트리아세틴

Plastics -> PVC (soft)

Plastics -> Plasticisers

Cosmetic ingredients (Triacetin) -> CIR (Cosmetic Ingredient Review)

Antimicrobial; Solvent; Film forming; Plasticiser; Hair dyeing

log Kow = 0.25

0.25

0.21

0.25

Slightly fatty odor

Slightly fruity or fatty odor

Plasticizer

Plasticizer

MILD, SWEET TASTE, BITTER ABOVE 0.05%

Bitter taste

Slightly fatty taste

1.1583 g/cu cm at 20 °C

Bulk density: 9.7 lb/gal

Relative density (water = 1): 1.16

1.154-1.159

1.1562 @25 °C

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 99.8% (1973 of 1977) of all reports.

Not Classified

Aggregated GHS information provided per 1977 reports by companies from 5 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.

Not Classified

Chemical: 1,2,3-Propanetriol, triacetate

1,2,3-Propanetriol, 1,2,3-triacetate is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of 1,2,3-Propanetriol, 1,2,3-triacetate are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Active Update: 08-05-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15139

Glyceryl triacetate: Non hazardous

A mild skin irritant; [ICSC] An eye irritant; [HSDB] Causes somnolence, spastic paralysis, and convulsions in lethal dose animal experiments; [RTECS] Tends to hydrolyze into acetic acid and glycerol both in the environment and in the body; [ToxPlanet: CPS&Q: IUCLID] May cause eye irritation; [MSDSonline] Documented occupational contact dermatitis in a cigarette manufacturing worker; [Kanerva, p. 1851]

An ingredient whose use in food or food packaging is subject to a prior sanction or approval within the meaning of section 201(s)(4) of the Act is exempt from classification as a food additive. ... Substances classified as plasticizers, when migrating from food-packaging material shall include ... triacetin.

Substance added directly to human food affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).

Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: triacetin is included in topical antifungal drug products.

Triacetin used as a general purpose food additive is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.

Residues of triacetin are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to animals. Use: solvent, cosolvent.

0 - Materials that, under emergency conditions, would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible materials.

1 - Materials that must be preheated before ignition can occur. Materials require considerable preheating, under all ambient temperature conditions, before ignition and combustion can occur.

0 - Materials that in themselves are normally stable, even under fire conditions.

Fresh air, rest.

Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible).

Rinse mouth.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

To fight fire, use alcohol foam, water, carbon dioxide, dry chemical.

In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Accidental release measures: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas.; Environmental precautions: Do not let product enter drains.; Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

AEROBIC: Triacetin, present at 100 mg/L, reached 91-94% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L and the Japanese MITI test(1). Using a rapid infiltration system for treating primary and secondary effluents, triacetin, present in a feed solution at a concentration of 0.094 ug/L, was not detected in the column effluent(2). The specific loss process was not identified(2).

Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent and remove to safe place. Do NOT wash away into sewer.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

The present studies investigated the effects of intravenous administration of the short-chain triglyceride triacetin on leucine metabolism in dogs. Animals received infusions of triacetin at 1.0 x estimated resting energy expenditure (REE), hyperenergetic triacetin at 1.5 x REE, glycerol, or saline during infusion of [(1-14)C]leucine. During both triacetin infusions, plasma alpha-ketoisocaproate concentrations increased (p < 0.05). During triacetin infusion at 1.5 REE, the plasma leucine concentration decreased (p < 0.05) and leucine rate of appearance decreased by approximately 19% (p < 0.05); this was significantly greater than the changes that occurred during triacetin at 1.0 x REE and glycerol (p < 0.05). There was no difference in leucine oxidation between the dogs given triacetin at 1.0 x REE and control groups, whereas leucine oxidation decreased by 53% during triacetin infusion at 1.5 x REE (p < 0.05). Nonoxidative leucine disappearance, an indicator of protein synthesis, did not change in any of the studies.

