트라이스(2-클로로에틸)아민

For information on chemical warfare blister agents see the ERG Criminal or Terrorist Use of CBR Agents. (ERG, 2024)

- HN-3 is combustible.

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

... High standards of maintenance, good housekeeping and cleanliness should be observed in the work premises. Personal hygiene should be emphasized ... Even if not expressly mentioned in actual official carcinogen lists, analogous safety and health measures and regulations can be recommended for chloroethylamines as for the carcinogens listed. /Chloroethylamines/

HN-3 is a suspected carcinogen, developmental toxin, and reproductive toxin. Chronic or repeated exposure to HN-3 may cause bone marrow suppression, lymph node damage, weakening of the immune system, kidney damage, and reproductive system damage.

0.002 [mg/m3]

0.022 [mg/m3]

0.37 [mg/m3]

For information on chemical warfare blister agents see the ERG Criminal or Terrorist Use of CBR Agents. (ERG, 2024)

...Personal protective equipment /should be/ worn. /Chloroethylamines/

Never use without appropriate gas mask.

Respiratory Protection: Pressure-demand, self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) is recommended in response situations that involve exposure to any amount of nitrogen mustard. Skin/Ocular Protection: Personal protective equipment (PPE) and butyl rubber chemical protective gloves are recommended at all times when these chemicals are suspected to be involved. /Nitrogen mustards/

GENERAL INFORMATION

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: mg/m3)

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

Based on the recent pathognomic accomplishment in the mechanisms of toxic actions, the favorable degree of protection was achieved by several drugs in acute poisoning of rats with sulfur and nitrogen mustards. It has been established that dexamethasone, promethazine, vitamin E, heparin, and sodium thiosulfate (a) prolonged the survival time in animals poisoned by 3 LD50s of toxic agents, (b) diminished the lethalty (with the protective indices ranging from 1.5 to 2.7), (c) antagonized the decrease of body weight, and (d) lessened the degree of pathological organ changes. The simultaneous administration of two or three of the drugs mentioned, of which sodium thiosulfate as chemical inactivator of the toxic agents was basic and consonant component, led to the further increase in effectiveness. /Nitrogen mustards/

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 672(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that tris(2-chloroethyl)amine is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). Tris(2-chloroethyl)amine has a pKa of 4.64(4) and is expected to exist primarily as the neutral species under neutral or alkaline conditions, but the protonated form will be present under acidic conditions. The protonated form of tris(2-chloroethyl)amine is expected to adsorb to soil surfaces more strongly than the neutral species(SRC). Volatilization of the neutral species of tris(2-chloroethyl)amine from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.85X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 0.011 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 160 mg/l(3). The protonated form of tris(2-chloroethyl)amine will not volatilize from moist soil surfaces since cations do not volatilize(SRC). Tris(2-chloroethyl)amine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). Tris(2-chloroethyl)amine was reported to hydrolyze slowly for a nitrogen mustard(5,6), but under alkaline conditions approximately 90-95% degradation was observed after 24 hours(5). Therefore, hydrolysis will be an important environmental fate process in moist soil surfaces.

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 672(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that tris(2-chloroethyl)amine is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Tris(2-chloroethyl)amine has a pKa of 4.64(3)and is expected to exist primarily as the neutral species in aquatic systems, however under acidic conditions the protonated form may also be present. Volatilization of the neutral species from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.85X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 0.011 mm Hg(5), and water solubility, 160 mg/l(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 46 hours and 26 days, respectively(SRC). The protonated form of tris(2-chloroethyl)amine will not volatilize from water surfaces since cations do not volatilize(SRC). Tris(2-chloroethyl)amine was reported to hydrolyze slowly for a nitrogen mustard(5,6), but under alkaline conditions approximately 90-95% degradation was observed after 24 hours(5). Therefore, hydrolysis will be an important environmental fate process in water. According to a classification scheme(7), an estimated BCF of 11(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 2.27(8) and a regression-derived equation(9) suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Furthermore, hydrolysis should preclude the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), tris(2-chloroethyl)amine, which has a vapor pressure of 0.011 mm Hg at 25 °C(2),is expected to exist solely in the vapor-phase in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase tris(2-chloroethyl)amine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.5 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.1X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC), determined using a structure estimation method(3).

HN-3 can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, ingestion, eye contact, and skin contact. Inhalation is an important route of exposure. Ingestion is an uncommon route of exposure. Tender skin, the moist lining of body passages and cavities (mucous membranes) and perspiration-covered skin are more sensitive to the effects of this agent.

- Mild (onset within 4 to 12 hours): Tear production (lacrimation), irritation, itching, burning, spasmodic blinking (blepharospasm), dryness or gritty feeling, and possible pinpoint pupils (miosis).

