염소화파라핀

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a POTW is acceptable only after review by the governing authority. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must meet Hazardous Material Criteria for disposal.

Land spill. Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. Water spill. Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Air spill. Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you should spill this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Your contaminated clothing and absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with acetone followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Keep upwind. Avoid breathing vapors. Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment.

MINIMUM PROTECTIVE CLOTHING: If Tyvek-type disposable protective clothing is not worn during handling of this chemical, wear disposable Tyvek-type sleeves taped to your gloves.

Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots and goggles.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

LC50; Species: Ictalurus punctatus (Channel catfish, weight 2.1 g); Conditions: freshwater, flow through, 20 °C, pH 7.4, hardness 272 mg/L CaCO3; Concentration: >100 ug/L for 24 hr /100% purity, commercial formulation/

LC50; Species: Ictalurus punctatus (Channel catfish, weight 1.2 g); Conditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C, pH 7.4, hardness 40 mg/L CaCO3; Concentration: >10000 ug/L for 24 hr /100% purity, liquid formulation/

LC50; Species: Ictalurus punctatus (Channel catfish, weight 1.2 g); Conditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C, pH 7.4, hardness 44 mg/L CaCO3; Concentration: >10000 ug/L for 24 hr /100% purity, liquid formulation/

LC50; Species: Ictalurus punctatus (Channel catfish, weight 1.1 g); Conditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C, pH 7.4, hardness 44 mg/L CaCO3; Concentration: >300000 ug/L for 24 hr /100% purity, commercial formulation/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for CHLORINATED PARAFFINS (32 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), estimated Koc values of 5900 to 2.2X10+8(SRC), determined from log Kows of 4.4 to 12.8(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicate that chlorinated paraffins are expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of chlorinated paraffins from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) based upon the low vapor pressure of 2X10-5 mm Hg and extremely low water solubility(4). Chlorinated paraffins are not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon the vapor pressure(4). Based on limited biodegradation studies chlorinated paraffins may biodegrade in soil(5-6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), estimated Koc values of 5900 to 2.2X10+8(SRC), determined from log Kows of 4.4 to 12.8(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicate that chlorinated paraffins are expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected based upon the low vapor pressure of 2X10-5 and extremely low water solubility(4). According to a classification scheme(5), the log BCF for Cereclor 52 in fish of 1.69(6) and a BCF of 7800 for fresh water fish(7), suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate to very high(SRC). Based on limited biodegradation studies chlorinated paraffins may biodegrade in aqueous environments(8-9). Chlorinated paraffins are not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), chlorinated paraffins, which have a vapor pressure on the order of 2X10-5 mm Hg(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase chlorinated paraffins are degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC). Particulate-phase chlorinated paraffins may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Sunlight appears to catalyze the decomposition of chlorinated paraffins with the evolution of hydrogen chloride(3).

In a 10 year surveillance study conducted from 1982-1991, chlorinated paraffin, Chlorowax 500, was found in one sample of one ready to eat food; the study tested 234 types of food 37 times each(1). Chlorinated paraffins were detected in dairy products, vegetable oils, and fruits and vegetables at maximum concns of 0.3, 0.15 and 0.025 mg/kg, respectively(2).

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) eggs were exposed to aqueous concentrations of six polychlorinated n-alkane (PCA) standards (C10H15.5Cl6.5, C10H15.3Cl6.7, C11H18.4Cl5.6, C12H19.5Cl6.5, C14H24.9Cl5.1, and C14H23.3Cl6.7) of known carbon chain length and chlorine content to assess their toxicity. Eggs were also exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) to act as a positive control. Chlorinated paraffins are complex industrial products for which there is a lack of toxicological data on individual congeners. High aqueous concentrations of C10H15.5Cl6.5 and C10H15.3Cl6.7 (9,600 and 7,700 ng/mL, respectively) caused 100% mortality in eggs, but no other significant mortalities or lesions were observed at lower concentrations or in any eggs exposed to the other PCAs. Larvae from eggs exposed to high concentrations of the C10-, C11- and C12-PCAs were extremely lethargic or did not move, although a heart beat was present. The concentrations in these exposures and the tissue concentrations of the larvae were at levels that should elicit narcosis. Concentrations of the C14-PCAs in larvae did not reach narcotic levels, and larvae in these exposures appeared normal with no signs of narcosis. The TCDD was found to be extremely embryotoxic, consistent with past work using Japanese medaka eggs. The ratio of LC50 of TCDD to the LC50 of the PCAs, based on acute toxicity and TCDD results, were all <0.0001, and most were <0.000001. These results suggest that the acute mechanism of toxicity of lower chlorinated, short (C10-13) and medium (C14-18) carbon chain PCAs is narcosis and that chlorine substitution on the terminal carbons of PCAs does not significantly increase nor decrease the toxicity of C10- and C14-PCAs. However, additional work is needed to assess a greater range of PCAs as well as their sublethal effects and chronic toxicity.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Fingerling rainbow trout were fed a diet fortified with 10 ppm Chlorowax 500C, a chlorinated paraffin, for up to 82 days. Chlorinated paraffin residues as high as 1.1 ppm (tissue basis) were found. Recoveries from fortified fish tissue were greater than 92% ... No gross toxicological effects were noted in the experimental fish, although their weight gain was less than that of the controls.

