이소플루오르페이트

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Acetylcholinesterase activity in red blood cells = 70% of individual's baseline; Butylcholinesterase activity in serum or plasma = 60% of individual's baseline; Sample at end of shift; [TLVs and BEIs]

... MUST BE STORED IN ITS SEALED ORIGINAL CONTAINERS, IN WELL-AIRED, FRESH & DRY STOREHOUSES OR IN SHADED & POSSIBLY WELL-AIRED PLACES. IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT THE PRODUCT'S TEMP ... NOT EXCEED 25-30 °C, & KEEP ... AWAY FROM SOURCES OF HEAT, FREE FLAMES OR SPARK-GENERATING EQUIPMENT. CONTAINERS MUST BE STACKED IN SUCH A WAY AS TO PERMIT FREE CIRCULATION OF AIR ... AT BOTTOM & INSIDE OF PILES. STORAGE AREAS MUST BE LOCATED AT SUITABLE DISTANCE FROM INHABITED BUILDINGS, ANIMAL SHELTERS, & FOOD STORES; MOREOVER, THEY MUST BE INACCESSIBLE TO UNAUTHORIZED PERSONS, CHILDREN, & DOMESTIC ANIMALS. /DIMETHOATE/

When handling in open containers, protect the eyes, nose, and mouth with a suitable mask, and avoid contact with skin. (Non-Specific -- Organophosphorus Pesticide, n.o.s.) Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing at the site. Do not touch spilled material. Use water spray to reduce vapors. Take up small spills with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place in containers for later disposal. Dike far ahead of large spills for later disposal. (EPA, 1998)

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P043, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Potential for fluidized bed incineration with a temperature of 840-1800 °C with residence times for liquids and gases: seconds; solids: longer.

Potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration with a temperature of 1,500-2,900 °C with residence times for liquids and gases: seconds; solids: hours. /Data from table/

Potential candidate for liquid injection with a temperature of 1,200-2,900 °C with a residence time of 0.1-2 seconds. /Data from table/

Clothing which has had any possibility of being contaminated ... should be placed into closed containers for storage until it can be discarded or provisions are made for ... removal from the clothing. /Parathion/

Provide an emergency eyewash station. /Parathion/

Non-impervious clothing which becomes contaminated ... should be removed immediately and not reworn until ... /provisions are made for/ removal /from/ the clothing. /Parathion/

Skin that becomes contaminated ... should be immediately washed ... with soap or mild detergent and water. /Parathion/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for DIISOPROPYL FLUOROPHOSPHATE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

0.0096 [mg/m3]

0.11 [mg/m3]

1.7 [mg/m3]

For emergency situations, wear a positive pressure, pressure-demand, full facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or pressure- demand supplied air respirator with escape SCBA and a fully-encapsulating, chemical resistant suit. (EPA, 1998)

... WHEN HANDLING ISOFLUROPHATE IN OPEN CONTAINERS, PROTECT THE EYES, NOSE, & MOUTH WITH A SUITABLE MASK, & AVOID CONTACT WITH SKIN.

Data suggest break-through times of approximately an hour or more for protective clothing made of butyl or nitrile rubber. /Organo-phosphorous compounds/

Respiratory protection is as follows: particulate or vapor concentration: 1 mg/cu m or less: Any chemical cartridge respirator with an organic vapor cartridge and dust, fume, and mist filter, including pesticide respirators which meet the requirements of this class, or any supplied-air respirator, or any self-contained breathing apparatus. 5 mg/cu m or less: A chemical cartridge respirator with a full facepiece, organic vapor cartridge, and dust, fume, and mist filter, including pesticide respirators which meet the requirements of this class, or a gas mask with a chin-style or a front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister and dust, fume, and mist filter, including pesticide respirators which meet the requirements of this class, or any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece, helmet, or hood, or any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece. 20 mg/cu m or less: A powered air-purifying respirator with an organic vapor cartridge and high efficiency particulate filter, including pesticide respirators which meet the requirements of this class or a type C supplied-air respirator operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure or continuous-flow mode. Greater than 20 mg/cu m or entry and escape from unknown concentrations: Self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode, or a combination respirator which includes a type C supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure or continuous-flow mode and an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode. Escape: Any gas mask providing protection against organic vapors and particulates or any escape self-contained breathing apparatus. /Parathion/

IN SOME CASES ANOTHER PARASYMPATHOMIMETIC AGENT SUCH AS CARBACHOL ... MAY ENHANCE THE EFFECT OF ISOFLUROPHATE. HOWEVER, ACTION OF ISOFLUROPHATE IS INHIBITED BY PRIOR INSTILLATION OF PHYSOSTIGMINE.

