다이옥사티온

(Non-Specific -- Organophosphorus Pesticide, Liquid, n.o.s.) Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing at the site. Move container from fire area if you can do so without risk. Fight fire from maximum distance. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Induce vomiting (ONLY IN CONSCIOUS PERSONS!). Refer for medical attention .

Note: Dioxathion is a cholinesterase inhibitor.

(General first aid procedures)

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Acetylcholinesterase activity in red blood cells = 70% of individual's baseline; Butylcholinesterase activity in serum or plasma = 60% of individual's baseline; Sample at end of shift; [TLVs and BEIs]

STORAGE: ...MUST BE STORED IN ITS SEALED ORIGINAL CONTAINERS, IN WELL-AIRED, FRESH & DRY STOREHOUSES OR IN SHADED & POSSIBLY WELL-AIRED PLACES. IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT THE PRODUCT'S TEMP...NOT EXCEED 25-30 °C, & KEEP...AWAY FROM SOURCES OF HEAT, FREE FLAMES OR SPARK-GENERATING EQUIPMENT. CONTAINERS MUST BE STACKED IN SUCH A WAY AS TO PERMIT FREE CIRCULATION OF AIR...AT BOTTOM & INSIDE OF PILES. STORAGE AREAS MUST BE LOCATED AT SUITABLE DISTANCE FROM INHABITED BUILDINGS, ANIMAL SHELTERS, & FOOD STORES; MOREOVER, THEY MUST BE INACCESSIBLE TO UNAUTHORIZED PERSONS, CHILDREN, & DOMESTIC ANIMALS. /DIMETHOATE/

(Non-Specific -- Organophosphorus Pesticide, Liquid, n.o.s.) Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing at the site. Do not touch spilled material; stop leak if you can do so without risk. Use water spray to reduce vapors.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT wash away into sewer.

Not for use or storage in or around the home environment. Do not contaminate water, food or feed by storage or disposal. Remove contaminated clothing and wash skin thoroughly with soap and water. Do not eat or smoke during exposure. Wash hands and face before eating or smoking. After use, bathe thoroughly and change to clean clothing. Wash all contaminated clothing with soap and hot water before reuse. During application keep unprotected persons away from areas being treated or where there may be drift.

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

AQUATIC TOXICITY: TLM: GAMMER LACUSTRIS 690 UG/L/48 HR

AQUATIC TOXICITY: TLM: BLUEGILL 14 UG/L/48 HR

EC50 Daphnia magna 0.35 ug/l/48 hr at 2 °C, first instar (95% confidence limit 0.25-0.49 ug/L). Static bioassay without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/l as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/l. /Technical material, 100%/

LC50 Gammarus fasciatus 8.6 ug/l/96 hr at 15 °C, mature (95% confidence limit 5.4-13.8 ug/l). Static bioassay without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/l as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/l. /Technical material, 100%/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for DIOXATHION (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: The overall half-life of dioxathion applied as a dust to a variety of soil samples are (soil type - half-life): fine sandy loam (pH 6.9, 0.8% organic matter) - 15 days, silty clay loam (pH 7.3, 2.1% organic matter) - 55 days, clay (pH 7.3, 2.3% organic matter) - 45 days, sandy loam (pH 7.6, 1.8% organic matter) - 30 days(1). In all but the fine sandy soil, the reaction was 1st order. Soil moisture was 40% of capacity, the temperature was 30 °C, the samples were covered, and illuminated with fluorescent light. Dissipation was more rapid from the drier, sandy soils. The mechanism responsible for dioxathion's removal is not clear, but a catalytic hydrolysis process appears to be most consistent with the results. Biodegradation is not likely because it is generally more rapid in soils with higher organic carbon content. In this case the soil with the least organic matter had the hazard degradation rate(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: If released into water, dioxathion would adsorb moderately to sediment and particulate matter in the water column. It would not be expected to photolyze or hydrolyze. Since it is unstable on metal surfaces, there may be some catalytic, degradative processes that would affect its persistence in natural waters. However no data is available to this effect. No information is available concerning its biodegradability. (SRC)

