L-Aspartic Acid

Cosmetic ingredients (Aspartic Acid) -> CIR (Cosmetic Ingredient Review)

Antistatic

log Kow = -3.89

-3.89

-3.89

Acidic/neutral

Sour

1.6603 at 13 °C

1.7 g/cm³

White, crystalline solid

Orthorhombic bisphenoidal leaflets or rods

1 g in 222.2 ml water at 20 °C; 1 g in 149.9 ml water at 30 °C; more sol in salt soln; sol in acids, alkalies

Insoluble in ethanol, ethyl ether, benzene; soluble in dilute HCl, pyridine

In water, 5,360 mg/L at 25 °C

5.39 mg/mL

Solubility in water, g/100ml: 0.45

270-271 °C

270 °C

270 °C

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 94.4% (340 of 360) of all reports.

Not Classified

Aggregated GHS information provided per 360 reports by companies from 4 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.

Not Classified

Chemical: L-Aspartic acid

Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 (amended)

L-Aspartic acid is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of L-Aspartic acid are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Active Update: 26-04-2022 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/14876

L-Aspartic acid: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

Aspartic acid: Does not have an individual approval but may be used as a component in a product covered by a group standard. It is not approved for use as a chemical in its own right.

Causes no skin and mild eye irritation in rabbits (classified by the EC as not irritating); Not a skin sensitizer in guinea pigs; [IUCLID] An eye and respiratory tract irritant; [ICSC] Safe when used as a flavoring agent in food; [JECFA] An irritant that may cause severe eye irritation; [Sigma-Aldrich MSDS]

L-Aspartic acid is a food additive permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption, as long as 1) the quantity of the substance added to food does not exceed the amount reasonably required to accomplish its intended physical, nutritive, or other technical effect in food, and 2) any substance intended for use in or on food is of appropriate food grade and is prepared and handled as a food ingredient.

Not Classified

Not Classified

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Give one or two glasses of water to drink.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Wash away remainder with plenty of water. Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance.

ASPARTIC ACID PREVENTED TO SOME EXTENT THE APPEARANCE OF SYMPTOMS OF PHYSICAL MORPHINE DEPENDENCE IN BALB/C MICE.

The effects of amino acids on the embryotoxicity and placental transfer of nickel chloride, day 10 rat embryos were cultured in rat serum medium containing nickel chloride or NiCl2-63 (0.34 or 0.68 uM NiCl with or without L-histidine (2 uM), L-aspartic acid, glycine (2 or 8 uM) or L-cysteine (2 uM). After 26 hr, conceptuses were assessed for survival, growth and development and malformations. The nickel-63 contents of embryos and yolk sacs and the extent of Nickel-63 binding to the proteins of the culture medium were also determined. Nickel chloride alone did not affect the embryonic development at 0.34 uM and caused growth retardation and brain and caudal abnormalities at 0.68 uM. Coincubation of L-histidine, L-cysteine, or L-aspartic acid 0.68 uM Ni reduced the growth retardation and the incidence and/or severity of brain defects caused by nickel chloride and decreased the concentrations of nickel-63 in the yolk sacs compared to 0.68 uM nickel-63 alone. In the presence of L-histidine, L-cysteine or L-aspartic acid there was a shift of nickel-63 binding from the high molecular weight proteins of the culture medium to the low molecular weight fraction.

The effect of oral D-aspartic acid and/or L-aspartic acid (aspartic acid) on the body weight of rats was studied. Rats given the D- or D- plus L-isomers showed a greater decrease in weight and in protein, triglyceride and glycogen than did rats given the L-isomer alone. The results were discussed with reference to amino acid antagonism of opioids.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 39(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 5,360 mg/L at 25 °C(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that L-aspartic acid is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). L-Aspartic acid has pKa values of 1.92, 3.87, and 9.87 at 25 °C(4) indicating that L-aspartic acid will exist as a zwitterion in the environment. Volatilization of L-aspartic acid from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) since ionic compounds do not volatilize. L-Aspartic acid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 2.6X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(5). Based on results from several screening tests, L-aspartic acid is expected to readily biodegrade under both aerobic (6-10) and anaerobic(11) conditions(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 39(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 5,360 mg/L at 25 °C(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that L-aspartic acid is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Measured pKa values of 1.92, 3.87, and 9.87 at 25 °C(4) indicate that L-aspartic acid will exist as a zwitterion in the environment. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected because ionic compounds do not volatilize. According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 0.7(SRC), from its water solubility(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). The biodegradation of L-aspartic acid is expected to occur readily based on results from both screening and grab sample tests. Relative rates of total utilization of 2.7, 1.5, and 0.10%/hr were measured over a 4-hour period in three samples of seawater(6). In aerobic screening tests, 38.7 to 80.5% BODT was reached in 5 days using a sewage inoculum(7-9) while in an anaerobic screening test, 79% biodegradation was reported in 35 days(10).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), L-aspartic acid, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 2.6X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase L-aspartic acid is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 10 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 4.0x10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase L-aspartic acid may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). L-Aspartic acid does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(4).

