m-톨루이딘

Nitrogen Compounds -> Amines, Aromatic

Flammable agents - 2nd degree

log Kow = 1.40

1.40

1.49

0.989 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.9889 g/cu cm at 20 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 0.99

0.989

0.989 @25 °C

0.999

2 % (NIOSH, 2024)

Very soluble in acetone, benzene, diethyl ether, ethanol

Soluble in alcohol, ether, dilute acids

In water, 1.50X10+4 mg/L at 20 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 25 °C: 0.1 (poor)

2%

186 °F (USCG, 1999)

187 °F

187 °F (86 °C) (Closed cup)

85 °C c.c.

187 °F

187 °F

398.1 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

203.3 °C

203 °C

398.1 °F

203.3 °C @760 [mm Hg]

397 °F

Danger

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

P260, P261, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P319, P321, P330, P361+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Danger

H301+H311+H331 (15.7%): Toxic if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]

P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P319, P321, P330, P337+P317, P361+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Chemical: Benzenamine, 3-methyl-

Commission Regulation No 844/2012

Benzenamine, 3-methyl- is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Benzenamine, 3-methyl- are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Active Update: 28-01-2022 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/18872

3-Toluidine: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Toxic oxides of nitrogen and flammable vapors may form in fire. (USCG, 1999)

Combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. Above 85 °C explosive vapour/air mixtures may be formed.

Absorption of toxic quantities by any route causes cyanosis (blue discoloroation of lips, nails, skin); nausea, vomiting, and coma may follow. Repeated inhalation of low concentrations may cause pallor, low-grade secondary anemia, fatigability, and loss of appetite. Contact with eyes causes irritation. (USCG, 1999)

The toxicity of m-toluidine is similar to that of o-toluidine. Given intravenously to cats, a dose of 27 mg/kg induces 60% methemoglobinemia. Methemoglobinemia and anemia have been reported after occupational exposure. Listed in the table Examples of Industrial Chemicals for Which Methemoglobin Formation is NOT the Principal Cause of Toxicity; [ACGIH] Solid form causes first degree burns on short exposure; [CHRIS] A skin and eye irritant; Can induce methemoglobinemia; [ICSC]

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; Screening Information Data Set for m-Toluidine (108-44-1) (September 2000). This OECD Initial Assessment of HPV Chemicals is part of a series of OECD SIDS documents published by UNEP Chemicals to facilitate the access to information needed for health and environmental risk assessments of chemicals.[Available from, as of April 30, 2010: http://www.chem.unep.ch/irptc/sids/OECDSIDS/sidspub.html]

European Commission, ESIS; IUCLID Dataset, m-Toluidine (108-44-1) (2000 CD-ROM edition) contains information on use, toxicology, and environmental effects of this chemical as supplied to the European Union by industry.[Available from, as of April 30, 2010: http://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/]

Section 8(a) of TSCA requires manufacturers of this chemical substance to report preliminary assessment information concerned with production, exposure, and use to EPA as cited in the preamble in 51 FR 41329. Effective date 3/11/94; Reporting date: 5/10/94.

Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. m-Toluidine is included on this list. Effective date: 3/11/94; Sunset date: 6/30/98.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

Use water spray, foam, powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for m-Toluidine:

(General first aid procedures)

To fight fire, use foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may spread fire. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. /Toluidines, liquid or solid/

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material. /Toluidines, liquid or solid/

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Toluidine is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. Controlled incineration (oxides of nitrogen are removed from the effluent gas by scrubbers and/or thermal devices). /Toluidine/

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for m-aminotoluene: concentration process: biological treatment.

Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. /Toluidines, liquid or solid/

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. /Toluidines, liquid or solid/

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 3-Aminotoluene (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LD50 Agelaius phoenicus (Redwing blackbird) oral 242 mg/kg bw

LD50 Sturnus vulgaris (European starling) oral >1,000 mg/kg bw

LD50 Coturnix coturnix (quail) oral 562 mg/kg bw

LC50; Species: Oryzias latipes (Japanese medaka); Conditions: semi-static, open system; Concentration: 190 mg/L for 24 hr

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 3-Aminotoluene (28 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an average Koc value of 44 measured in four silt loam soils(2), indicates that 3-aminotoluene is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of 3-aminotoluene is 4.69(3), indicating that this compound will partially exist in cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Volatilization of 3-aminotoluene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process for the neutral species(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.66X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(5). 3-Aminotoluene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.303 mm Hg at 25 °C(6). Complete degradation of 3-aminotoluene was obtained within 8 days with a soil inoculum(7), suggesting that 3-aminotoluene will be readily biodegradable in the terrestrial environment. Additionally, aromatic amines undergo soil- and clay-catalyzed free radical oxidations(8,9). They are also readily oxidized by metal ions that may occur in soil(10).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an average Koc value of 44 measured in four silt loam soils(2), indicates that 3-aminotoluene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization of the neutral species from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.66X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 23 and 170 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3.9(SRC), from a log Kow of 1.40(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). 3-Aminotoluene reached 50% of its theoretical BOD in 5 days using water inoculum(8) and 97.7% degradation occurred in 5 days using activated sludge inoculum(9), suggesting that 3-aminotoluene will be readily biodegradable in the aquatic environment. Additionally, aromatic amines are readily oxidized by metal ions that may occur in natural waters(10).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 3-aminotoluene, which has a vapor pressure of 0.303 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 3-aminotoluene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.9 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.0X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). 3-Aminotoluene has a UV absorption band at 286 nm(4) and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

