Huagongshe화공사 화학 정보 인쇄 보고서 · 연구 참고용
P-클로로아닐린
p-클로로아닐린 · 4-클로로아닐린 · P-CHLOROANILINE · PARA CHLORO ANILINE · 4-Chloranilin · PARA-CHLORANILINE · 4-chlorobenzamine · 4-CHLOROBENZENAMINE
식별자 및 물리적 특성
| CAS No. | 106-47-8 |
|---|---|
| 분자식 | C6H6ClN |
| 평균 분자량 | 127.57 g/mol |
| 단동위원소 질량 | 127.01887687 g/mol |
| SMILES | Nc1ccc(Cl)cc1 |
| InChIKey | QSNSCYSYFYORTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| PubChem CID | 7812 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL15888 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:20331 |
| EC No. | 203-401-0 |
| DTXSID | DTXSID9020295 |
| 현지명 | P-클로로아닐린 |
화학 및 물리적 성질
| XLogP | 1.9 |
|---|---|
| 극성 표면적 | 26 |
| 수소 결합 공여자 수 | 1 |
| 수소 결합 수용자 수 | 1 |
| 회전 가능 결합 수 | 0 |
| 무거운 원자 수 | 8 |
| 형식 전하 | 0 |
| 복잡도 | 66.9 |
| 물질 분류 | Nitrogen Compounds -> Amines, AromaticCarcinogens |
| SpringerMaterials Properties | 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum |
| 농약 | Pesticide -> EPA IRIS |
| LogP(분배 계수) | log Kow = 1.83 at pH 7.4 |
| 냄새 | SLIGHTLY SWEETISHCHARACTERISTIC AMINE ODORCharacteristic sweet odor달콤한 |
| 밀도 | 1.43 at 66.2 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than waterwill sink1.169 at 77 °C/4 °CRelative density (water = 1): 1.41.429 @ 19°C1,43 g/cm3 |
| Color/Form | Orthorhombic crystals from alcohol or petroleum etherColorless crystalsWhite or pale yellow solid |
| 용해도 | less than 1 mg/mL at 74.3 °F (NTP, 1992)Freely soluble in alcohol, ether, acetone, carbon disulfideIn water, 3,900 mg/L at 25 °CSolubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 0.392.2g/L |
| 인화점 | 235 °F (NTP, 1992)120-123 °C>220 °F (open cup)120-123 °C o.c.120°C |
| 끓는 점 | 450 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)232 °C232 °C @760 [mm Hg]232 °C (lit.) |
| Decomposition | When heated to decomposition it emit toxic fumes of /hydrogen chloride and nitrogen oxides/.Energy of exothermic decomposition in range 210-400 °C was measured as 0.633 kJ/g by /diffential scanning calorimetry/, and T(ait24) was determined as 200 °C by adiabatic Dewar tests, with an apparent energy of activation of 124 kJ/mol.PCA decomposes in the presence of light and air and at elevated temperatures (decomposition temperature 250-300 °C). ...The decomposition in the presence of light is due to direct photolysis. |
| 녹는점 | 162.5 °F (NTP, 1992)72.5 °C69-72.5 °C70.5 °C67-70 °C (lit.) |
| 증기 밀도 | 4.4 (vs air) |
| 증기압 | 0.15 mm Hg ( 25 °C) |
| 굴절률 | 1.5546 |
| 저장 조건 | Store below +30°C. |
| 물리적 상태 | 결정질 고체 |
| pKa(산도 계수) | 4.15(at 25℃) |
| 색상 | 베이지~갈색-보라색 |
| 비중 | 1.2417 |
| pH | 6.9 (1g/l, H2O, 20℃) |
| 용해도 | 0.3g/100mL(20℃) |
| 비열 | Cp(crystal): 1.15 J/(g·K), at 25℃ |
| Merck | 14,2118 |
| BRN | 471359 |
| 헨리 상수 | 1.07 at 25 °C (calculated, Howard, 1989)(x 10-5 atmm3/mol) |
| 안정성 | 안정적인. 타기 쉬운. 강산화제, 산, 산 염화물, 산 무수물, 클로로포르메이트, 아질산과 호환되지 않습니다. 빛에 민감할 수 있습니다. |
| InChI | 1S/C6H6ClN/c7-5-1-3-6(8)4-2-5/h1-4H,8H2 |
| InChIKey | QSNSCYSYFYORTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| SMILES | Nc1ccc(Cl)cc1 |
| LogP(분배 계수) | 1.83 at 25℃ |
| NIST | p-Chloroaniline(106-47-8) |
| EPA | p-Chloroaniline (106-47-8) |
화학적 성질
4-Chloroaniline is a colourless to slightly amber-coloured crystalline solid with a mild aromatic odour. It is Soluble in hot water and organic solvents. 4-Chloroaniline has a moderate vapour pressure and n-octanol/ water partition coefficient. It decomposes in the presence of light and air and at elevated temperatures.
