모노크로토포스

Like other organophosphorus pesticides, move container from fire area if you can do so without risk. Fight fire from maximum distance. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

Use water spray, dry powder, foam, carbon dioxide.

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer immediately for medical attention. Wear protective gloves when administering first aid.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Note: Monocrotophos is a cholinesterase inhibitor.

(General first aid procedures)

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Acetylcholinesterase activity in red blood cells = 70% of individual's baseline; Butylcholinesterase activity in serum or plasma = 60% of individual's baseline; Sample at end of shift; [TLVs and BEIs]

Use water, foam, carbon dioxide, or dry chemical to extinguish fires. /Malathion/

AREA SURROUNDING FIRE SHOULD BE DIKED TO PREVENT WATER RUNOFF. /MALATHION/

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use "alcohol" foam, carbon dioxide or dry chemical. /Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, NOS/

DO NOT STORE /AZODRIN 5/ BELOW 70 °F OR ABOVE 80 °F FOR PROLONGED PERIODS. AZODRIN 5 IS EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE.

Rooms used for storage only should be soundly constructed & fitted with secure locks. Floors should be kept clear & pesticides clearly identified. If repacking is carried out in storage rooms, adequate light should be available; floors should be impervious & sound ... . /Pesticides/

Pesticides containers must be provided with labels indicating the degree of toxicity of the product they contain. The labels must not only give a short description of how to use the prepn, but also state basic precautions to be taken when applying it. /Organophosphorus pesticides/

Pesticides of any degree of toxicity should be transported in containers which are clearly labelled, leak-proof, and not easily damaged. They should never be transported /or stored/ beside, or above any type of food, and all spillages should be immediately reported. /Pesticides/

Spills of malathion on floors shall be absorbed with absorbing clay. Sweeping compound may be utilized to facilitate the removal of all visible traces of malathion contaminated clay. Equipment and fixtures contaminated with malathion shall be decontaminated with an alkaline solution (5% sodium hydroxide). /Malathion/

... Alternative treatment process for spent filter cake from malathion mfr requires the following steps: (1) hydrolysis; (2) steam stripping; (3) decantation; (4) composting; & (5) biological treatment. /Malathion/

Ultraviolet radiation in conjunction with ozone is a highly effective degradation technique for malathion ... /Malathion/

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Hydrolysis: The treatment of this product with water produces hydrolysis @ a rate that is almost independent of pH in the pH range of 1-7 (50% hydrolyzed @ pH 1-7 in 22-23 days @ 38 °C). At higher pHs the rate of hydrolysis rapidly increases. Recommendable methods: Incineration & landfill. Peer-review: Large amt, incinerate in a unit with effluent gas scrubbing. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

MALATHION MAY BE DISPOSED OF BY ABSORBING IN VERMICULITE, DRY SAND, EARTH, OR A SIMILAR MATERIAL ... & /DISPOSING OF SO AS TO MEET LOCAL, STATE, & FEDERAL REGULATIONS/. /MALATHION/

Incineration together with flammable solvent in furnace equipped with afterburner and scrubber is recommended. /Malathion/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for MONOCROTOPHOS (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable, plastic containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

In some situations where personnel may become accidently contaminated ... it is necessary to provide shower bath in addition to the usual washing facilities. Special arrangements for cleaning clothing & overalls may be necessary ... /Pesticides/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for MONOCROTOPHOS (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

If the compound has been ingested, rapid gastric lavage should be performed using 5% sodium bicarbonate. For skin contact, the skin should be washed with soap and water. If the compound has entered the eyes, they should be washed with large quantities of isotonic saline or water. In serious cases, atropine and/or pralidoxime should be administered. Anti-cholinergic drugs work to counteract the effects of excess acetylcholine and reactivate AChE. Atropine can be used as an antidote in conjunction with pralidoxime or other pyridinium oximes (such as trimedoxime or obidoxime), though the use of '-oximes' has been found to be of no benefit, or possibly harmful, in at least two meta-analyses. Atropine is a muscarinic antagonist, and thus blocks the action of acetylcholine peripherally.