In a German survey of primary and secondary amines in the human environment, no 3-aminotoluene was reported in samples of preserved vegetables, maize, salad, rhubarb, and apples, pickles, fish, cheese, bread, coffee, tea, cocoa, wine, malt, hops, barley, or animal feed(1).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Human Health. Although the metabolites, 2-amino-4-methylphenol and 4-amino-2-methylphenol were identified in the rat urine with a small amount of the parent compound, there is not sufficient information on metabolism and toxicokinetics. Acute toxicity of m-toluidine is low because the oral LD50 values in rat, mouse and rabbit are from 450 to 1,430 mg/kg. This chemical is slightly irritating to skin and moderately irritating to eyes. There is no information available on skin sensitization. In accordance with an OECD combined repeat dose and reproductive/developmental toxicity screening test [TG 422], m-toluidine was given to Crj: CD (SD) male and female rats by gavage at doses of 0, 30, 100, 300 mg/kg/day for at least 41 days. The critical effect at 100 and 300 mg/kg is a hemolytic anemia, revealed by reduction of erythrocyte counts and hemoglobin concentration, and histological changes such as pigment deposit and extramedullary hematopoiesis in liver and spleen. Other toxicity is renal tubular epithelium lesions accompanied with pigment deposit in kidney. As there is suggestive evidence of hemolytic anemia such as marginal pigment deposit and extramedullary hematopoiesis in spleen at the lowest dose of 30 mg/kg, probably caused by methemoglobin formation, LOAEL for repeat dose toxicity was 30 mg/kg/day. In the above screening test [OECD TG 422], m-toluidine was given from 14 days before mating to 14 days after mating in males and from 14 days before mating to day 3 of lactation in females. As implantation losses were found in all animals at 300 mg/kg and two of ten at 100 mg/kg but not at 30 mg/kg, NOAEL for reproductive toxicity is 30 mg/kg/day. The death of all pups or more than half the number of pups observed at 30 and 100 mg/kg/day is considered as the result of maternal toxicity because there is clear evidence of the lack of the nursing activity, probably due to anemia, and all live offsprings of 30 and 100 mg/kg had normally developed up to 4 days. Therefore the NOAEL for developmental toxicity is considered to be 100 mg/kg/day. Bacterial genotoxicity studies show negative results in S. typhimurium and E. coli with and without metabolic activation. In chromosomal aberration test conducted in cultured Chinese hamster lung (CHL/IU) cells by OECD TG 473, clastogenicity was not observed but significant increase of polyploidy (0.9 to 1.25 %) was found at the highest concentration. However, this result was considered not to be positive because it was within historical control and generally accepted criteria of significance (5 %). Two kinds of in vivo studies, sister chromatid exchange and inhibition of DNA-synthesis, also show negative results. Therefore m-toluidine is considered not to be genotoxic. Tumors were not observed in dietary study of male rats at 9,400 ppm and male and female mice at 14,700 and 20,400 ppm, respectively. However, the carcinogenicity in rodents is inconclusive because the experimental conditions were insufficient compared to a current carcinogenicity testing protocol. Environment. This chemical is mainly persistent in water and it will be transported to water compartment when released to other environmental compartments. The chemical is not readily biodegradable, and its bioaccumulation potential is low. This chemical has been tested in a limited number of aquatic species. For algae, 72 hr EC50 (biomass change in Selenastrum capricornutum) is 17.7 mg/L. For Daphnia, the lowest acute toxicity value is 0.73 mg/L (48 hr EC50 for immobilization), and the lowest chronic value is 0.01 mg/L (21d NOEC for reproduction). For fish, only acute data were available, the lowest of which is 34 mg/L (96 hr LC50, Oryzias latipes). PNEC of 0.0001 mg/L for the aquatic organisms was calculated from the lowest chronic value (NOEC for Daphnia; 0.01 mg/L) using an assessment factor of 100. Toxicity of this chemical to aquatic organisms, specially against Daphnia, is high. Exposure. The production volume of m-toluidine in Japan was less than 100 tonnes in 1990 - 1992, and imported volume was 97-285 tonnes/year in 1988-1992, however both the production volume and imported volume in Japan in 1998 was 0 ton. This chemical is used as intermediates for pigments, photography agents and others. This chemical is stable in neutral or alkaline solutions, and is classified as "not readily biodegradable". Direct photodegradation is expected. The half-life is estimated to be about 4 months. A generic fugacity model (Mackey level III) shows this chemical would be distributed mainly to water. In the monitoring study of the general environment in Japan in 1977, m-toluidine was detected from surface water and sediment, but in the monitoring study in 1999, it was not detected in water, sediment or air. According to a Japanese manufacturer, 400 kg/year (estimated) of m-toluidine are released with 1 x 10+7 tonnes/year of effluent into bay. Local predicted environmental concentration (PEClocal) is 4.0 x 10-5 mg/L, employing the calculation model. The highest exposure to the general population via the environment would be expected through drinking water processed from surface water. The concentration in drinking water is assumed to be less than 4.0 x 10-5 mg/L. Consumer exposure is negligible because m-toluidine is not contained in consumer products. As m-toluidine is mainly produced in a closed system, occupational exposures at production sites may occur by the inhalation and dermal route. Estimated human exposure for a worker who operates sampling (0.1 hr/day), drum filling (1.5 hr/day), and reaction vessel cleaning (2 day/year) without protective equipment is less than 0.21 mg/kg/day. By wearing chemical cartridge respirator during these operations, and ventilation systems during the filling process, exposure level is lower than the estimation.

Blue lips, fingernails and skin. Confusion. Dizziness. Headache. Shortness of breath. Weakness. Convulsions. Nausea. Unconsciousness.

Redness. Further see Inhalation.

Redness. Pain.

Blue lips, fingernails and skin. Dizziness. Headache. Laboured breathing. Further see Inhalation.

irritation eyes, skin; dermatitis; hematuria (blood in the urine), methemoglobinemia; cyanosis, nausea, vomiting, low blood pressure, convulsions; anemia, lassitude (weakness, exhaustion)

The mean Koc of 3-aminotoluene in 4 silt loam soils was 44 over a pH range of 6.1 to 7.5(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this Koc value suggests that 3-aminotoluene is expected to have very high mobility in soil. The pKa of 3-aminotoluene is 4.69(3), indicating that this compound will partially exist in cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Aromatic amines are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group(5,6), suggesting that mobility of the neutral species may be much lower in some soils(SRC).