Cough. Sore throat.

Redness. Pain.

Burning sensation in the throat and chest.

The Koc of L-aspartic acid is estimated as 39(SRC), using a water solubility of 5,360 mg/L(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that L-aspartic acid is expected to have very high mobility in soil. However, L-aspartic acid has pKa values of 1.92, 3.87, and 9.87(5), indicating that this compound will exist as a zwitterion in the environment. In H(Al) montmorillonite, aspartic acid showed an L-2 type adsorption isotherm with an initial preferential sorption when compared with the solvent or other solutes followed by a decrease in sorption as more solute was sorbed(4).

Aspartic acid was measured in soft tissues of zebra mussels from Oneida Lake, NY collected in October and November of 1991 and clams (from previously published data, source not reported) at concentrations of 7.51 and 6.77 g/100 g dry weight, respectively(1).

L-Aspartic acid's production and use as a roborant (1), a raw material in the synthesis of peptide drugs(2), and, as the DL-aspartic acid mixture, used in biological and clinical studies, preparation of culture media, an organic intermediate, an ingredient of aspartame, detergents, fungicides, germicides, and in metal complexation(3) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

AEROBIC: The biodegradation of L-aspartic acid was measured in several BOD5 tests. After 5 days, 48.5%(1) 38.7(2) and 80.5%(3) of the theoretical BOD was reached using a sewage inoculum. L-Aspartic acid was degraded by 81% BODT after 30 days using a sewage inoculum(4). In a second Warburg test using an activated sludge inoculum, 8.9, 16.2, and 28.8% BODT was reached after 0.25, 0.5, and 1 day, respectively(5). DL-Aspartic acid was rapidly degraded by 98 to >99% in a laboratory-scale activated sludge unit at initial concentrations of 599, 1198, 2396, and 4792 mg/L and average detention times of 20.5, 29, 42, and 85 hours, respectively(6). Samples of marine water from the Scheldt estuary, the Belgian coastal zone of the North Sea, and the English Channel were incubated with 14C-labeled DL-aspartic acid and relative rates of total utilization (incorporation plus respiration) of 2.7, 1.5, and 0.10%/hr, respectively, were measured over a 4-hour period(7). Based on these data, L-aspartic acid is expected to biodegrade rapidly.

ANAEROBIC: The biodegradability of L-aspartic acid at 2 g/L was measured in the Biochemical Methane Potential assay and incubated anaerobically at 35 and 55 °C. After 35 and 78 days, 79 and 73% bioconversion to methane was reported(1). The fermentation of L-aspartic acid proceeded through acetate and propionate(1).

SOIL: Aspartic acid was not detectable in soil samples collected from 3 depths at a landfill in Spain containing urban wastes (detection limit not provided although measurements for other amino acids were provided in units of nmol/g)(1).

SEDIMENT: A Fanning Island (Central Pacific Ocean)lagoon carbonate mud sediment contained aspartic acid at concentrations of 10.68, 8.40, 4.14, 3.10, 2.60, 4.11 and 3.38 umol/g in grain size fractions of <2, 2-6, 6-10, 10-20, 20-40, 63-125, 125-250 microns, respectively(1).

An estimated BCF of 0.7 was calculated in fish for L-aspartic acid(SRC), using a water solubility of 5,360 mg/L(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

L-Aspartic acid is a food additive permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption, as long as 1) the quantity of the substance added to food does not exceed the amount reasonably required to accomplish its intended physical, nutritive, or other technical effect in food, and 2) any substance intended for use in or on food is of appropriate food grade and is prepared and handled as a food ingredient.

L-aspartate is considered a non-essential amino acid, meaning that, under normal physiological conditions, sufficient amounts of the amino acid are synthesized in the body to meet the body's requirements. L-aspartate is formed by the transamination of the Krebs cycle intermediate oxaloacetate. The amino acid serves as a precursor for synthesis of proteins, oligopeptides, purines, pyrimidines, nucleic acids and L-arginine. L-aspartate is a glycogenic amino acid, and it can also promote energy production via its metabolism in the Krebs cycle. These latter activities were the rationale for the claim that supplemental aspartate has an anti-fatigue effect on skeletal muscle, a claim that was never confirmed.

