인데노(1,2,3-CD)피렌

Carcinogens

Semi-Volatile Organic Compound (SVOC)

Other Classes -> Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

6.58

6.58

Yellow crystals from cyclohexane; bright-yellow plates from petroleum ether

Yellow plates or needles (recrystallized from light petroleum solution) showing a greenish-yellow fluorescence.

In water, 6.9X10-4 umol/L (1.9X10-4 mg/L) at 25 °C

In water, 6.2X10-2 mg/L at 20 °C

Soluble in organic solvents.

Solubility in water: none

997 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

536 °C

536 °C

Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions - Carbon oxides.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Indeno

When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and fumes.

320 to 325 °F (NTP, 1992)

164 °C

164 °C

Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene appears as yellow crystals.

Liquid

Yellow solid; [ICSC] Exhibits a greenish-yellow fluorescence; [HSDB]

YELLOW CRYSTALS.

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 23.1% (3 of 13) of reports.

Warning

H351 (76.9%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

P203, P280, P318, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 13 reports by companies from 5 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.

Warning

Hazard Traits - Bioaccumulation; Carcinogenicity; Environmental Persistence

Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Restricted substance: Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene

Substance: Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene

Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene: Does not have an individual approval but may be used as a component in a product covered by a group standard. It is not approved for use as a chemical in its own right.

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

DHHS/National Toxicology Program; Report on Carcinogens, Fourteenth Edition: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (November 2016). The Report on Carcinogens is an informational scientific and public health document that identifies and discusses substances (including agents, mixtures, or exposure circumstances) that may pose a carcinogenic hazard to human health. Ideno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (193-39-5) is listed as reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen. /Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/[Available from, as of November 3, 2016: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/pubhealth/roc/index-1.html]

Health & Welfare Canada; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (1979) Report No. 80-EHD-50

USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Draft) (1980)

USEPA; Health Assessment Document: Polycyclic Organic Matter (1979) EPA-600/9-79-008

For more Special Reports (Complete) data for INDENO(1,2,3-CD)PYRENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

U137; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).

Vigorous reactions, sometimes amounting to explosions, can result from the contact between aromatic hydrocarbons, such as INDENO(1,2,3-CD)PYRENE, and strong oxidizing agents. They can react exothermically with bases and with diazo compounds. Substitution at the benzene nucleus occurs by halogenation (acid catalyst), nitration, sulfonation, and the Friedel-Crafts reaction.

A fire in your laboratory involving this chemical should be extinguished with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Indeno

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Indeno

Extinguish fire using an agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. ... If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. ... The only respirators recommended for firefighting are self-contained breathing apparatuses that have full face-pieces and are operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Storage class (TRGS 510): Non Combustible Solids.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Indeno

General storage may be used. ... Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area away from strong oxidizers. A regulated, marked area should be established where this chemical is handled, used, or stored in compliance with OSHA Standard 1910.1045.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practicable to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Indeno

Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area after cleanup is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal. ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated. ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

The particle-bound portion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) can be removed by sedimentation, flocculation, and filtration processes. The remaining one-third dissolved PAH usually requires oxidation for partial removal/transformation. In surface waters, one-third of the total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) is bound to larger suspended particles, one-third is bound to finely dispersed particles, and the last third is present in disolved form. /Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons/

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Your contaminated clothing and absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with alcohol followed by washing with a strong soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U137, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Indeno

Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene may be destroyed by permanganate oxidation, by high-temperature incineration with scrubbing equipment, or by microwave plasma treatment. Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant (>/= 100 ng/mo) must conform with EPA regulations governing storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for INDENO(1,2,3-CD)PYRENE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Indeno

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Further processing of solid materials may result in the formation of combustible dusts. The potential for combustible dust formation should be taken into consideration before additional processing occurs. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Indeno

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Indeno

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Indeno

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for INDENO(1,2,3-CD)PYRENE (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene was not detected (detection limit 2.5 ng/g lipid weight) in the adipose tissue of 43 Korean women; samples were collected May 2007 to May 2008(1).

Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene concentrations were measured in human milk, placenta and umbilical cord blood collected 2005 to 2006 from 40 nonsmoking mothers living in Beijing, China for at least 6 years, with the following results(1):[Table#5131]

Pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IND) are poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with four to six annealed phenyl rings. Dexamethasone (Dex) is a synthetic agonist of glucocorticoids. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands, BaP and IND, did not directly activate the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and Dex did not activate the AhR either. Whenever BaP and IND were added to Dex-treated cultures, they were present with Dex for longer periods, and higher enhancement of Dex-induced transactivation of the GR was found, which indicates that the freshly activated AhR is essential for synergistic interactions with the activated GR. The degree of enhancement of Dex-induced transactivation of the GR by PAHs, BaP /approximately equals/ IND>pyrene, paralleled the potency of PAHs in activating the AhR. This synergistic interaction was more distinct in ovarian granulosa cells (HO23) than in HepG2, 293T, or HeLa cells. In contrast, Dex suppressed AhR-mediated expressions, including AhR and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1 A1 expressions. Dex also counteracted the BaP-induced decrease in cell viability. Crosstalk between the AhR and GR was independent of their expression levels. We concluded that the AhR functionally cross-reacts with the GR, through which transactivation activity of the GR is further enhanced, and in contrast, transactivation activity of the AhR is inhibited. ...

... In this study, we evaluated how particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) modulated the formation of DNA damage induced by carcinogenic benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). Single strand breaks and alkali labile sites, as well as BPDE-N2-dGuo DNA adducts were measured in the competent HepG2 cells by Comet assay and HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. B[a]P, alone or in binary mixture with other PAHs (1 uM each), led to low amounts of strand breaks. In contrast, formation of BPDE-N2-dGuo adducts was significant and found to be enhanced in HepG2 co-treated for 14 h by B[a]P in the presence of either benzo[b]fluoranthene (B[b]F), dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DB[a,h]A) or indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IP). Opposite results were obtained with benzo[k]fluoranthene (B[k]F). The same observations were made when cells were pre-incubated with PAH before incubation with B[a]P. These results show that the interactions between PAHs are not direct competition reactions. Emphasis was then placed on the modulation of B[a]P-induced DNA damage by B[b]F and B[k]F. No difference in the time-course formation of DNA damage was observed. However, dose-response relationship differed between these two PAHs with a concentration-dependent inhibition of BPDE-N2-dGuo DNA by B[k]F whereas a constant level of potentiation for B[b]F was observed for concentrations higher than 1 uM. Altogether, these results show that the genotoxicity of B[a]P in binary mixtures with other carcinogenic PAH may be modulated. In such cases, a potentiation of BPDE-N2-dGuo adduct formation is most often observed with exception of B[k]F. Several biological mechanisms may account for these observations, including binding of PAHs to the Ah receptor (AhR), their affinity toward CYP450 and competition for metabolism. ...

This paper reports in vitro effects of individual heavy metals (Cd(2+), Cu(2+) and Hg(2+)), and PAHs, including benzo[a]pyrene(BaP), indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IP) and fluoranthene (FL), and their mixtures on ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activities using a plate-reader method. The results showed that all three metals inhibited EROD activity, while BaP/IP significantly induced the enzyme. However, FL alone decreased EROD activity. Moreover, co-treatment with BaP/IP and heavy metals inhibited PAH-induced EROD activities, while combined exposure to FL and heavy metals induced FL-inhibited EROD activities.

The photomutagenicity of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), all on the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) priority pollutant list, was studied. Concomitant exposing the Salmonella typhimurium bacteria strain TA102 to one of the PAHs and light (1.1 J/sq cm UVA+2.1 J/aq cm visible) without the activation enzyme S9, strong photomutagenic response is observed for anthracene, benz[a]anthracene, benzo[ghi]perylene, benzo[a]pyrene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, and pyrene. Under the same conditions, acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, chrysene, and fluorene are weakly photomutagenic. Benzo[b]fluoranthene, fluoranthene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, and dibenz[a,h]anthracene are not photomutagenic. These results indicate that PAHs can be activated by light and become mutagenic in Salmonella TA102 bacteria. At the same time, the mutagenicity for all the 16 PAHs was examined with the standard mutagenicity test with 10% S9 as the activation system. Benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, chrysene, acenaphthylene, and fluorene are weakly mutagenic, while the rest of the PAHs are not. In general, the photomutagenicity of PAHs in TA102 does not correlate with their S9-activated mutagenicity in either TA102 or TA98/TA100 since they involve different activation mechanisms.