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ An exposure of 40 ppm (176 mg/cu m) in atmosphere for 60 min produced severe intoxication in persons.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Inhalation: Blue lips or finger nails. Blue skin. Dizziness. Headache. Laboured breathing. Shortness of breath. Weakness. Skin: May be absorbed. Redness. Blue lips or fingernails. Blue skin. Eyes: Redness. Pain. Ingestion: Blue lips or fingernails. Blue skin. Dizziness. Headache. Labored breathing ... The substance may have effects on the blood, resulting in formation of methemoglobin.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Symptomatology: Lips, tongue and mucous membranes navy blue to black; skin slate gray, all without signs of cardiac or pulmonary insufficiency. Severe headache, nausea, sometimes vomiting, dryness of throat. Central nervous symptoms: confusion, ataxia, vertigo, tinnitus, weakness, disorientation, lethargy, drowsiness, and finally coma. Convulsions may occur but appear to be uncommon. Cardiac effects: heart blocks, arrhythmias, and shock. Death, although uncommon, is usually due to cardiovascular collapse and not resp paralysis. Urinary signs and symptoms may incl painful micturition, hematuria, hemoglobinuria, and renal insufficiency (usually mild). A late acute hemolytic episode should be anticipated at 6 to 8 days after ingestion. /Aniline/

/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ Epidemiological aspects of aromatic amine cancers are discussed. Industrial exposure to aromatic amines has been linked with occupational bladder cancer since the end of the last century. Aromatic amines of industrial importance such as 1-naphthylamine, 1-naphthylthiourea, benzidine, 4-biphenylamine, 4,4'-methylenedianiline, 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine, diphenylamine, toluidine, o-toluidine, and p-toluidine are discussed. The epidemiology of bladder cancer is reviewed. Data for the United States in 1981 showes age adjusted incidence rates of bladder cancer per 100,000 of the male population ranging from 7.5 in Puerto Rico to 17.1 in Connecticut. It is noted that the incidence of bladder cancer has been increasing. The epidemiology of industrial bladder cancer is discussed. The historical development of bladder cancer epidemiology is summarized. Studies in the United Kingdom have indicated that 2-naphthylamine is the major carcinogenic amine in the British dyestuffs industry. ... Screening as a means of protecting workers at risk is discussed.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 3-Aminotoluene (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Section 8(a) of TSCA requires manufacturers of this chemical substance to report preliminary assessment information concerned with production, exposure, and use to EPA as cited in the preamble in 51 FR 41329. Effective date 3/11/94; Reporting date: 5/10/94.

Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. m-Toluidine is included on this list. Effective date: 3/11/94; Sunset date: 6/30/98.

This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Toluidines are produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart. /Toluidines/

Two metabolites, 2-amino-4-methylphenol and 4-amino-2-methylphenol, were identified after hydrolysis of the urine extract /from rats (strain not given)/..

The binding of monocyclic aromatic amines to hemoglobin was studied in vivo. Female Wistar rats were administered aniline, N-methylaniline, N,N-dimethylaniline, o-toluidine, m-toluidine, p-toluidine, 2,4-dimethylaniline, 2,4,5-trimethylaniline, p-chloroaniline 3,4-dichloroaniline, 4-chloro-o-toluidine, 5-chloro-o-toluidine, or 6-chloro-o-toluidine by gavage. Blood samples were collected 24 hr later and the hemoglobin was isolated. The hemoglobin samples were extracted with hexane, hydrolyzed with sodium hydroxide, and the amount of each amine recovered was determined by gas chromatography. The extent of amine/hemoglobin binding was determined by computing hemoglobin binding indices (HBIs) from the administered doses and the amount of amine recovered. Female B6C3F1 mice were administered aniline, o-toluidine, p-chloroaniline, 4-chloro-o-toluidine, or 5-chloro-o-toluidine. The extent of amine/hemoglobin binding was determined as before. Rats were given 2,4-dimethylaniline, aniline, 5-chloro-o-toluidine, 4-aminobiphenyl, or p-chloroaniline, and the extent of methemoglobin formation was determined. In rats hydrolysis of the hemoglobin yielded only one cleavage product, the parent amine, in each case. An additional signal was seen in the chromatogram in the case of 6-chloro-o-toluidine. The hemoglobin binding indices ranged from 0.7 for 2,4,5-trimethylaniline to 569 for p-chloroaniline. The binding of aniline, o-toluidine, p-chloroaniline, 4-chloro-o-toluidine, and 5-chloro-o-toluidine in mice was significantly lower than in rats. The extent of amine/hemoglobin binding in rats correlated well with the maximum concentrations of methemoglobin. /Results indicate/ that determining hemoglobin adducts may be useful for monitoring occupational exposure to amines.