Phenyl methyl sulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) was able to protect hens from delayed neurotoxicity when given 4 hr before 1.7 mg/kg sc DFP. However, PMSF was ineffective at preventing paralysis when given later than 4 hr before DFP admin. These results support the notion that PMSF acts at the same site as the organophosphorus esters.

Using the hot-plate test in mice di-isopropylfluorophosphate potentiates the antinociceptive activity of alfentanil but has no effect on the activity of morphine or fentanyl.

Skin penetration of the alkyl phophates, diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) and N,N-dimethylamino-o-ethylcyanophosphate (Tabun), was investigated, in vitro and in vivo, in guinea pigs and rats. As a basis for the development of skin barrier creams (formulations), a series of polyethylene glycols was chosen. For some formulations a short-time inhibition of Tabun-penetration in vitro was found, which could not be verified in vivo. In vivo all formulations gave an enhancement of penetration. Mixed with Tabum (10:1) polyethylene glycol 400 strongly diminished the penetration of the former substance.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for DIISOPROPYL FLUOROPHOSPHATE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 31(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that diisopropyl fluorophosphate is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of diisopropyl fluorophosphate from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.2X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). Diisopropyl fluorophosphate does undergo hydrolysis to HF and diisopropyl phosphate; half-lives range from 16.7 hrs-2.2 days at temperatures of 37-25 °C(5,6) and 72 hrs-several days at temperatures of 15-30 °C(7,8). Diisopropyl fluorophosphate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 0.54 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(4).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 31(SRC), determined from an estimation method(2), indicates that diisopropyl fluorophosphate is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.2X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 250 hr and 120 days, respectively(SRC). Diisopropyl fluorophosphate does undergo hydrolysis to HF and diisopropyl phosphate; half-lives range from 16.7 hrs-2.2 days at temperatures of 37-25 °C(8,9) and 72 hrs-several days at temperatures of 15-30 °C(10,11). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 1(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 1.13(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), diisopropyl fluorophosphate, which has a vapor pressure of 0.54 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely in the vapor-phase in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase diisopropyl fluorophosphate is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 5 hrs(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 8.0X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3) determined using a structure estimation method(3).

The assessment of exposure to the organophosphate pesticides, bromophos and dicrotophos, can be accomplished through measurement of these compounds in the blood. However, since organophosphate pesticides are rapidly cleared from the blood, it is difficult to be able to detect the pesticides in blood unless very large quantities have been absorbed. This test may be useful for identification of the compound in cases of severe exposure, although documented tests for measurement of specific organophosphate pesticides in blood are very limited. Blood Reference Ranges: Normal - None detected; Exposed - Not detected; Toxic - Not established. Serum or Plasma Reference Ranges: Normal - Not established; Exposed - Not established; Toxic - Not established. Urine: The assessment of organophosphate pesticide exposure can be accomplished through measurement of the following alkyl phosphate metabolites: dimethylphosphate, diethylphosphate, dimethylthiophosphate, diethylthiophosphate, dimethyldithiophosphate, and diethyldithiophosphate. ... The one limitation to measurement of urinary alkyl metabolites is that this test is only useful for assessing recent exposure, due to the short half-life of organophosphate pesticides. Urine Reference Ranges: Normal - Note established; Exposed - Not established; Toxic - Not established. /Organophosphate Pesticides/