A porphyrin/peroxynitrite biomimetic system was used to study the metabolism of indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IND) induced by peroxynitrite. The metabolites were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electro-spray ionization tandem mass spectrometry as OH-IND, IND-quinone and 2NO2-IND. By stopping the reaction at different stages, we discovered that IND was first transformed to IND-quinone and 2NO2-IND, which were then transformed to OH-IND. Mutation assays including Ames tests and cell transformation experiments showed enhancement of the mutagenicity after the activation by the peroxynitrite/Fe(III)porphyrin system. The results also showed that 2NO2-IND and IND-quinone played key roles in the mutagenicity of PAHs after metabolic activation.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1.9X10+6(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a reported Henry's Law constant of 3.48X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(3). Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.3X10-10 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2). Biodegradation half-lives of 288 and 289 days were observed for indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene in Kidman and McLaurin sandy loam soils, respectively(4), suggesting that biodegradation is a slow process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), log Koc values of 5.78-8.82, measured in 34 sediments(2), indicates that indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon a reported Henry's Law constant of 3.48X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(4). Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 12,000(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 6.70(6) and a regression-derived equation(5), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high(SRC). However, it may not bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms which contain microsomal oxidase, such as fish, as this enzyme enables the rapid metabolism of certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(7). An elimination half-life of 16.2 days was measured in Mytilus edilus(8). In shake flask studies, an initial indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene concentration of 1.9 ug/mL was reduced to 0.9 ug/mL following 2 weeks incubation in contaminated groundwater(9), suggesting that biodegradation may be a slow environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 1.3X10-10 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC).

Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene was not detected (detection limit 0.50 ug/kg) in food samples (cereals, meat, fish, oils and fats, fruits and sugar, root or other vegetables, beverages, milk) collected in the United Kingdom in 1979(1). Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene concentrations in Canadian process cereals were, ug/kg: 3.0 (puffed wheat), 1.4 (wheat bran), and 0.2 (corn bran); in cooking oils, ug/kg: 0.5 (soy) and 0.5 (corn); and in barley malt 0.4 ug/kg(2). Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene was detected in smoked whiting, Labrador fish and smoked oysters at 0.7, 1.1 and 1.3 ppb, respectively; Edam and cheddar cheeses at 0.7 and 0.3 ppb; sliced turkey at 0.4 ppb; sliced ham at 0.1 ppb; and beef franks at 0.3 ppb(3). Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene was detected in mesquite grilled beef patties at 22, 20 and 15 ug/kg for 70% lean, 80% lean, and 90% lean beef, respectively, and at respective concentrations of 5, 4 ug/kg and not detected in hardwood charcoal grilled patties(4). Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene was not detected in food products from 10 markets in 3 regions of Hong Kong, China (coconut milk, evaporated milk, goose liver, chicken skin, chicken breast, white and red wine, corn, mustard seed, olive, peanut, fish or flaxseed oil, flaxseed and fish oil capsules, pistachio, sunflower or pumpkin seed, Hawaii nutlet, almond, cashew, walnut or peanut) samples were collected Aug to Oct 2007(5).

Native vegetable oils (Federal Republic of Germany) and smoked fish (bream from the River Elbe) had indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene concentrations as follows(1):[Table#5141]

Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene was detected at 0.14-0.72 ug/kg fresh weight in 23 lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. crispa) samples grown in private gardens Sept 1984 in southern Finland(1). Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene was not detected in Finnish fat samples of margarine, sunflower oil, cold pressed sunflower oil, corn oil, olive oil, it was detected the following samples, ug/kg: 80% butter and vegetable oil mixture, 0.07; cooking margarines, 0.03-1.1; table margarines, not detected to 0.70; margarine, 5.3; cold pressed corn oil, 0.85; rapeseed and turnip rapeseed oil, 0.21; soybean oil, not detected to 0.30; and coconut fat, 0.02(2). Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene was detected in 38 samples of margarine, 10 samples of mussels, 5 samples of spinach and 8 samples of kale at a mean concentration of 1.0, 4.1, 0.3 and 2.0 ug/kg, respectively(3). Samples of fish and shrimp purchased from local fish markets in Kuwait in May 1993 were found to contain indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene at an average concentration of 5.63 ug/kg dry weight(4). Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene was not detected in flowering Chinese cabbage (Brassica parachinensis), Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis), water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica), edible amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor), mustard (Brassica juncea), lettuce (Loctuca satira), asparagus bean (Vigna sesquipedalis), shallot (Allium ascalonicum), Chinese chive (Allium tuberosum), balpear (Momordica charantia) or cucumber (Cucumis sativus) samples collected from nine farms located in the Pearl River Delta, South China(5). Honey collected May-Oct 2007 from eight sample locations in Italy did not contained indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (detection limit at 0.19 ng/g wet weight)(6).

Fruits and vegetables from 19 localities in Moravia, Czech Republic, sampled Jul to Oct 2003 contained the following concentrations of indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene(1):[Table#5142]

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and through the skin.

Oral (L10) ; inhalation (L10)

Indeno(1,2,3-cd) pyrene concentrations in skim milk powder and in powdered infant formula were 0.2 and 1.2 ug/kg, respectively(1). Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene was not detected (detection limit 0.50 ug/kg) in milk samples collected in the United Kingdom in 1979(2). Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene was not detected in evaporated milk samples collected Aug to Oct 2007 from 10 markets in 3 regions of Hong Kong, China(3).

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (IP) forms yellow plates or needles showing a greenish-yellow fluorescence. There is no known use of this compound, other than in research. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are a group of chemicals that are formed during the incomplete burning of coal, oil, gas, wood, garbage, or other organic substances, such as tobacco and charbroiled meat. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: The agent is possibly carcinogenic to humans. Child neuroblastoma risk was increased with higher maternal exposure to IP. ANIMAL STUDIES: In rats, intrapulmonary implantation of IP at doses of 0, 0.16, 0.83 or 4.15 mg induced dose-related increases in the incidence of pulmonary squamous-cell carcinomas and sarcomas. In studies with newborn male and female mice, intraperitoneal injection of IP on postnatal days 1, 8 and 15 induced lung adenomas in 1 out of 11 treated male mice. IP showed no cancer-inducing effects after topical application to mouse skin. IP induced mutations in Salmonella typhimurium in strain TA100 (his-/his+) at a concentration of 20 ug/plate and in strain TA98 at a concentration of 2 ug/plate in the presence of an exogenous metabolic system. Strong photomutagenic response was observed after concomitant exposure of Salmonella typhimurium bacteria strain TA102 to IP and light. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: IP induced 7-ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (EROD) activity in the rainbow trout liver cell line.

The ability of PAH's to bind to blood proteins such as albumin allows them to be transported throughout the body. Many PAH's induce the expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes, especially CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1, by binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor or glycine N-methyltransferase protein. These enzymes metabolize PAH's into their toxic intermediates. The reactive metabolites of PAHs (epoxide intermediates, dihydrodiols, phenols, quinones, and their various combinations) covalently bind to DNA and other cellular macromolecules, initiating mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. (L10, L23, A27, A32)

The average daily intake of indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene in the United Kingdom in 1979 was 0.0 ug/person/day, based on total daily consumption of 1.46 kg food and beverages(1). In a Dutch market basket survey (1976-1987), the average daily intake of indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene was <0.3-0.3 ug(2). The average daily respiratory intake of indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene in Osaka, Japan was 24 ng/day/man from ambient air, based on atmospheric samples collected in 1981 and 1982(3).