30 min after a single intravenous administration of 0.77 mmol (= 111.1 mg) m-toluidine-HCl/kg bw to dogs, a maximum concentration of 3.5 ug m-nitrosotoluene/mL blood was reached. 5 hours after the injection the concentration of m-nitrosotoluene was still about 1 ug/mL blood. /m-Toluidine hydrochloride/

In vitro, the p-hydroxylation of m-toluidine by rabbit liver microsomes was measured with a specific activity of 0.43 nmol/min and mg microsomal protein.

For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for 3-Aminotoluene (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

After a single oral administration of 500 mg m-toluidine to rats (strain not given), only 2.5% of the unchanged compound was recovered from the urine for 24 hrs and two metabolites, 2-amino-4-methylphenol and 4-amino-2-methylphenol were identified after hydrolysis of the urine extract. However, there is no information on the quantitative metabolism and excretion. After dermal application to rats, m-toluidine was dose-dependently detected in the blood. In the case of a single iv injection of 111.1 mg m-toluidine-HCl/kg bw to dogs, the metabolite, m-nitrosotoluene in blood reached to a maximum concentration of 3.5 ug/mL at 30 min and still remained at approx. 1 ug/mL at 5 hrs.

m-Toluidine was detected in the blood plasma of rats after dermal application (tail). The plasma levels correlated with the dose-level.

... Absorbed by skin.

Absorbed via respiratory tract.

Urinary levels in rats of o-, m-, and p-toluidine (20, 100, or 200 mg/kg, intragastric administration) were positively correlated with the toluidine dose; 26, 10, and 10% of the unchanged toluidines, respectively, were excreted after 24 hr. After chronic administration of m-toluidine, excretion rate of the unchanged toluidine increased with duration of the experiment.

Used in the production of dyes and other chemicals; [ACGIH]

Smoking cigarettes [Category: Food & Drugs]

Manufacture of various dyes and other organic chemicals.

Industry use: Intermediate for pigments, photographic agents, and others

(1972) 8.93X10+7 GRAMS

(1975) 1.94X10+8 GRAMS (PRINCPL CUSTMS DISTS)

2023: 550,000 - <1,000,000 lb

(1972) PROBABLY GREATER THAN 4.54X10+5 GRAMS

(1975) PROBABLY GREATER THAN 4.54X10+5 GRAMS

Benzenamine, 3-methyl- is listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) chemical (65FR81686). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds in 1990 and/or 1994. The HPV list is based on the 1990 Inventory Update Rule. (IUR) (40 CFR part 710 subpart B; 51FR21438).

Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule. [Table#3811]

Production volume for non-confidential chemicals reported under the 2006 Inventory Update Rule. Chemical: Benzenamine, 3-methyl-. Aggregated National Production Volume: 500,000 to < 1 million pounds.

The manufacture of toluidines begins with a mixed-acid (nitric/sulfuric acid) mononitration of toluene, which produces all three isomers (ortho, meta, and para), usually in the ratio 15:1: 9, respectively. Since the isomeric toluidines themselves cannot be effectively separated by distillation, distillative separation of the isomers is achieved at the nitrotoluene stage. ... High-volume manufacture of toluidines utilizes the same type of continuous vapor-phase hydrogenation process used for aniline manufacture. The catalyst include various supported metals, Raney nickel, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, and noble metals. The catalyst is suspended in a column or bed, and a gaseous mixture of the nitrotoluene and excess hydrogen is passed over it at about 250 °C. The gaseous products are condensed, the aqueous and organic layers are separated, excess hydrogen is recycled, and the final crude product is dried and distilled.

Reduction of m-nitrotoluene

Other (requires additional information)

Benzenamine, 3-methyl-: ACTIVE