LC50; Species: Cyprinus carpio (Carp); Conditions: static; Concentration: 174 mg/L for 48 hr

LC50; Species: Leuciscus idus (Ide); Conditions: static; Concentration: 170 mg/L for 48 hr

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 40(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that triacetin is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of triacetin from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.2X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(3) based upon its vapor pressure, 2.48X10-3 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 5.8X10+4 mg/L(5). Triacetin is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 93% of the Theoretical BOD of a mixture containing triacetin was reached in 4 weeks(6) indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 40(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that triacetin is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.2X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(4) derived from its vapor pressure, 2.48X10-3 mm Hg(5), and water solubility, 5.8X10+4 mg/L(6). According to a classification scheme(7), an estimated BCF of 30(SRC), from its log Kow of 0.25(8) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 93% of the Theoretical BOD of a mixture containing triacetin was reached in 4 weeks(9) indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), triacetin, which has a vapor pressure of 2.48X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C(5), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase triacetin is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 8.5X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Triacetin does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Safe in the present practices of use and concentration. Ingredient, concentration, and use information are available in documents discoverable at https://cir-reports.cir-safety.org

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Triacetin, also known as glyceryl triacetate (GTA), is a colorless liquid. It is reported to function as a cosmetic biocide, plasticizer, and solvent in cosmetic formulations. Triacetin is also used as a cellulose plasticizer in the manufacture of cigarette filters, as a carrier in fungicidal compositions, and to remove carbon dioxide from natural gas. Triacetin was affirmed as a GRAS (generally recognized as safe) human food ingredient by FDA. Triacetin has been used experimentally for the treatment of Canavan disease, a fatal dysmyelinating genetic disorder associated with aspartoacylase deficiency, resulting in decreased brain acetate levels and reduced myelin lipid synthesis in the developing brain. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: In humans, commercial Triacetin has caused ocular irritation but no injury. Triacetin was not an irritant or a sensitizer in a clinical maximization study, and only very mild reactions were seen in a Duhring-chamber test using a 50% dilution. In sensitive individuals, it may cause slight irritation. ANIMAL STUDIES: Triacetin is moderately toxic by intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, and intravenous routes. The symptoms of toxicity with triacetin are primarily weakness and ataxia. Animals near death exhibit severe dyspnea, muscular tremors, and occasional convulsions, usually 2-22 min after the injection. Also various degrees of hemorrhage in the lung have been observed. It does not appear to affect the liver, spleen, heart, or kidneys. In short-term feeding studies, triacetin affected weight gain. Rats that were fed diets containing 30% triacetin as a starch substitute for 3 to 4 or 12 to 13 weeks, showed relatively poor growth. Liver enlargement was observed in all animals. Triacetin was not toxic in short-term studies when administered via inhalation or parenterally or in subchronic studies when administered via feed or inhalation. Triacetin was, at most, slightly irritating to guinea pig skin. However, in one study, it caused erythema, slight edema, alopecia, and desquamation. Triacetin was not sensitizing in guinea pigs. Triacetin caused some irritation in rabbit eyes. In a study performed on dogs, it was found that intra-gastric infusion of 1.0%-2.0% triacetin delays gastric emptying by increasing proximal stomach receptive volume, temporarily inhibiting gastric antral contractions and facilitating duodenal contractions. In a study using triacetin as a method of delivering metabolizable acetate to the brain of rats suffering traumatic brain injury, it was found that triacetin administration significantly increased the levels of both NAA (N-acetylaspartate) and ATP in the injured hemisphere 4 and 6 days after injury, and also resulted in significantly improved motor performance in rats 3 days after injury. Triacetin, with and without metabolic activation, was not mutagenic in the Ames assay using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA153 with or without activation. It was also not mutagenic in an in vivo assay using Drosophila.

Triacetin occurs naturally in small quantities in the seed of Euonymus europaeus (European spindletree)(1).

Triacetin detections in plants(1).[Table#1685]

EPA has released the first beta version (version 0.5) of the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The beta version of the iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays; Click on the "Chemical Explorer" button on the tool bar to see the data./[USEPA; ICSS Dashboard Application; Available from, as of April 22, 2015: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/]