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ The potency of tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for induction of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity was assessed in primary hepatocyte cultures prepared from chicken (Gallus domesticus), Pekin duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus), and greater scaup (Aythya marila). TCDD and 8 of the PAHs induced EROD activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Seven of these were previously shown to be acutely toxic to avian embryos, while the 10 congeners that did not produce an EROD response caused limited mortality. The rank order potency of the EROD-active congeners in all three species was as follows: TCDD>dibenz[ah]anthracene>benzo[k]fluoranthene>indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene>benzo[a]pyrene>chrysene /approximately equals/ benz[a]anthracene /approximately equals/ benz[ghi]perylene>benzo[b]naphtho[2,3-d]thiophene. Chicken hepatoctyes were more sensitive than duck hepatocytes to EROD induction by all test compounds, but the gap in species sensitivity was 100-fold for TCDD, and generally </=10-fold for PAHs. ...

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Along with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 24 unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were evaluated for their ability to induce 7-ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (EROD) activity in the rainbow trout liver cell line RTL-W1. When the duration and cell density of exposure were increased, the EC(50) for EROD induction was relatively constant for TCDD, but increased for PAHs. Regardless of exposure conditions, EROD activity was not induced by 9 PAHs: naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, perylene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, and fluoranthene. Two PAHs, benzo[g,h,i]perylene and coronene, induced EROD activity inconsistently. The remaining 13 PAHs consistently induced EROD activity. The EC(50)s for induction exhibited approximately a 110-fold range. The order of potency, from most to least potent, was benzo[k]fluoranthene, dibenzo[a,i]pyrene, dibenzo [a,h]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, benzo [b]fluoranthene, pentacene, benzo[b]anthracene, benzo[b] fluorene, chrysene, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[e]pyrene, and triphenylene. When the induction potency was expressed relative to TCDD, the toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) ranged from 0.001 to 0.00001. When expressed relative to benzo[a]pyrene, the TEFs ranged from 3.44 to 0.03.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Freshwater fish Carassius auratus were chosen as experimental animals, the hepatic biochemical responses to medium-term exposure of five PAHs were measured as ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity (phase I) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity (phase II) to assess sub-lethal effects. The fold increases of EROD and GST activity were calculated and both increased in the order Fluoranthene < Fluorene < Benzo(b)fluoranthene < Benzo(g,h,i)perylene < Indeno(1,2,3-cd)-pyrene. The clear dose-response relationships were found for liver EROD and GST activity induced by PAHs. The enzyme EROD and GST in Carassius auratus were confirmed as useful biomarkers of exposure to both PAH and PAH-like compounds.

U137; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 100 lb or 45.4 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (including benzanthracenes, benzopyrenes, benzofluoranthene, chrysenes, dibenz-anthracenes, and indenopyrenes)/

For the maximum protection of human health from the potential carcinogenic effects of exposure to polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons through ingestion of contaminated water and contaminated aquatic organisms, the ambient water concentration should be zero, based on the nonthreshold assumption for this chemical. However, zero level may not be attainable at the present time. Therefore, the levels which may result in incremental increase of cancer risk over the lifetime are estimated at 1X10-5, 1X10-6, and 1X10-7. The corresponding recommended criteria are 28.0 ng/L, 2.8 ng/L, and 0.28 ng/L, respectively. If these estimates are made for consumption of aquatic organisms only, excluding consumption of water, the levels are 311.0 ng/L, 31.1 ng/L, and 3.11 ng/L, respectively. /Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons/.

A porphyrin/peroxynitrite biomimetic system was used to study the metabolism of indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IND) induced by peroxynitrite. The metabolites were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electro-spray ionization tandem mass spectrometry as OH-IND, IND-quinone and 2NO2-IND. By stopping the reaction at different stages, we discovered that IND was first transformed to IND-quinone and 2NO2-IND, which were then transformed to OH-IND. Mutation assays including Ames tests and cell transformation experiments showed enhancement of the mutagenicity after the activation by the peroxynitrite/Fe(III)porphyrin system. The results also showed that 2NO2-IND and IND-quinone played key roles in the mutagenicity of PAHs after metabolic activation.

