| 생태독성 발췌 | /AQUATIC SPECIES/ Structure-toxicity relationships were investigated for six organic contaminants, representative of three chemical classes, likely to be found in coal conversion process waters and effluents. Using embryo-larval stages of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), continuous-flow toxicity tests were performed on hydroxylated aromatic hydrocarbons (phenol, beta-naphthol), azaarenes (quinoline, acridine), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (naphthalene, phenanthrene). Exposure was initiated at fertilization and maintained through 4 days post-hatching. Median lethal concentrations (LC50), based on combined frequencies of embryo-larval mortality and teratogenesis, were used to rank the toxicity of the compounds to each fish species. With the trout, the order of decreasing toxicity was phenanthrene (0.04 mg/L), beta-naphthol (0.07 mg/L), naphthalene (0.11 mg/L), phenol (0.15 mg/L), acridine (0.32 mg/L) and quinoline (11.0 mg/L). The toxicological ranking with the bass was phenanthrene (0.18 mg/L), naphthalene (0.51 mg/L), acridine (1.02 mg/L), beta-naphthol (1.77 mg/L), phenol (2.80 mg/L) and quinoline (7.50 mg/L). For each class of compounds, the chemical with the greater number of aromatic rings always exerted the greater toxicity. In tests with both fish species, beta-naphthol (two rings) was about twice as toxic as phenol (one ring), and phenanthrene (three rings) was nearly three times more toxic than naphthalene (two rings). Acridine (three rings) was seven times more toxic to bass and 34 times more toxic to trout than was quinoline (two rings). This relationship between ring number and toxicity was in excellent agreement with results from acute tests on the same compounds. Furthermore, a close correlation existed between toxicity and n-octanol:water partition coefficients within each class of compounds./AQUATIC SPECIES/ In acute toxicity tests green algae Selenastrum capricornutum, diatoms Nitzschia palea, adult snails Physa gyrina, juvenile cladocerans Daphnia magna, larval midges Chironomus tentans, adult amphipods Gammarus minus, juvenile fathead minnows Pimephales promelas and embryo larva stages of rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri and largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides were exposed for 4 hr (algae), 48 hr (arthropods and snails), 96 hr (fathead minnows), 7 days (largemouth ) bass and 27 days (rainbow trout) to 2 phenols (phenol and beta-naphthol), 2 azaarenes (quinoline and acridine) and 2 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (naphthalene and phenanthrene) present in coal derived oils. LC50 or EC50 (median effective concentrations) ranged from 0.03 mg/L for phenanthrene and rainbow trout to 286.54 mg/L for phenol and the green alga. The rainbow trout embryo larva assay was the most sensitive of the test systems to all the chemicals except quinoline. For this last compound, systems with juvenile fathead minnows and largemouth bass embryos were the more sensitive. As test systems, fish embryos and larvae were the most sensitive, juvenile fathead minnows and arthropods had intermediate sensitivity and algae and snails were the most resistant to the test compounds under the test conditions. Within each chemical class, (phenols, azaarenes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) toxicity increased with increased ring number except for the reversed relationship with the azaarenes and fathead minnows. beta-Naphthol (2 rings) was 2-45 times more toxic than phenol (1 ring)acridine (3 rings) was 7-27 times more toxic than quinoline (2 rings)and phenanthrene (3 rings) was 3-9 times more toxic than naphthalene (2 rings). There was a relationship between increases in toxicity and increases in the calculated octanol-water partition coefficients of the compounds. |
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