There are also claims that L-aspartate has ergogenic effects, that it enhances performance in both prolonged exercise and short intensive exercise. It is hypothesized that L-aspartate, especially the potassium magnesium aspartate salt, spares stores of muscle glycogen and/or promotes a faster rate of glycogen resynthesis during exercise. It has also been hypothesized that L-aspartate can enhance short intensive exercise by serving as a substrate for energy production in the Krebs cycle and for stimulating the purine nucleotide cycle.

FOR L-ASPARTIC ACID, OXALOACETIC ACID IS PRODUCT OF OXIDATIVE DEAMINATION OR TRANSAMINATION; ALPHA-ALANINE IS PRODUCT OF DECARBOXYLATION. /FROM TABLE/

METABOLIC PATHWAYS & PRODUCTS /IN ANIMAL BODY/: ASPARTIC ACID + CARBAMYLPHOSPHATE /PRODUCE/ PHOSPHORUS + CARBAMYLASPARTIC ACID GIVE PYRIMIDINES; ASPARTIC ACID /PRODUCES/ FUMARIC ACID + NH3; ASPARTIC ACID /PRODUCES/ ASPARTIC SEMIALDEHYDE /PRODUCES/ HOMOSERINE /PRODUCES/ (I) THREONINE, (II) METHIONINE, OR (III) LYSINE... /FROM TABLE/

METABOLIC PATHWAYS & PRODUCTS /IN ANIMAL BODY/: ASPARTIC ACID GIVES NITROGEN OF PURINE RING...ASPARTIC ACID + IMP GIVE ADENYLOSUCCINATE GIVES AMP + FUMARATE... /FROM TABLE/

Following ingestion, L-aspartate is absorbed from the small intestine by an active transport process. Following absorption, L-aspartate enters the portal circulation and from there is transported to the liver, where much of it is metabolized to protein, purines, pyrimidines and L-arginine, and is catabolized as well. D-aspartate is not metabolized in the liver; it enters the systemic circulation, which distributes it to various tissues of the body. The cations associated with L-aspartate independently interact with various substances in the body and participate in various physiological processes. /L-aspartate; D-aspartate/

Absorbed from the small intestine by an active transport process

ASPARTIC ACID PLASMA CONCN WAS ELEVATED 30 MIN AFTER 1 G/KG L-ASPARTATE (ORAL OR IP) TO 15 DAY OLD & ADULT MICE. THEREAFTER, CONCN DECLINED EXPONENTIALLY WITH T/2 OF 0.2 HR IN BOTH. PLASMA CONCN NOT APPRECIABLY ALTERED BY 10 & 100 MG/KG L-ASPARTATE ORAL OR IP ADMIN.

Following ingestion, L-aspartate is absorbed from the small intestine by an active transport process. Following absorption, L-aspartate enters the portal circulation and from there is transported to the liver, where much of it is metabolized to protein, purines, pyrimidines and L-arginine, and is catabolized as well. L-aspartate is not metabolized in the liver; it enters the systemic circulation, which distributes it to various tissues of the body. The cations associated with L-aspartate independently interact with various substances in the body and participate in various physiological processes. /L-aspartate/

... Contents of D- and L-aspartic acids in rats at different stages of growth (from 1 day before birth to 90 days after birth) were determined. D-Aspartic acid was detected in all the brain tissue samples tested, but at different levels. In the cerebrum of rats 1 day before birth, D-aspartic acid was found to be at the highest concentration of 81 nmol/g wet tissue. The level of D-aspartic acid in rat brain falls rapidly after birth, while the L-aspartic acid level increases with age.

Enzymatic synthesis of 11C-(4)-L-aspartic acid was undertaken using commercially available wheat germ phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. Whole-body distribution of the radioactive compound in rats showed higher accumulation in the salivary gland, glandular stomach and the pancreas, as well as in the lungs. Within 60 minutes after intravenous injection of 11C-(4)-L-aspartic acid, about 60% is removed as 11CO2 by expiration, indicating that the carbon atom at the fourth position of the radioactive compound is easily subjected to decarboxylation.

