싸이오다이캅(티오디캅)

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Acetylcholinesterase activity in red blood cells = 70% of individual's baseline; Butylcholinesterase activity in serum or plasma = 60% of individual's baseline; Sample at end of shift; [TLVs and BEIs]

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Fire extinguishing media: Dry chemical, carbon dioxide, foam or water spray.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U410, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed. Normal measures for preventive fire protection.

Appropriate engineering controls: Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing. Wash hands before breaks and immediately after handling the product.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants. Ensure that the local ventilation moves the contaminant away from the worker.

Tolerances are established for the combined residues of the insecticide thiodicarb (dimethyl N,N'-[thiobis[[(methylimino)carbonyloxy]]bis[ethanimidothioate]) and its metabolite methomyl (S-methyl N-[(methylcarbamoyl)oxy]thioacetimidate) in or on the following food commodities or groups. The time-limited tolerances expire and are revoked on the dates listed in the following table:[Table#6511]

If the compound has been ingested, rapid gastric lavage should be performed using 5% sodium bicarbonate. For skin contact, the skin should be washed with soap and water. If the compound has entered the eyes, they should be washed with large quantities of isotonic saline or water. In serious cases, atropine and/or pralidoxime should be administered. Anti-cholinergic drugs work to counteract the effects of excess acetylcholine and reactivate AChE. Atropine can be used as an antidote in conjunction with pralidoxime or other pyridinium oximes (such as trimedoxime or obidoxime), though the use of '-oximes' has been found to be of no benefit, or possibly harmful, in at least two meta-analyses. Atropine is a muscarinic antagonist, and thus blocks the action of acetylcholine peripherally.

Acute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Accumulation of ACh at motor nerves causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression at the neuromuscular junction. When this occurs symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, fasciculation, and paralysis can be seen. When there is an accumulation of ACh at autonomic ganglia this causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression in the sympathetic system. Symptoms associated with this are hypertension, and hypoglycemia. Overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system, due to accumulation of ACh, results in anxiety, headache, convulsions, ataxia, depression of respiration and circulation, tremor, general weakness, and potentially coma. When there is expression of muscarinic overstimulation due to excess acetylcholine at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors symptoms of visual disturbances, tightness in chest, wheezing due to bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial secretions, increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, peristalsis, and urination can occur. Chronically high (>10 years) exposure leads to neuropsychological consequences including disturbances in perception and visuo-motor processing (A15321).

LD50; Species: Apis mellifera (Honey bee) contact >25 ug/bee /99.95% ai/ /from table/

LD50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Northern bobwhite quail) oral 2023 mg/kg /99% ai/ /from table/

LC50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Northern bobwhite quail) dietary >5620 ppm for 5 days /99% ai/ /from table/

LC50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck) dietary >5620 ppm for 5 days /99% ai/ /from table/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Thiodicarb (24 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an average Koc value of 351(2), indicates that thiodicarb is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of thiodicarb from moist soil surfaces may be expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.1X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(3), based upon its vapor pressure, 4.3X10-5 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 19.1 mg/L(5). Thiodicarb is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). Thiodicarb degrades rapidly in aerobic soil, with a reported half-life of 1.5 days in sandy loam soil(4), suggesting that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC). Thiodicarb degrades rapidly into methomyl under most environmental conditions which is more mobile, persistent, and toxic than the parent compound(4).

FIELD STUDY: Thiodicarb has a half-life of 18 days resulting from a field dissipation study in Washington sandy loam soil; both thiodicarb and its degradate, methomyl, showed greater leaching compared with soil accumulation upon repeated applications(1). Field dissipation half-lives of 2 to 8 days have also been reported(2).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an average Koc value of 351(2), indicates that thiodicarb may adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be slow(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.1X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(4), based upon its vapor pressure, 4.3X10-5 mm Hg(5), and water solubility, 19.1 mg/L(6). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 60 days and 1.3 years, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(7), a BCF of 5.7(8), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Thiodicarb degrades under anaerobic conditions in aqueous environments with a reported half-life of 3 hours(4).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), thiodicarb, which has a vapor pressure of 4.3X10-5 mm Hg at 20 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase thiodicarb is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 9.7 hours(3), calculated from its rate constant of 1.3X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(4). Particulate-phase thiodicarb may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Thiodicarb contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(5) and, therefore, is susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). Reported aqueous and soil photolysis half-lives for thiodicarb are 8 days and 37 days, respectively(2).

Thiodicarb residue was detected in unwashed, washed, and washed and salted potato tuber samples at concentrations of 0.008 to 0.038 mg/kg, but was not detected in peeled samples, potato samples were collected from local markets in Egypt in 2013(1).