Some phenothiazines may antagonize & some may potentiate the toxic anticholinesterase effects of ... /organophosphorus insecticides/. /Organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitors/

In long term therapy, adrenocorticoids antagonize the antiglaucoma effects of anticholinesterases (incr ocular pressure). ... Anticholinergics antagonize the miotic (antiglaucoma) & other muscarinic effects of anticholinesterases on the autonomic & central nervous systems. Tricyclic antidepressants (anticholinergic effects) antagonize the antiglaucoma (miotic) effects of anticholinesterases in glaucoma. ... Antihistamines with anticholinergic effects antagonize the miotic (antiglaucoma) & CNS effects of anticholinesterases. Anticholinesterases potentiate tranquilizing & behavioral changes induced by antihistamines. The actions of anticholinesterase agents on autonomic effector cells, & to some extent those on CNS, are antagonized by atropine, an antidote of choice. Barbiturates are potentiated by anticholinesterases. ... Dexpanthenol potentiates the effects of anticholinesterases. Fluorophosphate insecticides potentiate the effects of other anticholinesterases. /Anticholinesterases/

BARBITURATES ARE POTENTIATED BY ANTICHOLINESTERASES. ALTHOUGH BARBITURATES MAY BE USED CAUTIOUSLY IN TREATING CONVULSIONS, EXTREME CARE IS ESSENTIAL IN HANDLING POISONINGS DUE TO ANTICHOLINESTERASES, PARTICULARLY ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES. ECHOTHIOPHATE, A CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR USED AS MIOTIC, POTENTIATES OTHER SUCH INHIBITORS ... USED FOR OTHER PURPOSES (ADDITIVE EFFECTS) OR POSSIBLY SYNERGISTIC. THOSE EXPOSED TO ORGANOPHOSPHATE INSECTICIDES MUST TAKE STRICT PRECAUTIONS. ... ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES: ADDITIVE ANTICHOLINESTERASE EFFECTS. HAZARDOUS. PATIENTS ON ANTICHOLINESTERASES (EVEN TOPICAL, SUCH AS EYE DROPS) SHOULD AVOID AREAS WHERE ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES ... RECENTLY ... USED. /ANTICHOLINESTERASE/

ANTICHOLINESTERASE (ORGANOPHOSPHORUS) INSECTICIDES ANTAGONIZE POLARIZING MUSCLE RELAXANTS. PHENOTHIAZINES /AND THIOXANTHENES/: ... MAY ENHANCE TOXIC EFFECTS OF ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES. /INSECTICIDES, ORGANOPHOSPHORUS/

Acute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Accumulation of ACh at motor nerves causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression at the neuromuscular junction. When this occurs symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, fasciculation, and paralysis can be seen. When there is an accumulation of ACh at autonomic ganglia this causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression in the sympathetic system. Symptoms associated with this are hypertension, and hypoglycemia. Overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system, due to accumulation of ACh, results in anxiety, headache, convulsions, ataxia, depression of respiration and circulation, tremor, general weakness, and potentially coma. When there is expression of muscarinic overstimulation due to excess acetylcholine at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors symptoms of visual disturbances, tightness in chest, wheezing due to bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial secretions, increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, peristalsis, and urination can occur. Certain reproductive effects in fertility, growth, and development for males and females have been linked specifically to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Most of the research on reproductive effects has been conducted on farmers working with pesticides and insecticdes in rural areas. In females menstrual cycle disturbances, longer pregnancies, spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and some developmental effects in offspring have been linked to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Prenatal exposure has been linked to impaired fetal growth and development. Neurotoxic effects have also been linked to poisoning with OP pesticides causing four neurotoxic effects in humans: cholinergic syndrome, intermediate syndrome, organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP), and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (COPIND). These syndromes result after acute and chronic exposure to OP pesticides.

LC50 Gammarus fasciatus 0.3 mg/l/96 hr, mature. Static bioassay without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/l as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/l. /Technical material 100%/

LC50 Fathead minnow greater than 50 mg/l/96 hr, wt 0.9 g. Static bioassay without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/l as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/l. /Technical material, 100%/

LC50 Bluegill 12.1 mg/l/96 hr (95% confidence limit 7.2-10.1 mg/l) /as stated in source/, wt 1.0 g. Static bioassay without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/l as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/l. /Technical material, 100%/

LC50 Rainbow trout 5.2 mg/l/96 hr, wt 0.5 g. Static bioassay without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/l as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/l. /Dispersible liq, 3.2 lb/gal/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for MONOCROTOPHOS (22 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TWO PLOTS OF MATURE VALENCIA ORANGE TREES ... SPRAYED WITH AZODRIN. ONE AT RATE OF 10 LB AND OTHER 1 LB TECHNICAL AZODRIN/ACRE. RESIDUE HALF-LIFE WAS 16 & 13 DAYS, RESPECTIVELY. AZODRIN PENETRATED INTO RIND RAPIDLY AND WAS NOT REMOVED BY WASHING FRUIT 12 DAYS AFTER TREATMENT.