The brain efflux index method has been used to clarify the mechanism of efflux transport of acidic amino acids such as L-aspartic acid (L-Asp), L-glutamic acid (L-Glu), and D-aspartic acid (D-Asp) across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). About 85% of L-[3H]Asp and 40% of L-(3H)Glu was eliminated from the ipsilateral cerebrum within, respectively, 10 and 20 min of microinjection into the brain. The efflux rate constant of L-(3H)Asp and L-(3H)Glu was 0.207 and 0.0346 min(-1), respectively. However, D-(3H)Asp was not eliminated from brain over a 20-min period. The efflux of L-(3H)Asp and L-(3H)Glu was inhibited in the presence of excess unlabeled L-Asp and L-Glu, whereas D-Asp did not inhibit either form of efflux transport. Aspartic acid efflux across the BBB appears to be stereospecific. Using a combination of TLC and the bioimaging analysis, attempts were made to detect the metabolites of L-(3H)Asp and L-(3H)Glu in the ipsilateral cerebrum and jugular vein plasma following a microinjection into parietal cortex, area 2. Significant amounts of intact L-(3H)Asp and L-(3H)Glu were found in all samples examined, including jugular vein plasma, providing direct evidence that at least a part of the L-Asp and L-Glu in the brain interstitial fluid is transported across the BBB in the intact form. To compare the transport of acidic amino acids using brain parenchymal cells, brain slice uptake studies were performed. Although the slice-to-medium ratio of D-(3H)Asp was the highest, followed by L-[3H]Glu and L-[3H]Asp, the initial uptake rate did not differ for both L-(3H)Asp and D-(3H)Asp, suggesting that the uptake of aspartic acid in brain parenchymal cells is not stereospecific. These results provide evidence that the BBB may act as an efflux pump for L-Asp and L-Glu to reduce the brain interstitial fluid concentration and act as a static wall for D-Asp.

CIR ingredient: Aspartic Acid

A non-essential amino acid; [Merck Index] [REPROTOX] Used in biological and clinical studies, to make culture media, and in aspartame products (detergents, fungicides, germicides, and metal complexations); [HSDB] Used in chemical synthesis, cosmetics, food additives, and pharmaceuticals; [IUCLID] Used as a flavoring agent and nutritional supplement; [FDA]

BIOLOGICAL & CLINICAL STUDIES; PREPN OF CULTURE MEDIA; ORG INTERMEDIATE; INGREDIENT OF ASPARTAME; DETERGENTS; FUNGICIDES; GERMICIDES; METAL COMPLEXATION /ASPARTIC ACID/

Used in flavor reaction products and pharmaceuticals formulations and intermediates

Roborant

Used as a raw material in the synthesis of peptide drugs

2023: 50,000 - <75,000 lb

This chemical is listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) (65FR81686). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds in 1990 and/or 1994. The HPV list is based on the 1990 Inventory Update Rule. (IUR) (40 CFR part 710 subpart B; 51FR21438).

(1992) No data

World market for L-aspartic acid in 1982: 450 tonnes; in 1984: 250 tonnes

Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule. [Table#3169]

Hydrolysis of asparagine, reaction of ammonia with diethyl fumarate

L-Aspartic acid is industrially manufactured by an enzymatic process in which aspartase (l-aspartate ammonia lyase, EC 4.3.1.1) catalyzes the addition of ammonia to fumaric acid. Advantages of the enzymatic production method are higher product concentration and productivity and the formation of fewer byproducts. Thus, l-aspartic acid can be easily separated from the reaction mixture by crystallization.

In 1973, an immobilized cell system based on Escherichia coli cells entrapped in polyacrylamide gel lattice was introduced for large-scale production.

(VET) COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE AS MIXT OF POTASSIUM & MAGNESIUM ASPARTATES= SPARTASE. /ASPARTIC ACID/

AVAILABLE COMMERCIALLY AS D(-)-, L(+)-, & DL-ASPARTIC ACID. /ASPARTIC ACID/

150 G ASPARTIC ACID WAS POLYMERIZED IN PRESENCE OF H3PO4 TO GIVE 150 G POLY(DEHYDROASPARTIC ACID) WHICH WAS TREATED WITH MORPHOLINE. POLYMER WAS INCORPORATED INTO AN ANIONIC SHAMPOO WITH 4% CONCN.

USP and FCC grades; 99% min grade

Information on 14 consumer products that contain Aspartic acid, disodium salt in the following categories is provided:

Information on 11 consumer products that contain Aspartic acid in the following categories is provided:

Flavoring Agents -> JECFA Flavorings Index

Flavouring Agent -> FLAVOURING_AGENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Cosmetics -> Antistatic

Synthetic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing

L-Aspartic acid: ACTIVE

Aspartic acid: ACTIVE

COMMONLY OCCURS IN THE L-FORM. ONE OF THE NONESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS.

ASPARTIC ACID IS A POTENTIAL FLAVOR PRECURSOR ISOLATED FROM MEAT EXTRACTS /ASPARTIC ACID, FROM TABLE/

...ASPARTATE...FOUND IN VERY HIGH CONCN IN BRAIN.../HAS/ POWERFUL EXCITATORY EFFECTS ON NEURONS IN VIRTUALLY EVERY REGION OF THE CNS. ...EFFORTS TO SUPPORT...ASPARTATE AS EXCITATORY /TRANSMITTER/...IN MAMMALIAN CNS HAVE BEEN HAMPERED BY UNAVAILABILITY OF A CONVINCINGLY SELECTIVE RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST. /ASPARTATE/