Initial Medical Examination: A complete history and physical examination: The purpose is to detect pre-existing conditions that might place the exposed employee at increased risk, and to establish a baseline for future health monitoring. ... Examination of the respiratory system, nervous system, cardiovascular system, eyes, and attention to the cholinesterase levels in the blood should be stressed. The skin should be examined for evidence of chronic disorders. ... The cholinesterase activity in the serum and erythrocytes should be determined by using medically acceptable biochemical tests prior to any new period of exposure. /Parathion/

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc for diisopropyl fluorophosphate can be estimated to be 31(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that diisopropyl fluorophosphate is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The inhibition of nonspecific esterase activity, and/or inhibition of aromatic amino acid esterase activity, and/or potential effects on specific cellular functions (phagocytosis, immunoglobulin G synthesis, and inflammatory and immune mediator release) were evaluated with organic chemicals added to human peripheral blood monocytes. Diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate at a concentration of 1.5 mM inhibited monocyte alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase activity by 65% (assay method not reported).

... A 12-month-old boy, who had received one drop of 0.1% DFP in each eye daily for 2 months, experienced two brief apneic spells, with probable seizure activity for 1 or 2 minutes each time ... miotic, unreactive pupils, profuse nasal discharge & possible motor weakness /noted/. Eight hr after admin, he had a typical grand mal convulsion lasting 2 to 3 minutes. ... The cholinesterase activity of serum collected 60 hr after the last eye drop was below the range of normal & 44% of the average normal.

TREATMENT OF GLAUCOMA WITH POTENT, LONG-ACTING ANTICHOLINESTERASE AGENTS (INCLUDING ... ISOFLUROPHATE) FOR 6 MONTHS OR LONGER CARRIES HIGH RISK OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SPECIFIC TYPE OF CATARACT, WHICH BEGINS AS ANTERIOR SUBCAPSULAR VACUOLES. ALTHOUGH FORMATION OF SPONTANEOUS CATARACTS IS QUITE COMMON WITHIN COMPARABLE AGE GROUPS, THE INCIDENCE OF LENTICULAR OPACITIES UNDER SUCH CIRCUMSTANCES CAN BE AS HIGH AS 50%; THE HAZARD IS APPARENTLY INCREASED IN PROPORTION TO THE STRENGTH OF SOLUTION, FREQUENCY OF INSTILLATION, DURATION OF THERAPY, & AGE OF THE PATIENT. THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM REMAINS ELUSIVE ... MISCELLANEOUS OCULAR SIDE EFFECTS THAT MAY OCCUR FOLLOWING LOCAL INSTILLATION OF ANTICHOLINESTERASE AGENTS ARE HEADACHE, BROW PAIN, BLURRED VISION, PHACODINESIS, PERICORNEAL INJECTION, CONGESTIVE IRITIS, VARIOUS ALLERGIC REACTIONS, &, RARELY, RETINAL DETACHMENT.

... DFP ... has the property of inducing a ... delayed neurotoxicity. ... The clinical picture is that of a severe polyneuritis that begins several days after exposure to a sufficient single or cumulative amt of the toxic cmpd. It is manifested initially by mild sensory disturbances, ataxia, weakness, and ready weakness of the legs, accompanied by reduced tendon reflexes & ... muscle twitching, fasciculation, & tenderness to palpation. In severe cases, the weakness may progress eventually to complete flaccid paralysis that, over the course of weeks or months, is often succeeded by a spastic paralysis with a concomitant exaggeration of reflexes. During these phases, the muscles show marked wasting. Recovery may require 2 or more yr.

Do not inhale vapors. Avoid contact with skin. Even traces of the vapor cause myosis. Highly toxic; cholinesterase inhibitor.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for DIISOPROPYL FLUOROPHOSPHATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Microbial cell-free extracts were found to contain lysase enzymes capable of hydrolyzing diisopropyl fluorophosphate(1). This indicates that intact microorganisms in the environment may also be capable of biodegrading diisopropyl fluorophosphate. One study reported that Pseudomonas melophthora could degrade diisopropyl fluorophosphate in the presence of yeast extract, mannitol, and acetone(2). Diisopropyl fluorophosphate was found to be rapidly degraded (no quantitative rate was given) in ruminal fluid(3), which contains anaerobic microorganisms.