Aquatic reactions: persistence in riverwater in a sealed glass jar under sunlight & artificial fluorescent light-initial concentration= 10 ug/l: % of original compound found after 1 hr 100; 1 wk 100; 2 wk 100; 4 wk 100; 8 wk 100.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 19(SRC), determined from an experimental log Kow of -0.20(2,SRC) and a recommended regression-derived equation(3), indicates that monocrotophos is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of monocrotophos from moist soil surfaces is not expected given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.5X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC),determined from experimental values for vapor pressure, 2.2X10-6 mm Hg at 20 °C(4), and water solubility, 1.0X10+6 mg/l at 20 °C(5). Monocrotophos is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based on a measured vapor pressure of 2.2X10-6 mm Hg(4,SRC). Monocrotophos is rapidly degraded in soil with half-lives ranging from 1 to 5 days(4).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: The half-life of monocrotophos on foliage (cotton, corn, grass) ranged from 1.3 to 3.4 days(1).

For more Environmental Fate (Complete) data for MONOCROTOPHOS (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

(E)-Monocrotophos is a cholinesterase or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. A cholinesterase inhibitor (or 'anticholinesterase') suppresses the action of acetylcholinesterase. Because of its essential function, chemicals that interfere with the action of acetylcholinesterase are potent neurotoxins, causing excessive salivation and eye-watering in low doses, followed by muscle spasms and ultimately death. Nerve gases and many substances used in insecticides have been shown to act by binding a serine in the active site of acetylcholine esterase, inhibiting the enzyme completely. Acetylcholine esterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released at nerve and muscle junctions, in order to allow the muscle or organ to relax. The result of acetylcholine esterase inhibition is that acetylcholine builds up and continues to act so that any nerve impulses are continually transmitted and muscle contractions do not stop. Among the most common acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are phosphorus-based compounds, which are designed to bind to the active site of the enzyme. The structural requirements are a phosphorus atom bearing two lipophilic groups, a leaving group (such as a halide or thiocyanate), and a terminal oxygen.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Monocrotophos is found on List A, which contains most food use pesticides and consists of the 194 chemical cases (or 350 individual active ingredients) for which EPA issued registration standards prior to FIFRA, as amended in 1988. Case No: 0154; Pesticide type: insecticide (acaricide); Registration Standard Date: 09/13/85; Case Status: No products containing the pesticide are actively registered ... The case /is characterized/ as "cancelled." Under FIFRA, pesticide producers may voluntarily cancel their registered products. EPA also may cancel pesticide registrations if registrants fail to pay required fees or make/meet certain reregistration commitments, or if EPA reaches findings of unreasonable adverse effects.; Active ingredient (AI): Monocrotophos; AI Status: The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered pesticide products ... "cancelled."

Used to kill insects and spider mites on cotton, sugarcane, peanuts, tobacco, and ornamentals; very toxic to birds and mammals. [EXTOXNET]

All uses cancelled by the EPA in 1988; [EXTOXNET]

Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]

The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered pesticide products ... "cancelled."

INSECTICIDE & ACARICIDE ON COTTON, POTATOES, PEANUTS, ORNAMENTALS, TOBACCO; & FOR SUGARCANE BORERS. /FORMER USE/

/Monocrotophos/ is a fast-acting systemic and contact insecticide of short persistence.

REACTION OF TRIMETHYL PHOSPHITE WITH N-METHYL ALPHA-CHLOROACETOACETAMIDE.

Monocrotophos may be made by the reaction of trimethyl phosphite with 2-chloro-N-methyl-3-oxobutyramide.

... CONCENTRATES (200, 400 & 600 G AI/L); 200 SCW & 400 SCW, WSC (200 & 400 G/L); 250 ULV, ULV CONCENTRATE (250 G/L); GRANULES (50 G/KG); 'NUVARON COMBI', EC MIXTURES WITH DDT (VARIOUS PROPORTIONS).

Soluble concentrate (400, 552, or 600 g/l)

(Monocrotophos +) dodine + dinocap; mevinphos; parathion-methyl; cypermethrin; parathion-methyl + sulfur.

Water miscible, soluble concentrate, technical concentrate, water soluble concentrate.

For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for MONOCROTOPHOS (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard identifies Monocrotophos (technical grade) as Class IB: highly hazardous; Main Use: insecticide. According to the PIC /Prior Informed Consent/ Convention, export of /Monocrotophos/ can only take place with the prior informed consent of the importing Party. ...(further information can be found at: http://www.pic.int/).

Dosage rates against mites and sucking insects are 250 to 500 g/ha, against lepidopterous larvae 500-1000 g/ha.

IT IS INCOMPATIBLE WITH ALKALINE PESTICIDES.