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Thiodicarb is a solid. It is used as insecticide, and as a seed treatment/protectant. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: It is a probable human carcinogen. ANIMAL STUDIES: Instillation in rabbit eyes resulted in slight irritation. Thiodicarb produced no irritation during the primary dermal irritation study in rabbits. Thiodicarb induced a weak dermal sensitization reaction in guinea pigs. Marked systemic organ toxicity was noted in rats after exposure to thiodicarb. In rats it decreased red blood cell cholinesterase activity, and decreased hemoglobin. In dogs it decreased hematocrit and hemoglobin. Skin application in rabbits caused macrocytic anemia, erythema, and edema. Other dermal study in rabbits described decreased erythrocytes, decreased hemoglobin, and decreased body weight. Male rats treated with thiodicarb displayed an increased incidence of interstitial cell tumors in the testes compared to the concurrent control males, and the incidence was also greater than the historical control. In mice it produced increased incidences of hepatocellular tumors in both sexes. Developmental studies in rats demonstrated decreased fetal body weight and an increase in the number of litters and fetuses with developmental variations. Thiodicarb did not induce a mutagenic response in the Ames assay, with or without metabolic activation. Thiodicarb induced dose-related increased mutant frequencies in mouse lymphoma TK+/- cells, with and without metabolic activation and is considered to have an equivocal weak effect in the mouse lymphoma forward mutation assay. Thiodicarb, with or without metabolic activation, did not cause a clastogenic response in the chromosomes of Chinese hamster ovary cells. Thiodicarb is considered inactive in the primary rat hepatocyte unscheduled DNA synthesis assay. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Thiodicarb is moderately toxic to bees as direct treatment, but is not toxic after spray residues have dried.

Thiodicarb is a cholinesterase or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. Carbamates form unstable complexes with chlolinesterases by carbamoylation of the active sites of the enzymes. This inhibition is reversible. A cholinesterase inhibitor suppresses the action of acetylcholine esterase. Because of its essential function, chemicals that interfere with the action of acetylcholine esterase are potent neurotoxins, causing excessive salivation and eye-watering in low doses. Headache, salivation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea are often prominent at higher levels of exposure. Acetylcholine esterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released at nerve and muscle junctions, in order to allow the muscle or organ to relax. The result of acetylcholine esterase inhibition is that acetylcholine builds up and continues to act so that any nerve impulses are continually transmitted and muscle contractions do not stop.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The inhibitory effects of four carbamate insecticides, methomyl, thiodicarb, carbofuran and carbosulfan, on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of male and female Carassius auratus were investigated in the laboratory. Kinetic constants, biomolecular rate constant (k(i)), carbamylation rate constant (k2) and decarbamylation rate constant (k3) were determined in vitro. The ratios of bimolecular rate constant (female/male) for AChE reacting with methomyl, thiodicarb, carbofuran and carbosulfan were 1.03, 2.44, 1.03 and 1.106, respectively. The k(i) of AChE for thiodicarb was significantly higher in female fish than in male fish (P<0.05). The ratios of carbamylation rate constant (female/male) for methomyl, thiodicarb, carbofuran and carbosulfan were 1.18, 4.29, 3.53, and 2.07, respectively. The k2 values of AChE for the above four carbamates were significantly higher in females than in males. The ratios of the decarbamylation rate constant (female/male) for methomyl, thiodicarb, carbofuran and carbosulfan were 1.02, 1.39, 1.06, and 1.98, respectively. Only for carbosulfan, the decarbamylation rate of AChE was significantly higher in the female than in the male, indicating that AChE of females inhibited by carbosulfan recovered more quickly than that of males. The above results suggest that the female in the sensitivity of AChE to carbamates was different from the male fish.

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ Bee: Moderately toxic as direct treatment; not toxic after spray residues have dried.

As with organophosphates, the signs and symptoms are based on excessive cholinergic stimulation. Unlike organophosphate poisoning, carbamate poisonings tend to be of shorter duration because the inhibition of nervous tissue acetylcholinesterase is reversible, and carbamates are more rapidly metabolized. Muscle weakness, dizziness, sweating and slight body discomfort are commonly reported early symptoms. Headache, salivation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea are often prominent at higher levels of exposure. Contraction of the pupils with blurred vision, incoordination, muscle twitching and slurred speech have been reported. (L795)

EPA has released the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays/[USEPA; ICSS Dashboard Application; Available from, as of December 8, 2016: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/]

Thiodicarb has Koc values of 64 to 1,167, with a mean value of 351, reported for sand, silt loam, clay, sand, and sandy loam(1-3). Thiodicarb has a soil distribution coefficient, Kd = 3.30(4). According to a classification scheme(5), the average Koc value suggests that thiodicarb is expected to have moderate mobility in soil.

U410; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when thiodicarb, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).

Tolerances are established for the combined residues of the insecticide thiodicarb (dimethyl N,N'-[thiobis[[(methylimino)carbonyloxy]]bis[ethanimidothioate]) and its metabolite methomyl (S-methyl N-[(methylcarbamoyl)oxy]thioacetimidate) in or on the following food commodities or groups. The time-limited tolerances expire and are revoked on the dates listed in the following table:[Table#6512]

Based on the reviews of the generic data for the active ingredient thiodicarb, the Agency has sufficient information on the health effects of thiodicarb and on its potential for causing adverse effects in fish and wildlife and the environment. The Agency has determined that thiodicarb products, labeled and used as specified in this Reregistration Eligibility Decision, will not pose unreasonable risks to humans or the environment. Therefore, the Agency concludes that products containing thiodicarb for all uses are eligible for reregistration.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their continued use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines newer health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether the use of the pesticide does not pose unreasonable risk in accordance to newer safety standards, such as those described in the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA '88 were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern than those on List C, and with List C containing pesticides of greater concern than those on List D. Thiodicarb is found on List B. Case No: 2675; Pesticide type: insecticide; Case Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision document; Active ingredient (AI): Dimethyl N,N'-(thiobis((methylimino)carbonyloxy))bis(ethanimidothioate); Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 4/29/91, 10/13/95; AI Status: The producers of the pesticide have made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 100 lb or 45.4 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV.D.3.b).