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: Dioxathion would probably be released into the atmosphere in the form of an aerosol and be subject to gravitational settling. Otherwise its fate in the atmosphere is unknown. (SRC)

Studies of the persistence of dioxathion when applied to citrus indicate that more dioxathion is found in the rind of oranges and lemons when it iss applied as an emulsifiable concentrate (EC), rather than as a wettable powder (WP), the major loss during the initial 10 days was by weathering(1,3). The half-life of the EC in oranges and lemons was 80-101 days, whereas the concentration of the WP declined by about 50% in the first 10 days and then declined more gradually. Processing of the residue-containing citrus peel into dry citrus cattle feed resulted in a 40% reduction in residue(3). In the national Total Diet Study covering FY 1970-76, dioxathion was infrequently detected - 19 samples of large fruit and 1 sample of small fruit out of 7893 samples analyzed, and 1 sample of root vegetable out of 3857 samples of domestic and imported vegetables analyzed(2).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

After application with a emulsifiable concentrate of dioxathion (12 oz/100 gal), the concentration of residue on and in peel of naval oranges was 4.75 ppm which declined to 2.55 ppm in 86 days, while after application as a 25% wettable powder, the concentration declined from 3.55 ppm to 0.9 ppm in the same time period(1). The decline in these residues in lemons when treated with the respective products was 8.2 ppm to 3.6 ppm and 8.5 ppm to 1.5 ppm in 98 days(1).

Pupillary constriction, muscle cramp, excessive salivation. Sweating. Nausea. Dizziness. Laboured breathing. Convulsions. Unconsciousness.

MAY BE ABSORBED! See Inhalation.

Blurred vision.

Abdominal cramps. Diarrhoea. Vomiting. Further see Inhalation.

irritation eyes, skin; headache, dizziness, lassitude (weakness, exhaustion); rhinorrhea (discharge of thin nasal mucus), chest tightness; miosis; nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, salivation; muscle fasciculation; confusion, drowsiness

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical. [http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=78-34-2]

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Dioxathion is found on List A, which contains most food use pesticides and consists of the 194 chemical cases (or 350 individual active ingredients) for which EPA issued registration standards prior to FIFRA, as amended in 1988. Case No: 0089; Pesticide type: insecticide (acaricide); Registration Standard Date: 03/31/83; Case Status: No products containing the pesticide are actively registered ... The case /is characterized/ as "cancelled." Under FIFRA, pesticide producers may voluntarily cancel their registered products. EPA also may cancel pesticide registrations if registrants fail to pay required fees or make/meet certain reregistration commitments, or if EPA reaches findings of unreasonable adverse effects.; Active ingredient (AI): Dioxathion; AI Status: The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered pesticide products ... "cancelled."

Tolerances are established for residues of dioxathion incurred from the use of the insecticide composed of a mixture of approximately 70% of the cis and trans isomers of 2,3-p-dioxanedithiol-S,S-bis(O,O-diethyl- phosphorodithioate) and approximately 30% of related compounds in or on the following agricultural commodities: apples; cattle (fat of meat); goats (fat of meat); grapefruit; grapes; hogs (fat of meat); horses (fat of meat); lemons; limes; oranges; pears; quinces; sheep (fat of meat); stone fruits; and walnuts.

A tolerance of 18 ppm for residues of dioxathion in dehydrated citrus pulp for cattle feed when present therein as a result of the application of the pesticide to growing agricultural crop.

Classified for restricted use, limited to use by or under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. FORMULATION: all concentrate solutions or emulsifiable concentrates (percentages given are the total of dioxathion plus related compounds) greater than 30%. USE PATTERN: all uses. CLASSIFICATION: restricted. CRITERIA INFLUENCING RESTRICTION: acute dermal toxicity.

For more FIFRA Requirements (Complete) data for DIOXATHION (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Dioxathion is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 500 lbs.