- Nausea, vomiting (emesis), pain, hemorrhagic diarrhea, and chemical burns of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

- Mild (onset within 2 to 24 hours): Runny nose (rhinorrhea), sneezing, nosebleed (epistaxis), hoarseness progressing to “toneless” voice, barking cough, loss of taste and smell, wheezing and difficulty breathing or shortness of breath (dyspnea) in smokers and asthmatics, and nasal and sinus pain (occurring later).

- Tender skin, the moist lining of body passages and cavities (mucous membranes), and perspiration-covered skin are more sensitive to the effects of nitrogen mustard.

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc for tris(2-chloroethyl)amine can be estimated to be 672(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that tris(2-chloroethyl)amine is expected to have low mobility in soil. Tris(2-chloroethyl)amine has a pKa of 4.64(3) and is expected to exist primarily as the neutral species under neutral to alkaline conditions, but under acidic conditions the protonated form may also exist. Protonated tris(2-chloroethyl)amine will generally adsorb to organic carbon and clay more strongly than the neutral species(SRC).

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ In contact with the skin and eye, the nitrogen mustards are severely vesicant and damaging, their action being similar to that of the sulfur variety of mustard gas but with more immediately effect and deeper injury. Accidental burns of human skin leading to deep and slow-to-heal ulcers, and accidental corneal damage, including the injury of iris and lens, have been reported. Industrially, irritation of the eyes, nose, skin and respiratory system occurs following exposure to vapor. Delayed pulmonary edema following accidental vapor exposure has been observed. /Chloroethylamines/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ It has been observed that workers briefly exposed to nitrogen mustard in concentrations estimated to be between 10 and 100 ppm became severely ill with nausea, vomiting and dilated pupils. In normal human volunteers single oral doses of some mg resulted in nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Large doses produce neurotoxic effects such as prolonged tremor, uncoordinated movements, ataxia, derangement of positional reflexes, and convulsions. /Chloroethylamines/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ During the Iraq-Iran war (1980-1988), a group of patients exposed to mustard gas (one of the chemical warfare agents used by Iraq) were referred to our dermatology department. ... A group of patients, including 14 children and teenagers, exposed to mustard gas were studied. Laboratory tests including blood cell counts, hemoglobin, hematocrit, urine analysis, etc., were determined. Among the most frequent disorders were facial involvement (78%), which dominated the clinical picture, followed by genital (42%), truncal, and axillary lesions (both 14%). Eosinophilia was the most prominent laboratory disorder seen in 12% of the patients. Skin lesions started 4-18 hours after exposure. Erythema developed within 20-30 hours after exposure, followed by blisters. The time of onset of manifestations had been shorter and severity of the lesions higher in children and teenagers compared with adults. Both phenomena could be attributed to the more delicate skin of the young patients. Genital manifestations were less frequent in this subgroup while ophthalmic, pulmonary, and gastrointestinal lesions were more frequently encountered in children than in adults. /Unspecified mustard gas/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Exposure to nitrogen mustard vapor or liquid may cause intense conjunctival and scleral inflammation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, photophobia, and corneal damage. High concentrations can cause burns and blindness. Direct skin exposure to nitrogen mustards causes erythema and blistering. Generally, a rash will develop within several hours, followed by blistering within 6-12 hours. Prolonged contact, or short contact with large amounts, may result in second- and third- degree chemical burns. ...Chronic respiratory and eye conditions may persist following exposure to large amounts of nitrogen mustards. /Nitrogen mustards/

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for TRIS(2-CHLOROETHYL)AMINE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Tris(2-chloroethyl)amine was produced in limited quantities as a antineoplastic agent in Europe and as a fixing agent in textile dyes. This may have resulted in its release to the environment during production through various waste streams(1). Tris(2-chloroethyl)amine does not appear to be currently used as an antineoplastic agent in the United States(2).

Trichlormethine (Trimustine hydrochloride)

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

1990

1989

An estimated BCF of 11 was calculated for tris(2-chloroethyl)amine(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 2.27(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Furthermore, hydrolysis should preclude the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for tris(2-chloroethyl)amine is estimated as 1.85X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 0.011 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 160 mg/l(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that the neutral species of tris(2-chloroethyl)amine is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life of the neutral species from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 47 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life of the neutral species from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 26 days(SRC). Tris(2-chloroethyl)amine's estimated Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization of the neutral species from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Tris(2-chloroethyl)amine has a pKa of 4.64(3) and will exist primarily as the neutral species under neutral to basic conditions, but the protonated form of tris(2-chloroethyl)amine, may also be present under acidic environments. The protonated form of tris(2-chloroethyl)amine will not volatilize from water or moist soil surfaces(SRC). Tris(2-chloroethyl)amine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Tris(2-chloroethyl)amine is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 100 lbs.

HN3 (nitrogen mustard-3)

CUM 100g

CUM 100g

Chemical Weapons/Chemical Weapons Precursors chemical material that, if stolen or diverted, can be converted into weapons using simple chemistry, equipment, or techniques.