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of triacetin can be estimated to be 40(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that triacetin is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ... Triacetin (test concentrations not provided) was not an irritant or a sensitizer in a clinical maximization study, and only very mild reactions were seen in a Duhring-chamber test using a 50% dilution. In humans, commercial Triacetin has caused ocular irritation but no injury.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ A Duhring-chamber test was conducted on 20 healthy volunteers. The test substance was applied as 50% dilution for 24 hours. Result: only very mild skin reactions were observed. The substance has a good skin compatibility.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ A maximization test for undiluted triacetin was completed using 33 subjects. Triacetin was applied under an occlusive patch to the volar aspect of the forearm for 48 hr on 5 alternate days. Because a pretest indicated the triacetin was not an irritant, the test site was pretreated for 24 hr with 2% sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) under an occlusive patch prior to application of the initial test patch. After a 10 to 14-day nontreatment period, challenge patches were applied to a previously unexposed site on the right side of the back. Prior to challenge, 2% SLS was applied for 30 min under an occlusive patch to the left side of the back. Additional SLS control patches and petrolatum patches were placed on the left and right sides, respectively, and used as controls. Undiluted triacetin did not produce an irritant or sensitization reaction.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... Commercial triacetin may contain diacetin, as well as monoacetin, and when applied to ... human eyes causes severe burning pain and much redness of the conjunctiva, but no injury. Diacetin causes considerably more discomfort than pure triacetin.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for TRIACETIN (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

An ingredient whose use in food or food packaging is subject to a prior sanction or approval within the meaning of section 201(s)(4) of the Act is exempt from classification as a food additive. ... Substances classified as plasticizers, when migrating from food-packaging material shall include ... triacetin.

Substance added directly to human food affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).

Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: triacetin is included in topical antifungal drug products.

Triacetin used as a general purpose food additive is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.

Residues of triacetin are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to animals. Use: solvent, cosolvent.

Triacetin has been administered iv to mongrel dogs. The majority of infused triacetin underwent intravascular hydrolysis, and the majority of the resulting acetate is oxidized. Triacetin was found to be hydrolyzed by human intestinal lipase.

...Triacetin is rapidly hydrolysed in vitro by all tissues of the organism including the gastrointestinal tract.

Groups of female mongrel dogs to study the metabolic effects of isocaloric and hypercaloric infusions of 5% v/v aqueous triacetin. A primed, continuous infusion of 5 umol/kg (0.3 uCi/kg/min) [(13)C]-acetoacetate and 1.0 uCi/kg (0.01 uCi/kg/min) [(3)H]-glucose was continued for 6 hr. Three hours after the start of the isotope infusion, dosing with triacetin was started. Six animals were infused at a rate of 47 umol/kg/min and seven were infused at a rate of 70 umol/kg/min triacetin for 3 hr. Blood and breath samples were taken at 15 to 30-min intervals. A group of four animals was infused with 70 umol/kg/min glycerol and used as the control for the hypercaloric infusion. During isocaloric infusion of triacetin, plasma acetate and free fatty acid concentrations were significantly increased at 30 and 60 min, respectively, and remained elevated. During hypercaloric infusion, plasma acetate concentration increased progressively throughout the study, whereas the plasma free fatty acid concentration did not change. Plasma pyruvate and lactate concentrations were significantly decreased after 30 and 90 min, respectively, and throughout the study with both isocaloric and hypercaloric infusion. The plasma insulin concentrations were modestly increased during both infusions. Plasma glucose concentration was significantly decreased during isocaloric triacetin infusion; a slight but significant increase was observed with hypercaloric infusion. Glucose clearance decreased significantly in both groups during the last hour of triacetin infusion. Plasma ketone body concentrations increased significantly by 60 min, and they remained elevated with isocaloric infusion and increased progressively with hypercaloric infusion of triacetin; the increased concentrations were due to increased ketone body production. During the last hour of infusion, resting energy expenditure was significantly increased with isocaloric triacetin.

Esterases in fungi or in serum act at pH >4 to slowly release acetic acid in situ. Extent of hydrolysis is automatically limited by increased acidity and lowering of pH.

... The fungistatic activity of triacetin (glyceryl triacetate) results from its hydrolysis by fungalesterases to acetic acid.

Substances that destroy fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. They differ from FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL because they defend against fungi present in human or animal tissues.

Liquids that dissolve other substances (solutes), generally solids, without any change in chemical composition, as, water containing sugar. (Grant &amp; Hackh&apos;s Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

...Triacetin is more rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract in 3 hours than the other fats tested. Triacetin has been shown to be a source of liver glycogen and when fed in amounts equal in caloric value to 15% glucose it was utilized as efficiently as was glucose.