An estimated BCF of 1 was calculated for diisopropyl fluorophosphate(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 1.13(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.

The Henry's Law constant for diisopropyl fluorophosphate is estimated as 3.2X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that diisopropyl fluorophosphate is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 250 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 120 days(SRC). Diisopropyl fluorophosphate's Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Diisopropyl fluorophosphate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.54 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

... IN ANIMALS POISONED WITH DFP, PLASMA CHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY RETURNS TO NORMAL WITHIN SEVERAL DAYS TO A FEW WK, BECAUSE IT IS RELATIVELY RAPIDLY REPLACED BY NEW ENZYME SYNTHESIZED IN THE LIVER. THE ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY OF ERYTHROCYTES, HOWEVER, REMAINS DEPRESSED FOR DURATION OF RED CELL'S LIFE.

IN SEVERE POISONING, MOTOR FIBERS ARE INVOLVED, & THERE IS PARALYSIS & EXTENSIVE DAMAGE TO RHOMBENCEPHALON & SPINAL CORD WITH DEGENERATION OF SPINOCEREBELLAR TRACTS, CEREBELLAR PONTINE NUCLEI, & VENTRAL LUMBAR, THORACIC, & CERVICAL TRACTS.

DIISOPROPYL FLUOROPHOSPHATE ADMIN IM TO WISTAR RATS, 0.5 MG/KG EVERY 72 HR FOR 730 DAYS, PRODUCED 16/100 PITUITARY TUMORS (CHROMOPHOBE ADENOMA). SPONTANEOUS INCIDENCE "RARE". /FROM TABLE/

THE ACUTE AND DELAYED BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF DFP WERE STUDIED IN WHITE-LEGHORN HENS TRAINED TO KEY-PECK UNDER A MULTIPLE FIXED-RATIO, FIXED-INTERVAL (MULT FR F1) SCHEDULE OF FOOD PRESENTATION. ACUTE EFFECTS CONSISTED OF DOSE-RELATED RESPONSE-RATE DECREASES WHICH WERE SIMILAR FOR BOTH FR AND FI SCHEDULE COMPONENTS. FOLLOWING A RETURN TO CONTROL RESPONDING FOR NO LESS THAN 7 DAYS, DELAYED EFFECTS OCCURRED. BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS PRECEDED NEUROTOXIC EFFECTS. THESE LATTER EFFECTS FIRST APPEARED AS ATAXIA AND PROGRESSED TO LEG PARALYSIS AND SOMETIMES DEATH. DELAYED EFFECTS FOLLOWED BOTH ACUTE (0.5-1.0 MG/KG) DOSES AS WELL AS DOSES (0.125-0.25 MG/KG) HAVING NO OR LITTLE ACUTE BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for DIISOPROPYL FLUOROPHOSPHATE (30 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

P043; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when diisopropyl fluorophosphate, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to federal and/or state hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any container or inner liner used to hold this waste or any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5(e)).

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 100 lb or 45.4 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Isofluorphate is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 100 lbs.

Used as insecticide, cholinergic for glaucoma treatment, and veterinary miotic; [HSDB]

No longer registered as a pesticide for use in the US; [HSDB]

Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]

For Diisopropyl Fluorophosphate (USEPA/OPP PC Code: 356100) there are 0 labels match. /SRP: Not registered for current use in the U.S./

Therap cat: Cholinergic (ophthalmic)

Therap Cat (Vet): Has been used as a miotic

Prepared by the action of phosphorus trichloride on isopropanol, chlorinating the resulting intermediate, and converting diisopropyl chlorophosphate by means of sodium fluoride: Hardy, Kosolapoff, US patent 2,409,039 (1946); see also Edgewood Arsenal, Chemical Warfare Service Tdmr 832 (April 1944); British patent 601,210 (1948).

DIFLUPYL

DYFLOS

Dyphlos

FLOROPRYL

For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for DIISOPROPYL FLUOROPHOSPHATE (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Phosphorofluoridic acid, bis(1-methylethyl) ester: ACTIVE

Rarely used nowadays & not in agriculture.