. Nausea. Vomiting.

Bromine vapour causes irritation and direct damage to the mucous membranes. Symptoms include lacrimation, rhinorrhoea, eye irritation with mucous secretions from the oropharyngeal and upper airways, coughing, dyspnoea, choking, wheezing, epistaxis, and headache. The bromide ion is a central nervous system depressant producing ataxia, slurred speech, tremor, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, dizziness, visual disturbances, unsteadiness, headaches, impaired memory and concentration, disorientation and hallucinations. This is called bromism. (L626, L627)

EPA has released the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays/[USEPA; ICSS Dashboard Application; Available from, as of February 4, 2019: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/]

/CASE REPORTS/ Bromoderma is a cutaneous eruption caused by the absorption of bromide. Clinical manifestations include acneiform and vegetative lesions. We report the case of an infant with bromoderma caused by the use of syrup for abdominal colic containing calcium bromide. The lesions regressed after discontinuation of the drug.

/CASE REPORTS/ Bromism, chronic bromide intoxication, can be caused by a variety of medicines, but bromism due to pain-relieving injectable medications has not been reported. In this study, the methods used were internet searching on bromide-containing injectables available in Taiwan and the first case report of bromism due to mixed-formulated injectable medication. Many analgesic/antipyretic and antihistamine injections containing bromides are still being used in Taiwan. They contain sodium bromide up to 1000 mg/ampoule or calcium bromide up to 800 mg/amp. A 25-year-old female suffered from forgetfulness and unstable gait after long-term frequent injections of a preparation to relieve head and neck pain. Blood tests showed hyperchloremia (171 mEq/L) and a negative anion gap (-48.7 mEq/L). Serum bromide measured 2150 mg/L. She recovered completely in 3 days with saline treatment. Many bromide-containing injections are still being used in Taiwan. Clinicians should keep alert on this issue to avoid iatrogenic bromism or making misdiagnoses.

/CASE REPORTS/ Calcium bromide brine is a highly concentrated aqueous solution of calcium bromide and calcium chloride. It is used extensively in the oil industry. This solution and its components are recognized as causes of skin injury and information is available from the manufacturers on their safe use and handling. Two patients who were injured following unprotected skin exposure to this solution and one patient who was injured following exposure to calcium chloride powder are reported. All sustained skin injuries characterised by an absence of pain and a delayed clinical appearance of the full extent of the injury. Furthermore healing was complicated by graft loss or was slow. Although organic bromine compounds are recognized as a cause of skin injuries, no previous reports of such injuries to humans secondary to calcium chloride or bromide exposure were found in the medical literature. Our experience with these patients is described.

