다이세슘 크로메이트

Danger

H272 (94.4%): May intensify fire; oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing liquids; Oxidizing solids]

P203, P210, P220, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P272, P273, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P318, P319, P321, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 72 reports by companies from 5 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Danger

H272 (88.4%): May intensify fire; oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing liquids; Oxidizing solids]

CrVI compounds are irritants, sensitizers, and may be corrosive to the skin. CrVI compounds are respiratory tract irritants and may cause pulmonary sensitization. CrVI may cause acute tubular necrosis and liver injury. [ATSDR Case Studies] May cause fire in contact with combustible material; A corrosive substance that can cause injury to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract; May cause skin sensitization; [MSDSonline] See Chromium and linked occupational diseases.

Ox. Sol. 2 (94.4%)

Ox. Sol. 2 (88.4%)

0.0002 [mg/m3], as Cr(VI), inhalable particulate matter

0.0005 [mg/m3], as Cr(VI), inhalable particulate matter

Hexavalent chromium's carcinogenic effects are caused by its metabolites, pentavalent and trivalent chromium. The DNA damage may be caused by hydroxyl radicals produced during reoxidation of pentavalent chromium by hydrogen peroxide molecules present in the cell. Trivalent chromium may also form complexes with peptides, proteins, and DNA, resulting in DNA-protein crosslinks, DNA strand breaks, DNA-DNA interstrand crosslinks, chromium-DNA adducts, chromosomal aberrations and alterations in cellular signaling pathways. It has been shown to induce carcinogenesis by overstimulating cellular regulatory pathways and increasing peroxide levels by activating certain mitogen-activated protein kinases. It can also cause transcriptional repression by cross-linking histone deacetylase 1-DNA methyltransferase 1 complexes to CYP1A1 promoter chromatin, inhibiting histone modification. Chromium may increase its own toxicity by modifying metal regulatory transcription factor 1, causing the inhibition of zinc-induced metallothionein transcription. (A12, L16, A34, A35, A36)

Breathing hexavalent chromium can cause irritation to the lining of the nose, nose ulcers, runny nose, and breathing problems, such as asthma, cough, shortness of breath, or wheezing. Ingestion of hexavalent chromium causes irritation and ulcers in the stomach and small intestine, as well as anemia. Skin contact can cause skin ulcers. (L16)

Chromium is absorbed from oral, inhalation, or dermal exposure and distributes to nearly all tissues, with the highest concentrations found in kidney and liver. Bone is also a major storage site and may contribute to long-term retention. Hexavalent chromium's similarity to sulfate and chromate allow it to be transported into cells via sulfate transport mechanisms. Inside the cell, hexavalent chromium is reduced first to pentavalent chromium, then to trivalent chromium by many substances including ascorbate, glutathione, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Chromium is almost entirely excreted with the urine. (A12, L16)