Chlorinated paraffins were detected in seabird eggs up to 2 and 0.1 mg/kg for C10-20 and C20-30, respectively(1). Chlorinated paraffins were detected in rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), moose (Alces alces), reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), ringed seal (Pusa hispida), grey seal (Holichoerus grypus) and Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) at concns of 2900, 4400, 140, 130, 280 and 530 ng/g lipid from samples collected 1979-1987, acquired from the Environmental Specimen Bank, Stockholm, Sweden(2).

Chemical: CHLOROWAX 50

Chemical: CHLOROWAX 70

Chemical: CHLOROWAX 500C

The Koc range of chlorinated paraffins is estimated as 5900 to 2.2X10+8(SRC), using a log Kow range of 4.4 to 12.8(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). Log Kow were reported for C16 34% chloride as 6.4-10.3 and for C12 69% chloride as 6.3-9.3(3). According to a classification scheme(4), this estimated Koc value suggests that chlorinated paraffins are expected to be immobile in soil.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Chlorinated paraffins C10-13;50 and 63% Cl(CP-SH) were applied, under occlusive dressings, to the upper arm of 26 volunteers. After 24 hr the applications were removed and one hour later skin reactions were examined by two independent assessors. A second application was made and reactions were assessed after a further 24 hr contact. Mild erythema and dryness (average scores, read at the 24 and 50 hr time points, of less than 2 and 1, respectively, on a 4-point scale) were recorded, which were comparable to scores in a liquid paraffin control group. /short chain length chlorinated paraffin/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Paroil 142 (C20-30;40-41% Cl, CP-LL) and Chlorez 700 (C24;70% Cl, CP-LH) were applied to the skin of 200 male and female volunteers for a 5-day period, then reapplied for 2 days beginning 3 weeks after the initial exposure. The dose level was not reported. No primary local irritation, allergic response or other toxic responses were observed. In a similar study, Chlorowax 70 (C24;70% Cl, CP-LH), Chlorowax 500C (C12;59% Cl, CP-SH) and Chlorowax 40 (C24;43% Cl, CP-LL) were applied to the skin of 200 males and female volunteers. The exposure time period and amount of chlorinated paraffins used were not reported. The treatments did not produce local irritation or allergic responses.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Contact of skin with chlorinated paraffins does not give rise to any irritation or sensitization.

Chlorinated paraffins were detected in white fish (Coregonus sp), Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) and Herring (Clupea harengus) at concns of 1000, 570, and 1400-1600 ng/g lipid from samples collected 1986-1987, acquired from the Environmental Specimen Bank, Stockholm, Sweden(1).

Chlorinated paraffins' production and use as extreme pressure lubricants, fire retardant additives and sealants for C10-C13 (50-70% chlorinated), secondary PVC plasticizers for C14-C17 (45-60% chlorinated) and paints, extreme pressure lubricants and fire retardant additives for C20-C30 (40-70% chlorinated)(1) may result in their release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. Paraffin waxes and hydrocarbon waxes, chlorinated are included on this list. Effective date 10/4/82; Sunset date: 10/4/92.

Used in high-pressure lubricants, flame retardants in plastics and textiles, and plasticizers in plastics, paints, rubber, adhesives, and sealants; Also used in detergents; [HSDB]

Textiles (Fiber & Fabric Manufacturing) [Category: Industry]

In high-pressure lubricants, as flame retardant in plastics and textiles, as plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride in polyethylene sealants, and in detergents

... Flame-proofing and rot-preventing agents ... plasticizers for PVC. ..., solvents, extreme-pressure additives /in metal working/ and to a lesser extent, as resin extenders. ... plasticizers in polyurethane and liquid polysulfide sealants where they also replace phthalates ... effective plasticizers for a range of paint systems.

