| 상호 작용 | ... The present study is an ongoing approach to assess the dose-related percutaneous absorption of a number of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. The first treatment (1X) was comprised of mixtures containing undecane (4.1%), dodecane (4.7%), tridecane (4.4%), tetradecane (3%), pentadecane (1.6%), naphthalene (1.1%), and dimethyl naphthalene (1.3% of jet fuels) in hexadecane solvent using porcine skin flow through diffusion cell. Other treatments (n=4 cells) were 2X and 5X concentrations. Perfusate samples were analyzed with gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) using head space solid phase micro-extraction fiber technique. We have standardized the assay to have a good linear correlation for all the tested components in media standards. Absorption parameters including diffusivity, permeability, steady state flux, and percent dose absorbed were estimated for all the tested hydrocarbons. This approach provides a baseline to access component interactions among themselves and with the diluent (solvents). A quantitative structure permeability relationship (QSPR) model was derived to predict the permeability of unknown jet fuel hydrocarbons in this solvent system by using their physicochemical parameters. Our findings suggested a dose related increase in absorption for naphthalene and dimethyl naphthalene (DMN).Jet fuels are complex mixtures of aliphatic (ALI) and aromatic (ARO) hydrocarbons that vary significantly in individual cytotoxicity and proinflammatory activity in human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK). In order to delineate the toxicological interactions among individual hydrocarbons in a mixture and their contributions to cutaneous toxicity, nine ALI and five ARO hydrocarbons were each divided into five (high/medium/low cytotoxic and strong/weak IL-8 induction) groups and intra/inter-mixed to assess for their mixture effects on HEK mortality and IL-8 release. Addition of single hydrocarbon to JP-8 fuel was also evaluated for their changes in fuel dermatotoxicity. The results indicated that when hydrocarbons were mixed, HEK mortality and IL-8 release were not all predictable by their individual ability affecting these two parameters. The lowest HEK mortality (7%) and the highest IL-8 production were induced with mixtures including high cytotoxic and weak IL-8 inductive ARO hydrocarbons. Antagonistic reactions not consistently correlated with ALI carbon chain length and ARO structure were evident and carried different weight in the overall mixture toxicities. Single addition of benzene, toluene, xylene or ethylbenzene for up to tenfold in JP-8 did not increase HEK mortality while single addition of ALI hydrocarbons exhibited dose-related differential response in IL-8. In an all ALI environment, no single hydrocarbon is the dominating factor in the determination of HEK cytotoxicity while deletion of hexadecane resulted in a 2.5-fold increase in IL-8 production. Overall, decane, undecane and dodecane were the major hydrocarbons associated with high cytotoxicity while tetradecane, pentadecane and hexadecane were those which had the greatest buffering effect attenuating dermatotoxicity. The mixture effects must be considered when evaluating jet fuel toxicity to HEK.Jet fuels are complex mixtures of aliphatic (ALI) and aromatic (ARO) hydrocarbons that vary significantly in individual cytotoxicity and proinflammatory activities in human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK). In order to elucidate the dermatotoxicity of a complex mixture like jet fuels, structural differences, exposure time and dosage were investigated on HEK toxicity assessed by mortality and IL-8 release. ALI and ARO hydrocarbons were grouped into 4 categories: highly cytotoxic (octane, nonane, decane for aliphatics and cyclohexalbenzene, trimethylbenzene, xylene for aromatics), low cytotoxic (tetradecane, pentadecane, hexadecane for aliphatics and benzene for aromatics), high IL-8 release (decane, undecane, dodecane for aliphatics and dimethylnapthalene, cyclohexylbenzene, ethylbenzene for aromatics) and low IL-8 release (tetradecane, pentadecane, hexadecane for aliphatics and benzene, toluene, xylene for aromatics). The 4 categories of ALI hydrocarbons were mixed with each other, or cross-mixed with each of the 4 categories of ARO hydrocarbons. The resulting cytotoxicity and IL-8 production from HEK were evaluated at 24 hr. The results showed an antagonistic cytotoxic effect between ALI and ARO hydrocarbons in which ALI attenuated the degree of HEK mortality caused by the ARO hydrocarbons. On the other hand, the ARO hydrocarbons reduced the significant increase of IL-8 induced by ALI hydrocarbons. Synergistic effects between low IL-8 inductive and low cytotoxic hydrocarbons were found and the highest cytotoxic and IL-8 inductive responses did not completely correspond to the mixture of highly cytotoxic and highly IL-8 inductive hydrocarbons. This study supports the concept that the ARO dictate the degree of HEK mortality, while the ALI are the major contributor to inciting the proinflammatory response. Mixture effects must be considered when evaluating cytotoxicity to HEK./In C3H/HEJ mouse skin bioassays/ the 9-, 2-, and 3-methylbenz(a)-anthracene compounds were noncarcinogenic using toluene as the solvent. With the substitution of n-dodecane for toluene all three compounds produced significant numbers of tumors. The results indicate that ... certain noncarcinogenic methylbenz(a)anthracenes can have their carcinogenic potential altered by a change in the solvent used.For more Interactions (Complete) data for n-Dodecane (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
|---|