... The major metabolites of indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene as formed in vivo in mouse skin have been identified. 8-Hydroxyindeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene is the most abundant metabolite identified. 9-Hydroxyindeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene and trans-1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxyindeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene are also major in vivo metabolites in mouse skin. Several minor metabolites were also identified. Among these are trans-1,2-dihydro-1,2,8-trihydroxyindeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, trans-1,2-dihydro-1,2,9-trihydroxyindeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene-1,2-dione, and 10-hydroxyindeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene. The tumor-initiating activity of several of the major in vivo metabolites of indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene has been investigated on mouse skin. Trans-1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxyindeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene and 1,2-dihydro-1,2-epoxyindeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene both produced an 80% incidence of tumor-bearing mice at a total initiating dose of 1.0 mg. The activity of this K-region dihydrodiol and K-region oxide was, however, less than that of the parent hydrocarbon. These data suggest that 1,2-dihydro-1,2-epoxyindeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, which is an ultimate mutagenic metabolite of indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, is not the ultimate tumorigenic metabolite on mouse skin. 8-Hydroxyindeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, which is mutagenic when assayed in the presence of a microsomal activation system, exhibited only weak tumor-initiating activity. These results indicate that the principal metabolic activation pathways associated with the mutagenic activity of indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene are not related to its tumor-initiating activity on mouse skin.

Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrone (ip) ... is carcinogenic on mouse skin and in rat lung. Unlike benzo(a)pyrene, IP is a nonalternant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon which is devoid of a bay region. IP was mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium TA100 in the presence of a 9000 x g supernatant from the livers of Aroclor-pretreated rats. With a similar activation system, the major metabolites of IP were ... identified ... . trans-1,2-Dihydro-1,2-dihydroxy-IP, 8-, 9-, and 10-hydroxy-IP, 8- and 9-hydroxy-trans-1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxy-IP, and IP-1,2-quinone are among the metabolites formed in vitro. The 1,2-epoxide of indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene is a potent direct-acting mutagen. 8- and 9-hydroxy-IP and the trans-1,2-dihydrodiol had no significant mutagenic activity in S. typhimurium TA100 with metabolic activation. These data suggest that the K-region oxides of IP and of 8- and 9-hydroxy-IP are ultimately responsible for its mutagenic activity.

PAH metabolism occurs in all tissues, usually by cytochrome P-450 and its associated enzymes. PAHs are metabolized into reactive intermediates, which include epoxide intermediates, dihydrodiols, phenols, quinones, and their various combinations. The phenols, quinones, and dihydrodiols can all be conjugated to glucuronides and sulfate esters; the quinones also form glutathione conjugates. (L10)

Used as a research chemical; [HSDB] Occurs as a by-product of incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and other organic matter; [CHEMINFO]

There is no ... known use of this compound.

PAHs are generally not produced commercially in the United States except as research chemicals. /Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/

PAHs are released into the environment via the combustion of fossil fuels, coke oven emissions and vehicle exhausts, as well as naturally from forest fires and volcanic eruptions. PAHs from these sources may contaminate nearly water systems. They are also found in coal tar and charbroiled food. (L10)

2023: 443,849 lb

(1978) NOT PRODUCED COMMERCIALLY IN USA

(1982) NOT PRODUCED COMMERCIALLY IN USA

There is no commercial production ... of this compound.

Wood Product Manufacturing

Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene: ACTIVE

Coal tar pitch volatiles are products of the distillation of bituminous coal and contain polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. /Coal tar pitch volatiles/

Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene occurs ubiquitously in products of incomplete combustion; it also occurs in fossil fuels.

PAHs are a group of chemicals that are formed during the incomplete burning of coal, oil, gas, wood, garbage, or other organic substances, such as tobacco and charbroiled meat. There are more than 100 different PAHs. PAHs generally occur as complex mixtures (for example, as part of combustion products such as soot), not as single compounds. PAHs usually occur naturally, but they can be manufactured as individual compounds for research purposes; however, not as the mixtures found in combustion products. ... Others are contained in asphalt used in road construction. They can also be found in substances such as crude oil, coal, coal tar pitch, creosote, and roofing tar. They are found throughout the environment in the air, water, and soil. They can occur in the air, either attached to dust particles or as solids in soil or sediment. /Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/