안전 및 규제
| GHS 분류 | DangerH301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]P203, P261, P262, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P318, P321, P330, P333+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)H301+H311+H331 (18.2%): Toxic if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, oralacute toxicity, dermalacute toxicity, inhalation]P203, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement) |
|---|---|
| 규제 정보 | Chemical: Benzenamine, 4-chloro-Hazard Traits - CarcinogenicityCouncil Directive (EEC) No 414/1991 (Repealed by Reg. EC No 1107/2009 (amended))Benzenamine, 4-chloro- is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Benzenamine, 4-chloro- are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)Status: Active Update: 29-08-2022 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/145324-Chloroaniline: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard |
| 기타 안전 정보 | IMAP assessments - Benzenamine, 4-chloro-: Human health tier II assessment |
| 운송 라벨(DOT) | Poison |
| 화재 위험 | Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Irritating and toxic hydrogen chloride and oxides of nitrogen may form in fires. (USCG, 1999)Combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. |
| 건강 유해성 | Inhalation or ingestion causes bluish tint to fingernails, lips, and ears indicative of cyanosisheadache, drowsiness, and nausea, followed by unconsciousness. Liquid can be absorbed through skin and cause similar symptoms. Contact with eyes causes irritation. (USCG, 1999) |
| 유해성 요약 | An eye irritantInhalation of high concentrations can cause methemoglobinemia[ICSC] Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, or skin absorption[CAMEO] May be a skin sensitizer based on animal studies[CHEMINFO] May cause skin sensitization[eChemPortal: ESIS] In the past, cases of severe methemoglobinemia were reported in workers manufacturing this chemicalEvidence of liver and kidney injury in high-dose animal experiments3-15% methemoglobin levels induced in rats at a dose of 13-40 mg/kg[HSDB] An irritantMay cause skin sensitizationEffects in high-dose animal studies include convulsions, methemoglobinemia, and cyanosis[MSDSonline] Danger of cutaneous absorptionDanger of skin sensitization[MAK] |
| 반응성 그룹 | Aryl Halides |
| EC 분류 | Symbol: T, NR: 45-23/24/25-43-50/53S: 53-45-60-61Note: E |
| UN 분류 | UN Hazard Class: 6.1UN Pack Group: II |
| Special Reports | DHEW/NCIBioassay of p-Chloroaniline for Possible Carcinogenicity (1979) Technical Rpt Series No. 189 DHEW Pub No. (NIH) 79-1745DHHS/NTPToxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies of para-Chloroaniline Hydrochloride in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Gavage Studies) Technical Report Series No. 351 (1989) NIH Publication No. 89-2806 /para-Chloroaniline hydrochloride/ |
| RCRA 요건 | P024As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when Benzenamine, 4-chloro, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to federal and/or state hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any container or inner liner used to hold this waste or any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5(e)). |
| TSCA 요건 | Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. Benzenamine, 4-chloro is included on this list. |
| 소화 | Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide. |
| 응급 조치 | Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention . |
| 응급 처치 | EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. |
| 안전 보관 | Separated from strong oxidants and food and feedstuffs. |
| 노출 관리 및 개인 보호 | Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Methemoglobin in blood = 1.5% of hemoglobin during or at end of shift. [ACGIH] |
| 소화 절차 | Water, dry chemical, foam or carbon dioxide |
| 보관 조건 | Storage temperature: ambient.PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/ |
| 정리 방법 | Removal of chloroaniline from wastewater by electrochemical treatment is discussed.Cover with the 9:1 mixture of sand and soda ash. After mixing, transfer into a paper carton, stuffed with ruffled paper. Burn in an open furnace with the utmost care or in the furnace with afterburner and scrubber.PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/ |
| 비화재 누출 대응 | Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]: |
| 처리 방법 | Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P024, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.A good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids.PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Incineration may be only feasible method for disposal of contaminated laboratory waste from biological expt. However, not all incinerators are suitable for this purpose. The most efficient type ... is probably the gas-fired type, in which a first-stage combustion with a less than stoichiometric air:fuel ratio is followed by a second stage with excess air. Some ... are designed to accept ... aqueous & organic-solvent solutions, otherwise it is necessary ... to absorb soln onto suitable combustible material, such as sawdust. Alternatively, chem destruction may be used, esp when small quantities ... are to be destroyed in laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 4-CHLOROANILINE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| 누출 처리 | Personal protection: P3 filter respirator for toxic particles and chemical protection suit. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. |
