1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane

Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)

Urban Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) - EPA specified greatest potential health threat in urban areas

Carcinogens

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)

log Kow = 2.39

2.39

2.39

Sweetish suffocating chloroform-like odor

Pungent, chloroform-like odor

Sweetish odor

1.595 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.5953 g/cu cm at 20 °C

Bulk density 13.25 lb/gal at 25 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.59

1.595

1.5953 @ 20°C

0.00177 Pa.s at 20 °C

1.11 mm²/s at 20 °C

Colorless liquid

Colorless to pale-yellow liquid

Clear liquid

Heavy, mobile liquid

less than 0.1 mg/mL at 72 °F (NTP, 1992)

For more Solubility (Complete) data for 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

In water, 2,830 mg/L at 25 °C

In water, 2,900 mg/L at 20 °C.

One gram dissolves in 350 mL of water at 25 °C

Soluble in acetone; miscible in ether and ethanol

Corrosive liquid

Liquid will attack some forms of plastics, rubber and coatings.

295 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

146.0 °C

146 °C

295 °F

145.2 °C @760 [mm Hg]

296 °F

Danger

H310: Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P320, P321, P361+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Danger

H302 (16.1%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Chemical: Ethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-

Hazard Traits - Carcinogenicity; Cardiovascular Toxicity; Hepatotoxicity and Digestive System Toxicity; Nephrotoxicity and Other Toxicity to the Urinary System; Neurotoxicity; Ocular Toxicity; Respiratory Toxicity

Ethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro- is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Ethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro- are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Restricted substance: 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane

Ethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-: HSNO Approval: HSR001524 Approved with controls

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

Poison

Poison

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Irritating hydrogen chloride vapor may form in fire. (USCG, 1999)

· Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.

Not combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

Compound is a powerful narcotic and liver poison; may also cause changes in blood composition and neurological disturbances. Repeated exposure by inhalation can be fatal. Ingestion causes vomiting, diarrhea, severe mucosal injury, liver necrosis, cyanosis, unconsciousness, loss of reflexes, and death. Contact with eyes causes irritation and lachrymation. Can be absorbed through the skin and may produce severe skin lesions. (USCG, 1999)

· Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin.

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane is a manufactured, colorless, dense liquid that does not burn easily. It is volatile and has a sweet odor. In the past, it was used in large amounts to produce other chemicals, as an industrial solvent to clean and degrease metals, and as an ingredient in paints and pesticides. Commercial production of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane for these uses has stopped in the United States. It presently is used only as a chemical intermediate in the production of other chemicals.

As 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane is no longer used much in the United States, current air emissions predominantly result from its use as a chemical intermediate during the manufacture of other chemicals. Low levels have been detected in air. The main effects of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane are liver and neurological effects. Acute (short-term) inhalation exposure to very high levels of 1,1,2,2- tetrachloroethane has resulted in effects on the liver and respiratory, central nervous, and gastrointestinal systems in humans. Chronic (long-term) inhalation exposure to 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane in humans results in jaundice and an enlarged liver, headaches, tremors, dizziness, numbness, and drowsiness. Animal studies have shown a significantly increased incidence of liver tumors in mice orally exposed to 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane. EPA has classified 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane as a Group C possible human carcinogen.

Many cases of occupational toxic hepatitis were reported in the past. [ACGIH] At high enough concentrations, can induce lacrimation, narcosis, and liver damage; [CAMEO] A skin, eye, and respiratory tract irritant; May cause CNS depression and impaired function; May cause kidney and liver injury; Can be absorbed through skin; [ICSC] No evidence of carcinogenicity in mice or rats; [NTP] Highly toxic to humans by acute exposure, mainly targeting the liver and kidney; May also cause nervous system and hematological system injury; Lack of data and conflicting results do not allow for assessment of reproductive or developmental toxicity; [Reference #1] May cause irritation; Toxic by ingestion; Highly toxic by inhalation and skin absorption; Targets the nerves, liver, and blood; [Sigma-Aldrich MSDS]

1702 151

1702 151

Halogenated Organic Compounds

Halogenated Organic Compounds

Parker JC et al; Chloroethanes: Review of Toxicity; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 40(3): A-46, A-48, A-50, A-52-A-60 (1979). Review of Chloroethane health hazard with 5 references.