Calcium bromide's production and use in photography for making dry plates and light-sensitive papers, manufacture of mineral waters, ammonium bromide, and as a veterinary and human pharmaceuticals(1), and food preservtive(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Its use in fire extinguishing compositions(1), road treatments, wood preservative(2) and in oil and gas drilling in deep, high pressure oil and gas wells(3) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ A New Zealand White rabbit was treated with single instillation of 0.1 mL of the test substance /calcium bromide/; eyes were unwashed for 24 hours. The eye was observed at 1 and 24 hours. Transcluent corneal opacity, iridial inflammation, severe conjubctival irritation and sloughing of the cornea with petechial haemorrhage of the lower conjunctival membrane and an area of possible necrosis over this area and the nictitating membrane were noted in the treated eye at the 1 and 24-hour observations. A blood stained discharge was noted at the 24-hour observation and the animal was killed for humane reasons. The test material, calcium bromide, produced a maximum total score of 61.0 and was considered to be at least a severe irritant (class 6 on a 1 to 8 scale) to the rabbit eye according to a modified Kay and Calandra classification system (based on rabbit only).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ /Three New Zealand White rabbits were treated with 0.5 g of calcium bromide moistened in 0.5 mL of water for 4 hours. They were observed at 1, 24, 48 and 72 hours and at 7 days./ Very slight to well-defined erythema was noted at all treated skin sites 1 hour after patch removal and at the 24 hr observation. Very slight or well-defined erythema was also noted at two treated skin sites at the 48 and 72 hour observations. Slight edema was noted at all treated skin sites 1 hour after patch removal with very slight to slight edema at the 24-hour observation. Very slight edema persisted at two treated skin sites at the 48 and 72-hours observations. Crust formation was confined to one treated skin site at the 7-day observation. This was considered to be reversible reaction. A small area of possible dermal necrosis was noted along the edge of two treatment sites and developed into a hardened dark brown-colored scab. This reaction was considered to have been caused by the surgical adhesive tape in contact with the test material. The test material, calcium bromide, produced a primary irritation index of 2.5 and was classified as a moderate irritant to rabbit skin according to the Draize classification scheme. No corrosive effects were noted.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Inhalation exposure of rats for 1 hour to a dust atmosphere of calcium bromide at calculated concentration of 204 mg/L did not result in any observable toxic effects during or after the exposure.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Four male and 4 female Kew Zealand White rabbits were used for this study. The rabbits weighed from 2304 to 2934 grams at the beginning of this study. The hair was removed from the back of each rabbit (20 - 30% of the body surface) with an electric clipper. The rabbits were divided into 2 groups of 2 male and 2 female rabbits each. The skin of one male and one female in each group was abraded with a scalpel blade. The abrasions penetrated the stratum corneum, but were not deep enough to cause bleeding. The test material /calcium bromide/ was applied once only to the backs of the rabbits, using 0.9% physiological saline as the wetting agent, at the following dosage levels: 200 and 2000 mg/kg. The area of application was wrapped with gauze bandaging and occluded with Saran Wrap. Twenty-four hours later the bandages were removed and the backs were washed with tepid tap water. They were observed at 24 hours and daily thereafter for a total of 14 days for mortality only. One of 4 rabbits at the 2000 mg/kg dosage level died. None of the rabbits at the 200 mg/kg dosage level died during the observation period. All rabbits exhibited body weight gains during the study period with the exception of animal number 28124 which showed an actual weight loss of 396 grams. The minimum lethal dose by the dermal route of administration was found to be less than 2000 mg/kg but greater than 200 mg/kg.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Calcium bromide (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Bromine is mainly absorbed via inhalation, but may also enter the body through dermal contact. Bromine salts can be ingested. Due to its reactivity, bromine quickly forms bromide and may be deposited in the tissues, displacing other halogens. (L626)

Used in the production of photographic dry plates, light-sensitive papers, mineral waters, ammonium bromide, and fire-extinguishing materials; Has also been used therapeutically for its sedative and anticonvulsant effects; [Merck Index] Used in the chemical and photographic industries; Used in hydraulic fluids, pharmaceuticals, and photo-chemicals; [IUCLID]

Photographic Processing [Category: Other]

... Dehydrating agent, food preservative, road treatment, freezing mixtures, sizing compounds, wood preservative, fire retardant.

In photography for making dry plates and light-sensitive papers; manufacturing mineral waters, NH4Br, fire-extinguishing compositions.

The major use for calcium bromide is as a component of high-density clear drilling, completion, workover, and packing fluids to control wellbore pressures. ... Calcium bromide finds other applications in photography, in medicine, in sizing compounds, as a wood preservative, and in flame retardant blends. An important new use for calcium bromide is in the control of mercury emissions at power generation units and incinerators.

(1) Applications in oil and gas well completion, workover, and packer brines (52-54%), specific gravity >1.7; (2) water treatment, (3) gravity separation fluid, (5) electrical conductivity fluid, and (5) dense non-aqueous phase liquid remediation of contaminated soils.

2023: 100,000,000 - <250,000,000 lb

Non-confidential 2016 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) information on the production and use of chemicals manufactured or imported into the United States. Chemical: calcium bromide:

Common manufacturing techniques include reaction of calcium hydroxide, oxide, or carbonate with bromine and formic acid, or with formaldehyde. Another method involves the reaction of hydrogen bromide with calcium hydroxide in the presence of water and carbonates. The reaction mixture is acidified to pH 1-3 in order to convert at least a portion of the carbonates to carbon dioxide. Vacuum concentration, filtration, and drying result in a crystalline calcium bromide product, whereas spray-drying produces a powder.

By the action of hydrobromic acid on calcium oxide, carbonate, or hydroxide and subsequent crystallization.

Oil and Gas Drilling, Extraction, and Support activities

Calcium bromide (CaBr2): ACTIVE

The National Formulary grade is a hydrated salt, containing not less than 84% and not more than 94% calcium bromde.