| Preventive Measures | Immediately wash contaminated areas of body with concentrated soap solution. Remove contaminated clothing, dry, then wash with concentrated soap solution or dispose as waste. Contaminated shoes may be disposed of in an incinerator.It is less hazardous than aniline or mononitrobenzene in industrial exposures. Relatively low vapor pressure, but precaution should be taken to avoid inhalation of vapors.SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 4-CHLOROANILINE (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| 표적 장기 | Immune |
| 생태독성 수치 | LC50 Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegil)l 2.4 mg/L/96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/EC50 Chironomus plumosus (Midge, 4th instar larvaeimmobilization) 43 mg/L/48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/LC50 Brachionus rubens (Rotifer) 100 mg/L/24 hrstatic /formulated product/EC50 Chlorella zofingiensis (Green algaeinhibition of chlorophyll biosynthesis) >200 uM/48 hrFor more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 4-CHLOROANILINE (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| 환경 거동 | TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values ranging from 96-1,530(2,3), indicate that 4-chloroaniline is expected to have high to low mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of 4-chloroaniline is 3.98(6), indicating that this compound will primarily exist in its nonionic form in the environment. However, aromatic amines are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group(4,5), suggesting that mobility may be very low in some soils(SRC). 4-Chloroaniline is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.071 mm Hg(7). Volatilization of 4-chloroaniline from moist soil surfaces is expected(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.1X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 0.071 mm Hg(7), and water solubility, 3.9 g/L(8). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). (14)C labeled 4-chloroaniline was applied to soil in lysimeter, corresponding to 1.25 ppm to a depth of 10 cm, and barley was sown(9). After 20 weeks, a total of 32.8% of the radiocarbon applied was recovered, corresponding to 32.4% in soil, 0.3% in plants, and 0.1% in leaching water (9). Radioactivity in soil consisted of 30.8% unextractable residues(9). When 4-chloroaniline (30 ppm) was incubated in Guelph loam with water added to 60% water-holding capacity, levels declined rapidly for two weeks after which time the rate of loss decreased(10). The percent of 4-chloroaniline remaining after 2 and 8 weeks were 45 and 25%, respectively(10). Mineralization occurs most rapidly in the early weeks of incubation with as much as 7.5% degradation to CO2 occurring in 6 weeks and 17% occuring in 16 weeks(10). Most (70-90%) of the 4-chloroaniline is transformed into unextractable residues and there is no significant leaching out either vertically or horizontally into surrounding layers of soil(10). Experiments were conducted in which (14C)4-chloroaniline was incubated under outdoor conditions for 20-25 wk and stepwise extractions conducted in order to establish the binding sites and degradability of the chemical in the different soil fractions(11). The total recovery of 14C was 32.4% of which 95.1% was as bound residues(11). The concns (ug equivalents to parent compound per g dry soil fraction) of bound 14C in the soil fractions were: humic acids, 30.7 ppmhumin, 6.97 ppmfulvic acids, 5.95 ppm, and inorganic fractions 0.526 ppm(11). Aerobic biomineralization over 28 days in the soil ranged from 1.21% (humic acid) to 4.98% (fulvic acids and 2.18% overall, compared with 9.04% for the free chemical(11). Similarly, in a standard photomineralization test in which the test substance is put on silica gel and illuminated for 17 hours, 14CO2 formation ranged from 0.08% (humic acid) to 1.43% (fulvic acid) and 1.39% overall, compared with 26.06% for the free chemical(11).AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values ranging from 96-1,530(2,3), indicate that 4-chloroaniline may be expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). A Koc of 5,550 was reported for 4-chloroaniline binding to colloidal organic matter in ground water(4). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(5) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.1X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 0.071 mm Hg(6), and water solubility, 3.9 g/L(7). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(5), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 36 and 260 days, respectively(SRC). However, aromatic amines are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group(8,9), and volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column(SRC). The pKa of 4-chloroaniline is 3.98(10), indicating that this compound will primarily exist in its nonionic form in the environment. According to a classification scheme(11), BCF values ranging from 0.8 to <20(12-14), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). 4-Chloroaniline is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(15). The half-life of 4-chloroaniline under illumination conditions typifying those for US surface waters in summer is 0.4 hour(16). When (14)C labeled 4-chloroaniline was added to an experimental pond (ca. 50 ppb over 6-8 wk), the (14)C label disappeared from the water in two phases with half-lives of about 3 and 11 days(17). It was assumed that the initial loss results from volatilization(17). Radioactivity could be found in some fauna species and sediment 3 yr after application (17). In estuarine water, photolysis was an important loss process for 4-chloroaniline, but no biodegradation occurred in 3 days(18). The estimated half-lives of 4-chloroaniline in river water and ground water based on monitoring data are 0.3-3 day and 30-300 day, respectively(19). Photolysis half-lives of 1.10 and 1.30 hours in distilled and Isar river water were reported for 4-chloroaniline (2-5 mg/L) when exposed to sunlightphotoproducts were 4-aminophenol and polymers(20).Of the 3 compounds, kepone, 4-chloroaniline, and aldrin, persistence of kepone residues in soil was highest. Decrease in kepone and 4-chloroaniline in soil occurred in about 2 stages, a fast one lasting in the case of 4-chloroaniline 0.5 yr and a subsequent slow one. In another experiment, these compounds were detectable in soil, ground waters and plants 3 yr after application.ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 4-chloroaniline, which has a vapor pressure of 0.071 mm Hg at 25 °C((2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 4-chloroaniline is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC)the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 9 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 4.3X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). 4-chloroaniline was found to undergo photolysis in aqueous solution when irradiated by sunlight(5,6)it may also be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight in air(SRC). |
| 식품 조사 수치 | 4-Chloroaniline has been qualitatively identified as a volatile flavor component of Idaho Russet baked potatoes(1). |
| 유해 작용 | Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation. |
| 노출 경로 | The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion. |
| 독성 요약 | IDENTIFICATION: 4-Chloroaniline (PCA) is a colorless to slightly amber-colored crystalline solid with a mild aromatic odor. The chemical is soluble in water and in common organic solvents. PCA is used as an intermediate in the production of a number of products, including agricultural chemicals, azo dyes and pigments, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products. HUMAN EXPOSURE: In humans, hemoglobin adducts are detectable as early as 30 min after accidental exposure, with a maximum level at 3 hr. Slow acetylating individuals have a higher potency to form hemoglobin adducts compared with fast acetylators. Excretion in humans occurs primarily via the urine, with PCA and its conjugates appearing as early as 30 min after exposure. Excretion takes place mainly during the first 24 h and is almost complete within 72 h. Data on occupational exposure of humans to PCA are mostly from a few older reports of severe intoxications after accidental exposure to PCA during production. Symptoms include increased methemoglobin and sulfhemoglobin levels, cyanosis, the development of anemia, and changes due to anoxia. PCA has a strong tendency to form hemoglobin adducts, and their determination can be used in biomonitoring of employees exposed to 4-chloroaniline in the workplace. There are reports of severe methemoglobinemia in neonates from neonatal intensive care units in two countries where premature babies were exposed to PCA as a breakdown product of chlorohexidinethe chlorohexidine, which had been inadvertently used in the humidifying fluid, broke down to PCA upon heating in a new type of incubator. Three neonates in one report (14.5-43.5% methemoglobin) and 33 of 415 neonates in another report (6.5-45.5% methemoglobin during the 8-month screening period) were found to be methemoglobin positive. A prospective clinical study showed that immaturity, severe illness, time exposed to PCA, and low concentrations of NADH reductase probably contributed to the condition. ANIMAL