TSCA CHIPs present a preliminary assessment of 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane's potential for injury to human health & the environment (available at EPA's TSCA Assistance Office: (202) 554-1404.

USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Chlorinated Ethanes (1980) EPA 440/5-80-0269

USEPA/ECAO; Health Effects Assessment for 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane (1986) EPA 540/1-86-032

For more Special Reports (Complete) data for 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Wear protective gloves when administering first aid. Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer immediately for medical attention.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

General First Aid:

(General first aid procedures)

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

1.0 [ppm]

In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane itself does not burn.

Keep containers closed. Store in cool and dark place.

Storage temp: ambient; venting: open.

... Should be stored in closed, clearly labelled containers in ... ventilated area, sheltered from sunlight.

/Keep/ separated from strong bases, food and feedstuffs.

1. Ventilate area of spill or leak. 2. Collect for reclamation or absorb in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material .

Avoid contact with liquid and vapor. Keep people away. Issue warning-poison, air contaminant. Stop discharge if possible. Isolate and remove discharged material Notify local health and pollution control agencies. Notify operators of nearby water intakes.

Absorb the spills with paper towels or the like materials. Place in a hood to evaporate. Dispose by burning the towel.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U209, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Tetrachloroethane is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel, care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.

A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. Incineration is done, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Consult an expert! Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Ventilation. Collect leaking liquid in covered containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

There is no specific treatment for trichloroethane poisoning. Gastric lavage is recommended after oral exposure. Protect airway by placement in Trendelenburg and left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first. In case of seizures following ingestion, administer a benzodiazepine IV. Following inhalation, move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled beta2 agonist and oral or parenteral corticosteroids. After eye exposure, irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature water for at least 15 minutes. If the exposure occurs through dermal contact, remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. In any case, a physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists. (T36)

Hepatic

[in animals: liver tumors]

Dolichols are long-chain polyprenols containing 14-22 isoprene units, present in mammalian tissues as free dolichol (Free-Dol), fatty acyl dolichyl esters (Dol-FA), and dolichyl phosphate (Dol-P). The hepatic level of Dol-P seems to be a rate-limiting factor for glycosylation processes. Previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated the susceptibility of the dolichol molecule to undergo radical attacks. Since the toxicity of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (TTCE)is dependent on the free-radical production during hepatic biotransformation, it was of interest to determine whether this haloalkane might affect glycosylation mechanisms by changing dolichol levels and distribution in rat liver microsomes and Golgi apparatus (GA). Male Sprague-Dawley rats received a single dose of TTCE (574 mg/kg bw) and were then sacrificed at different times (5, 15, 30, or 60 min). In the TTCE-treated rats both serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities and hepatic triglycerides (TG) were significantly higher than control, while microsomal glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) activity was decreased. In total microsomes Dol-P levels considered rate-limiting for the biosynthesis of the N-glycosylated proteins were significantly lower than in the control group 15 min after TTCE treatment. In normal rat liver, F1 secretory fraction of CA is 60-fold enriched in total dolichol content with respect to microsomes. In this compartment the total dolichol content, essential for the increase in membrane fluidity and permeability required for glycoprotein maturation and secretion, decreased significantly 5 min after TTCE treatment. Our results suggest that TTCE may affect dolichol functions in rat liver.

Alcohol, an inducer of cytochrome P-450 form IIEl, increased the metabolism of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane and intensified the effects of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane in rats. This indicates that humans who consume alcohol may be at increased risk for toxic effects from 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane. This is also the case for several other chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons. However, although alcohol combined with 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane increased the relative weight of the testes in rats, it did not alter the effects of 1,1,2,2- tetrachloroethane on the histopathology or function in the liver, nor was there damage to the kidneys, spleen, adrenals, brain, or thyroid.

In efforts to find treatments for acute-duration 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane poisoning, various substances have been tested to determine if they altered the toxicity of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane in rats. The survival times were increased when 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane was administered with castor oil, but decreased when administered orally with milk. Survival time was also decreased when 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane was given with mineral oil or with paraffin.

Acetone pretreatment did not increase the severity of liver injury in rats given 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane. Additionally, rats given 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane in addition to 1,1-dichloroethylene or tetrachloroethylene exhibited a decrease in hepatotoxicity from animals given 1,1-dichloroethylene or tetrachloroethylene alone.