Mongrel dogs /were used/ to determine the systemic, hindlimb, gut, hepatic, and renal uptake of acetate during infusion of a 5% v/v aqueous solution of triacetin. A primed, continuous infusion of [1-(14)C]-acetate was continued for 7 hr with 10 animals. Three hours after the start of the tracer infusion, the animals were infused with triacetin at a rate of 47 umol/kg/min for 4 hr. Blood and breath samples were taken at 15-min intervals for the last 30 min. Steady-state conditions were achieved in plasma acetate concentrations and specific activity and in expired [(14)-C02]. Plasma acetate concentrations were 1180, 935, 817, 752, and 473 umol/L /(all values approximate)/ in the aorta, renal vein, portal vein, femoral vein, and hepatic vein, respectively. The acetate turnover rate during triacetin infusion was 2214 umol/min; systemic acetate turnover accounted for 68% of triacetin-derived acetate.

CIR ingredient: Triacetin

Used as cellulose plasticizer for cigarette filters; in binders for solid rocket fuels; as fixative in perfumes; to make cosmetics and pharmaceuticals; as solvent for celluloid and photographic films; to remove carbon dioxide from natural gas; and as topical antifungal medication; Technical triacetin (mixture of mono-, di-, and small quantities of triacetin) used as a solvent for basic dyes (especially indulines) and tannin in dyeing; [HSDB] Used in cigarette filters; Skin sensitization reported in a worker at a cigarette manufacturing plant; [Kanerva, p. 1841]

Photographic Processing [Category: Other]

... Primary use is as a cellulose plasticizer in the manufacture of cigarette filters, and its second largest use is as a component in binders for solid rocket fuels. Smaller amounts are used as a fixative in perfume, as a plasticizer for cellulose nitrate, in the manufacture of cosmetics, and as a carrier in fungicidal compositions.

Constituents of solid propellants: functions as inert plasticizer.

Fixative in perfumery; solvent in manufacturing celluloid, photographic films. Technical triacetin (a mixture of mono-, di-, and small quantities of triacetin) as a solvent for basic dyes, particularly indulines, and tannin in dyeing.

Triacetin contains trace moisture and acetic acid

... Commercial triacetin may contain diacetin, as well as monoacetin ...

2023: 10,000,000 - <25,000,000 lb

(1972) PROBABLY GREATER THAN 4.5X10+5 GRAMS

(1975) PROBABLY GREATER THAN 4.54X10+5 GRAMS

1,2,3-Propanetriol, triacetate is listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) chemical (65FR81686). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds in 1990 and/or 1994. The HPV list is based on the 1990 Inventory Update Rule. (IUR) (40 CFR part 710 subpart B; 51FR21438).

Production volume for non-confidential chemicals reported under the 2006 Inventory Update Rule. Chemical: 1,2,3-Propanetriol, 1,2,3-triacetate. Aggregated National Production Volume: 10 to < 50 million pounds.

Non-confidential 2012 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) information on the production and use of chemicals manufactured or imported into the United States. Chemical: 1,2,3-Propanetriol, 1,2,3-triacetate. National Production Volume: 24,955,946 lb/yr.

... By acetylation of glycerol; ... by reaction of oxygen with a liquid phase mixture of allyl acetate and acetic acid using a bromide as catalyst.

By direct reaction of glycerol with acetic acid in presence of Twitchell's reagent; or in benzene solution of glycerol and boiling acetic acid in presence of cationic resin (Zeo-Karb H) pretreated with dilute H2SO4 (sulfuric acid).

Action of acetic acid on glycerol. Method of purification: vacuum distillation.

... Prepared by heating glycerin with acetic anhydride alone or in the presence of finely divided potassium hydrogen sulfate.

Technical; chemically pure; ND; Food Chemical Codex

Food-grade Triacetin must be at least 98.5% C9H14O6, and it must not contain >5 mg/kg heavy metals (as Pb) or>0.2% water.

USP-grade Triacetin must contain not less than 97.0% and not greater than 100.5% C9H14O6, calculated on the anhydrous basis

Trade names: Enzaactin; Estoll 1581; Fungacetin; Glyped; Kessocoflex TRA; Kadoflex triacetin; Only-Clear Nail; Priacetin 1581; Ujostabil; and Vanay.

For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for TRIACETIN (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

EPA Safer Chemical Functional Use Classes -> Solvents

Safer Chemical Classes -> Green circle - The chemical has been verified to be of low concern

Food additives

Fragrance Ingredients

Flavouring Agent -> FLAVOURING_AGENTFood Additives -> CARRIER_SOLVENT; HUMECTANT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Flavoring Agents -> JECFA Flavorings Index

Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation Manufacturing

1,2,3-Propanetriol, 1,2,3-triacetate: ACTIVE