STUDIES: PCA is rapidly absorbed and metabolized. The main metabolic pathways of PCA are as follows: a) C-hydroxylation in the ortho position to yield 2-amino-5-chlorophenol followed by sulfate conjugation to 2-amino-5-chlorophenyl sulfate, which is excreted as is or after N-acetylation to N-acetyl-2-amino-5-chlorophenyl sulfateb) N-acetylation to 4-chloroacetanilide (found mainly in blood), which is further transformed to 4-chloroglycolanilide and then to 4-chlorooxanilic acid (found in the urine)or c) N-oxidation to 4-chlorophenylhydroxylamine and further to 4-chloronitrosobenzene (in erythrocytes). Reactive metabolites of PCA bind covalently to hemoglobin and to proteins of liver and kidney. Excretion in animals occurs primarily via the urine, with PCA and its conjugates appearing as early as 30 min after exposure. Excretion takes place mainly during the first 24 hr and is almost complete within 72 hr. The prominent toxic effect is methemoglobin formation. PCA is a more potent and faster methemoglobin inducer than aniline. PCA also exhibits a nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic potential. PCA was found to be non-irritating to rabbit skin and slightly irritating to rabbit eyes. A weak sensitizing potential was demonstrated with several test systems. Repeated exposure to PCA leads to cyanosis and methemoglobinemia, followed by effects in blood, liver, spleen, and kidneys, manifested as changes in hematological parameters, splenomegaly, and moderate to heavy hemosiderosis in spleen, liver, and kidney, partially accompanied by extramedullary hematopoiesis. These effects occur secondary to excessive compound-induced hemolysis and are consistent with a regenerative anemia. PCA is carcinogenic in male rats, with the induction of unusual and rare tumors of the spleen (fibrosarcomas and osteosarcomas), which is typical for aniline and related substances. In female rats, the precancerous stages of the spleen tumors are increased in frequency. Increased incidences of pheochromocytoma of the adrenal gland in male and female rats may have been related to PCA administration. There was some evidence of carcinogenicity in male mice, indicated by hepatocellular tumors and hemangiosarcoma. PCA shows transforming activity in cell transformation assays. A variety of in vitro genotoxicity tests Salmonella mutagenicity test, mouse lymphoma assay, chromosomal aberration test, induction of sister chromatid exchange indicate that PCA is possibly genotoxic, although results are sometimes conflicting. Due to lack of data, it is impossible to make any conclusion about PCA's in vivo genotoxicity. No studies are available on reproductive toxicity. From valid test results available on the toxicity of PCA to various aquatic organisms, PCA can be classified as moderately to highly toxic in the aquatic compartment. Therefore, a possible risk to aquatic organisms, particularly benthic species, cannot be completely ruled out, particularly in waters where significant amounts of particulate matter inhibit rapid photomineralization. Experiments with Daphnia magna revealed significantly reduced toxicity with increasing concentrations of dissolved humic materials in the medium, possibly caused by reduced bioavailability of PCA from adsorption to dissolved humic materials. |
| 생태독성 발췌 | /AQUATIC SPECIES/ Toxicity of p-chloroaniline was determined by the 14 day Daphnia reproduction test and the 24 hr median effective concentration (EC50). EC50 values ranged from 0.008-38 ppm. p-Chloroaniline at concentrations (0.0427-1.35 ppm) which were less than the EC50 showed marked effects on the reproduction rate./AQUATIC SPECIES/ The influence of enzyme induction on the acute toxicity of aniline and 4-chloroaniline to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was investigated. For these two xenobiotics, bioactivation reactions are known to occur in mammals. Induction of cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidase was obtained by ip injection of trout with a mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1254). Five days after ip injection with three different doses of Aroclor 1254 (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg), benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activity in trout liver microsomes increased five- to six-fold. Cytochrome P450 concentrations in the microsomes were slightly, but significantly, enhanced in two of the three dose levels. The 96-hr LC50's of aniline and 4-chloroaniline were not affected by pretreatment with Aroclor 1254, suggesting that metabolic activation does not necessarily play a role in the acute toxicity of aromatic amines to fish./AQUATIC SPECIES/ ...The effect of the applied p-chloroaniline on hepatic cells of zebra fish and additionally exposed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) /was studied/. For both species, exposure to p-chloroaniline concentrations of 0.2 and 