Hepatic (Liver), Neurological (Nervous System)

Hepatic

Skin, liver, kidneys, central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract

Liver, gastro-intestinal tract and nervous system (central peripheral) are the targets in chronic exposure. Toxic effects are also reported in the hematopoietic system. Breathing high levels of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane for a long time can cause liver damage. Drinking very large amounts of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane can cause shallow breathing, faint pulse, decreased blood pressure, and possibly unconsciousness. Central nervous system effects include general anesthesia, somnolence, hallucinations, and distorted perceptions. Other effects include narcosis, acute yellow atrophy of the liver, liver cirrhosis, fatty degeneration of the kidneys and heart, brain changes, changes in the peripheral nerves, hematemesis, purpuric rashes, and blood changes, including an increase in mononuclear leukocytes, progressive anemia, and slight thrombocytosis, hemolysis, salivation, restlessness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, coma, and death. Monocytosis, dermatitis, liver tenderness and damage, delirium and convulsions may occur. Oliguria, cyanosis, uremia, peripheral paresthesia, and hypesthesia may also occur. (L336, T29)

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna /(Water flea)/; Conditions: static unmeasured bioassay; Concentration: 9,320 ug/L for 48 hr

LC50; Species: Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill); Conditions: static unmeasured bioassay; Concentration: 21,300 ug/L for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow); Conditions: flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 25.6 °C, dissolved oxygen 7.8 mg/L, hardness 45.2 mg/L calcium carbonate, alkalinity 43.4 mg/L calcium carbonate and pH 7.28; Concentration: 20.3 mg/L for 96 hr (confidence limit 19.9-20.7 mg/L)

LC50; Species: Mysiodopsis bahia (Mysid shrimp); Conditions: static unmeasured bioassay; Concentration: 9,020 ug/L for 96 hr

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE (19 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values ranging from 79 to 236(2,3) indicate that 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane is expected to have high to moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 4.20X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(4). 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 5.74 mm Hg(5). 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane undergoes biodegradation under anaerobic conditions, but is persistent under aerobic conditions(6). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 10% of the Theoretical TOC was reached in 4 weeks(7) indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values ranging from 79 to 236(2,3) indicate that 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 4.20X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 6.5 hours and 6 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), a BCF range of 4.5 to 13.2(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane undergoes biodegradation under anaerobic conditions, but is persistent under aerobic conditions(8). Utilizing the river die-away test, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane was biodegraded 19% in 24 days with a 21-day acclimation period(9). 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane undergoes abiotic hydrolysis in water to form trichlorethylene(8,10). The rate of hydrolysis increases with increasing pH(8). At 25 °C, half lives of 36 days to 102 days have been approximated under neutral pH while half lives from 6.6 hours to 1.02 days were determined under alkaline conditions (pH9)(8).

AQUATIC FATE: 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane degradation pathways were identified using a field study located along the West Branch Canal Creek at Aberdeen Proving Ground army base in Maryland, situated near the head of the Chesapeake Bay(1). This compound is a common contaminant in groundwater from the area. Groundwater sampling indicated that 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane concentrations of 1.5 umoles/L decreased to non-detectable levels within 34 days, forming vinyl chloride and cis- and trans-isomers of 1,2-dichloroethylene, as the groundwater became increasingly reducing along upward flow paths through wetland sediments(1). Degradation experiments carried out in serum bottles whereby 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane was reduced by Cr(II), Cu(I), and Fe(0) also resulted in the formation of vinyl chloride and dichloroethylene(2). These studies conclude that both dechloroelimination and hydrogenolysis of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane occur in reducing environments, such as anaerobic wetland sediments(1,2).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, which has a vapor pressure of 5.74 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 127 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.26X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). Laboratory experiments have demonstrated that organic vapors in air, including 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, can undergo deposition to snow via adsorption from air to snow(4).