Extreme pressure lubricant additive-metal working indust; plasticizer, eg, for plastics, paints, rubber, adhesives, caulks, and sealants; binder and fire-retardant in polymers, eg, paints and plastics

Chlorinated paraffins are also used with decabromodiphenyl oxide and antimony trioxide in polyester fabrics for tents.

CHEMICAL PROFILE: Chlorinated paraffins: Exports: 2000-2001: 11-16 million lb/yr

(1977) Data not reported separately

(1979) 3.89X10+9 g

(1977) No Data

(1979) No Data

Paraffin waxes and hydrocarbon waxes, chloro are listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) chemical (65FR81686). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds in 1990 and/or 1994. The HPV list is based on the 1990 Inventory Update Rule. (IUR) (40 CFR part 710 subpart B; 51FR21438).

Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule. [Table#4871]

Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule. [Table#4872]

CHEMICAL PROFILE: Chlorinated paraffins: US Capacity: 2001: 140 million lb.

For more U.S. Production (Complete) data for CHLORINATED PARAFFINS (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

CHEMICAL PROFILE: Chlorinate paraffins: Major uses: Metal working fluids and lubricants, 50 percent; plastics additives, 20 percent; rubber, 12 percent; coatings, 9 percent; caulks, sealants and adhesives, 6 percent; miscellaneous, 3 percent. Medium-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins represent the largest production and use category in North America (46 percent). Long-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins are second (33 percent) and, Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins account for the rest (21 percent).

Extreme pressure lubricant additive, 50%; plasticizer for plastics, 22%; plasticizer for paints, 9%; plasticizer for rubber, 8%; plasticizer for adhesives, 5%; plasticizer for caulks and sealants, 2%; export and others, 4% (1980)

CHEMICAL PROFILE: Chloroparaffins. Lube oil additives, 45%; plastics, including coated fabrics, 20%; rubber, 13%; paint, 9%; adhesives, 4%; caulks and sealants, 2%; miscellaneous, 7%.

CHEMICAL PROFILE: Chloroparaffins. Demand: 1986: 93 million lb; 1987: 92 million lb; 1991 /projected/: 85 million lb.

CHEMICAL PROFILE: Chlorinated paraffins: US Demand: 2000: 97 million pounds; 2001: 96 million pounds; 2005: 97 million pounds (projected).

Chlorinated paraffins are prepared by reacting pure gaseous chlorine with the starting paraffins in the absence of any solvents at temperatures between 80 °C and 100 °C. ... Small amounts of oxygen are frequently used to catalyze the chlorination process. Temperatures above 120 °C must be avoided as these may cause dark or black products. Ultraviolet light is used by some manufacturers for initiating the reaction at relatively low temperatures. Once the reaction has started, the light source may be reduced in intensity or eliminated. ... The reaction is terminated by stopping the chlorine flow once the required degree of chlorination is reached. The end point is assessed by a variety of methods including refractive index and viscosity. The product is then blown with nitrogen gas to remove any unreacted chlorine and residual HCl. In most case a small amount of a storage stabilizer, usually an epoxidized vegetable oil, is then added prior to sending the finished product for storage or drumming.

Produced by passing chlorine gas into C10-C30 paraffins

Chlorinated paraffins are available commercially under the following names: Cereclor (Imperial Chemical Industries); Clorafin (Hercules Powder); Chlorowax (Diamond Alkali Co).

"Chlorowax" Trademark for a series of liquid and resinous chlorinated paraffins containing from 40% to 70% Cl by wt.

/Composed of/ chlorinated paraffin waxes and hydrocarbon waxes.

INDUSTRIAL

INDUSTRIAL

INDUSTRIAL

Recommended that chlorination of solid paraffins be carried out with careful control of component addn. To prevent mixing of paraffins and chlorinated paraffins within C1 supply, use of hydraulic valve and flushing of C1 line with N after termination of addn is recommended.

A paraffin oil or wax in which some of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by chlorine atoms. Nonflammable

"Chlorinated paraffins" is the collective name given to industrial products prepared be chlorination of straight-chain paraffins or wax fractions. The carbon length of commercial products is usually between C10 - C30 and the chlorine content between 20-70 weight%. ... They are complex mixtures of many molecular species differing in the lengths of their carbon chains and in the number and relative positions of chlorine atoms present on each carbon chain.

Because of ... limited reactivity, chlorinated paraffins are of little significance as chemical intermediates.

For more General Manufacturing Information (Complete) data for CHLORINATED PARAFFINS (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.