1 mg/liter resulted in significant ultrastructural changes of hepatic cells. In later studies on zebra fish with prolonged exposure (31 days), hepatocytes and gills of exposed fish exhibited dose-dependent alterations at p-chloroaniline concentrations of > or =0.05 and > or =0.5 mg/liter, respectively. Pathological symptoms in both liver and gills disappeared almost completely within a regeneration period of 14 days./AQUATIC SPECIES/ Dissolved humic materials in the exposure media may have a marked influence on the toxicity of PCA to aquatic species. ...Significantly reduced toxicity for cell multiplication inhibition of Daphnia magna (48-hr EC50) /was found/ with increasing dissolved humic material concentrations, whereas the LC50 for zebra fish remained unaffected in the presence of dissolved humic materials. Among several explanations, the authors discussed reduced bioavailability by sorption of PCA to dissolved humic materials as a possible cause of this effect./AQUATIC SPECIES/ In addition to survival and hatching parameters, cytological alterations in liver and kidney of 4- and 6-d old zebrafish larvae (Brachydanio rerio) following single microinjection of fertilized eggs at the germ-ring stage with 5, 12.5, and 25 ng 4-chloroaniline/egg were investigated by means of electron microscopy. Whereas survival remained unaffected, microinjection with 4-chloroaniline disturbed hatching of larvae. Hatching was delayed by microinjection of 12.5 ng 4-chloroaniline/egg and above when compared to controls. Cytological investigations revealed ultrastructural changes in both liver and kidney in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. In the liver, major cytopathological changes included fenestration, fragmentation, and vesiculation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, proliferation of atypical mitochondria, and atypical lysosomes. Furthermore, myelin whorls, lipid inclusions, and cholesterol crystals were increased, whereas glycogen stores were reduced. Renal tubular cells displayed altered brush borders, proliferation of nucleoli, atypical mitochondria, fenestrated, fragmented, and vesiculated RER cisternae, as well as giant lysosomes. Most of these effects indicate cellular dysfunction (e.g., disturbance of lipid metabolism in the liver), whereas others illustrate general cellular stress-responses to chemical aggression. |
| Signs and Symptoms | Blue lips, fingernails and skin. Confusion. Convulsions. Dizziness. Headache. Nausea. Unconsciousness.MAY BE ABSORBED! Further see Inhalation.Redness. Pain. |
| Ongoing Test Status | The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical. [http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=106-47-8]The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical. /p-Chloroaniline hydrochloride/ [http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=20265-96-7] |
| ICSC Environmental Data | The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment. |
| EPA IRIS Information | p-ChloroanilineImmune4 x 10 ^-3 mg/kg-day |
| 대기 기준 | This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. p-Chloroaniline is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart. |
| CERCLA 보고 수량 | Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 1000 lb or 454 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b). |
| 주 식수 지침 | (FL) FLORIDA 28 ug/l |
| 수질 위해 등급(WGK) | 3 |
| TSCA 등재 상태 | TSCA listed |
| RTECS 번호 | BX0700000 |
| 운송 번호(UN) | UN 2018 6.1/PG 2 |
| 독성 | LD50 orally in rats: 0.31 g/kg (Smyth) |
| 관세 코드 | 29214210 |
| 위험 문구(R) | 45-23/24/25-43-50/53-52/53-39/23/24/25-11-51/53 |
| 위험 표시 | T,N,F |
| 안전 문구(S) | 53-45-60-61-36/37-16-7 |
| 포장분류 | II |
| 위험 등급 | 6.1Acute Tox. 3 DermalAcute Tox. 3 InhalationAcute Tox. 3 OralAquatic Acute 1Aquatic Chronic 1Carc. 1BSkin Sens. 1 |
| 기존화학 물질 | KE-05525 |
| F 고인화성물질 | 8-10-23 |
| 위험 참고 사항 | Toxic/Possible Carcinogen |
| 자연 발화 온도 | 685 °C |
| 저장 분류 | 6.1A - Combustible acute toxic Cat. 1 and 2very toxic hazardous materials |
| 유해 물질 데이터 | 106-47-8(Hazardous Substances Data) |
용도
용도
4-Chloroaniline is an important raw material in production of agricultural chemicals, azo dyes and pigments, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products. It is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of chromophore AS-LB, as well as in pharmaceutical intermediates such as chlordiazepoxide and phena tincture. It is also an intermediate for the herbicide Anilofos, the insecticide chlorbenzuron and the plant growth regulator Inabenfide.
일반 설명
P-chloroaniline appears as a white or pale yellow solid. Melting point 69.5°C.
제조 및 합성 방법
제조 방법
synthesis of 4-Chloroaniline: p-chloronitrobenzene is used as raw material, Raney nickel is used as catalyst, ethanol is used as solvent, reaction temperature is 50～70°C , hydrogenation pressure is 3.04～3.55MPa, and medium pH=5～6 conditions, carry out Catalytic hydrogenation reaction to obtain 4-Chloroaniline.