The Food and Drug Administration's "market basket" collections were demarcated as fatty and non-fatty fractions at the 20% lipid point(1). The high, low and average 1,1,2,2-tetachloroethane concentration of the fatty and non-fatty food groups after being extracted were 118, 50, and 70 ng/g, and 122, 49, and 84 ng/g, respectively(1). The high, low, and average 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane concentrations for the fatty and non-fatty food groups after being extracted and purified via chromatorgraphy were 85, 24 and 58 ng/g, and 89, 8, and 57 ng/g, respectively(1). 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane was found at an average of 11.0 ppb in a sample of beef steak, one of 234 table-ready food items tested(2).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L340) ; inhalation (L340) ; eye contact (L340) ; dermal contact (L340)

U209; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).

This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Tetrachloroethanes are produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart. /Tetrachloroethanes/

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane is included on this list.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 100 lb or 45.4 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

(CA) CALIFORNIA 1 ug/L

(NJ) NEW JERSEY 1 ug/L

(AZ) ARIZONA 0.17 ug/L

(CT) CONNECTICUT 28 ug/L

(FL) FLORIDA 1 ug/L

(ME) 1.8 ug/L

For more State Drinking Water Guidelines (Complete) data for 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The biotransformation of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane is complex; dichloroacetic acid has been identified as the major urinary metabolite, along with trichloroethanol and trichloroacetic acid. The formation of the latter two metabolites was suggested to be due to reductive biotransformation of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane to give trichloroethene, which may be further oxidized to chloral hydrate by cytochrome p450. Trichloroethanol and trichloroacetic acid are formed from chloral hydrate by reduction and respiratory oxidation and are major urinary metabolites of trichloroethene. Hydroxylation of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, yielding dichloroacetyl chloride, is the predominant pathway to dichloroacetic acid

Tetrachloroethane when admin for 8 hr as vapor at 200 ppm to rats & mice, produced fujiwara reaction-positive urinary metabolites, trichloroacetic acid, trichloroethanol & total trichloro cmpd in yields consistent with their vapor pressure & ease of metabolic conversion.

Incubation of 1,2-(14)C-labeled 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane with a reconstituted monooxygenase system or with intact rat liver microsomes led to the formation of a metabolite capable of binding covalently to proteins and other nucleophiles. The enzyme system responsible for metabolizing tetrachloroethane to both soluble and covalently bound metabolites was induced by phenobarbital or xylene but not by beta-naphthoflavone treatment. The results are consistent with a scheme whereby 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane is metabolized by cytochrome P450 to dichloroacetyl chloride, which can bind covalently to various nucleophiles or hydrolyze to dichloroacetic acid.

... 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane appears to be metabolized by hepatic nuclear cytochrome P450, and ... converted to chlorinated metabolites after incubation with hepatic nuclei and an NADPH-generating system plus EDTA, with the omission of any component eliminating metabolite production.

For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane appears to be distributed throughout the body, but may selectively accumulate to a degree in certain cells and tissues. Because it is a volatile, lipophilic molecule of small molecular size that appears to be readily absorbed from the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, passive diffusion is the most likely mechanism of absorption. The metabolism of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane proceeds via multiple pathways. The predominant pathway appears to involve production of dichloroacetic acid, formed as an initial metabolite via stagewise hydrolytic cleavage of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, or by cytochrome P450-based oxidation of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane. Dichloroacetic acid has been identified as the major urinary metabolite. Dichloroacetic acid can be further metabolized to glyoxylic acid, formic acid, and carbon dioxide, with carbon dioxide a potential major component of the end products. Other pathways involve the formation of trichloroethylene or tetrachloroethylene as initial metabolites, with subsequent reactions yielding trichloroethanol, trichloroacetic acid, and oxalic acid as important end products. Metabolism of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane is generally extensive, with 68% or more of a total administered dose found as metabolites. Following absorption into the body, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane is eliminated mainly as metabolites in the urine and as carbon dioxide and unchanged compound in expired air. (L336)

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane is readily absorbed following inhalation, ingestion, and dermal exposure and rapidly distributed in tissue compartments by passive processes. Respiration is the route of excretion for non-transformed 1,1,2,2-tetrachlororethane, volatile metabolites and terminal metabolite CO(2). Most of the metabolites are excreted by the urinary route but also by the feces and skin. In mice, urinary metabolites represent about 1/3 of the absorbed dose.

Half of a dose of (14)C-labeled 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (0.21-0.32 g/kg, ip) was expired from mouse as labeled CO2 within 3 days & 28% excreted in urine.

About 97% of inhaled 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane was retained in the /human/ lung 1 hr after exposure ... .

Following oral administration, 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane (TCE) is readily absorbed in the GI tract and apparently readily excreted by the lungs.

For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The production of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane as an end-product has decreased significantly in the United States. It was also used as a solvent, in cleaning and degreasing metals, in paint removers, varnishes and lacquers, in photographic films, as an extractant for oils and fats, and in pesticides.

Used in synthesis of organic chemicals; used in the past as a solvent for degreasing and extracting; [ACGIH] Used as a nonflammable solvent for fats, oils, waxes, resins, cellulose acetate, rubber, copal, phosphorus, and sulfur, as a solvent in certain types of Friedel-Crafts reactions or phthalic anhydride condensations, to make paints, varnishes, rust removers, trichloroethylene, and other chlorinated hydrocarbons with two carbon atoms, in soil sterilization, weed killer, and insecticide formulations, in the determination of theobromine in cacao, as immersion fluid in crystallography, and to produce pathological changes in gastrointestinal tract, liver, and kidneys in the laboratory; [Merck Index] Other uses include alcohol denaturant, fumigant, dry cleaning agent, in photographic film, cement, and to make artificial silk, leather, and pearls; [NTP] Currently only produced and consumed on site in closed systems for the synthesis of other chlorinated hydrocarbons; [Reference #1]

Not found in any pesticide products registered in the US; [NPIRS]

Metal Degreasing [Category: Clean]

For 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 078601) there are 0 labels match. /SRP: Not registered for current use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

Nonflammable solvent for fats, oils, waxes, resins, cellulose acetate, rubber, copal, phosphorus, sulfur. As solvent in certain types of Friedel-Crafts reactions or phthalic anhydride condensations. In the manufacture of paint, varnish, and rust removers. In soil sterilization and weed killer and insecticide formulations. In the determination of theobromine in cacao. As immersion fluid in crystallography. In the biological laboratory to produce pathological changes in gastrointestinal tract, liver and kidneys. Intermediate in the manufacture of trichloroethylene and other chlorinated hydrocarbons having two carbon atoms.

2023: 2,500,000 - <4,000,000 lb

Production figures for 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane cannot be estimated.

Ethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro- is listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) chemical (65FR81686). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds in 1990 and/or 1994. The HPV list is based on the 1990 Inventory Update Rule. (IUR) (40 CFR part 710 subpart B; 51FR21438).

Production volume for non-confidential chemicals reported under the 2006 Inventory Update Rule. Chemical: Ethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-. Aggregated National Production Volume: 1 to < 10 million pounds.

Non-confidential 2012 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) information on the production and use of chemicals manufactured or imported into the United States. Chemical: Ethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-. National Production Volume: Withheld.

Manufactured by catalytic addition of chlorine to acetylene; ... by chlorination of ethylene; ... by catalytic chlorination of ethane; ... by chlorination of 1,2-dichloroethane.

Chlorination or oxychlorination of ethylene.

Produced by direct chlorination or oxychlorination utilizing ethylene as feedstock. In most cases, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane is not isolated, but immediately thermally cracked at 454 °C to give the desired trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene products. ... High purity 1,1,2,2- tetrachloroethane is made by chlorinating acetylene.

Industrial processes for the production of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane consist of two main routes: 1. Addition of chlorine to acetylene /and/ ... 2. Liquid-phase chlorination of ethylene or 1,2-dichloroethane.

The liquid-phase chlorination of vinyl chloride or 1,1,2-trichloroethane in the presence of AlCl3 as catalyst yields 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane with high selectivity.

Grades: Technical

98+%; Neat standard for EPA methods

Trade names: Bonoform, Cellon, Westron, Acetosol

All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing

Ethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-: ACTIVE

Due to its toxicity and availability of less toxic solvents and to new processes for manufacturing chlorinated ethylenes, the manufacture and use of tetrachloroethane is now very limited.

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane is also an incidental byproduct of other production processes for chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as the production of 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-trichloroethane.

... It is very rarely used as a solvent because of its high toxicity.

In the past, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane was used as a solvent in cleaning and degreasing metals, in paint removers, varnishes and lacquers, in photographic films, and as an extractant for oils and fats. Although at one time it could be used as an insecticide, fumigant and weedkiller, it presently is not registered for any of these purposes.