벤조(C)크리센

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift, and prior to eating, drinking, smoking, etc. /Coal tar pitch volatiles/

Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises. /Coal tar pitch volatiles/

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in a manner such that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

8 Hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.2 mg/cu m. /Coal tar pitch volatiles, as benzene soluble aerosol/

Peak Exposure Recommendation: Transient increases in workers' exposure levels may exceed 3 times the value of the TLV-TWA level for no more than 15 minutes at a time, on no more than 4 occasions spaced 1 hour apart during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the value of the TLV-TWA level. In addition, the 8-hour TWA is not to be exceeded for an 8-hour work period. /Coal tar pitch volatiles, as benzene soluble aerosol/

A1; Confirmed human carcinogen. /Coal tar pitch volatiles, as benzene soluble aerosol/

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: 1-Hydroxypyrene (1-HP) in urine (with hydrolysis); Sampling Time: end of shift at end of workweek. BEI: None.; Biological monitoring should be considered for this compound based on the review; however, a specific BEI could not be determined due to insufficient data. /Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/

For more Threshold Limit Values (TLV) (Complete) data for Benzo(c)chrysene (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Respirator Recommendations: At concentrations above the NIOSH REL, or where there is no REL, at any detectable concentration: /Coal tar pitch volatiles/[Table#4727]

Respirator Recommendations: Escape conditions: /Coal tar pitch volatiles/[Table#4728]

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2.0X10+6(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that benzo(c)chrysene is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of benzo(c)chrysene from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.9X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). Benzo(c)chrysene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 9.0X10-10 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2). In general, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with four or more benzene rings do not biodegrade readily(4).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2.0X10+6(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that benzo(c)chrysene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.9X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 1.2X10+4(SRC), from its log Kow of 7.11(6) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high(SRC), provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism. Benzo(c)chrysene may not bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms which contain microsomal oxidase, such as fish, as this enzyme enables the rapid metabolism of certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(7). In general, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with four or more benzene rings do not biodegrade readily(8).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), benzo(c)chrysene, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 9.0X10-10 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase benzo(c)chrysene may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Benzo(c)chrysene contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Benzo(c)chrysene (B(c)C) is polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). It is not produced commercially, and it used mostly in biochemical research. PAHs are ubiquitous in combustion products of organic matter, including cigarette smoke. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: There are no data available. ANIMAL STUDIES: It has moderate carcinogenic activity. B(c)C is a unique polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon that possesses both a bay region and a fjord region in the same molecule. Both bay region and fjord region terminal rings are involved in the in vitro metabolism of BcC. Metabolites of B(c)C form DNA adducts. The extent of DNA adduct formation by B[c]C in mouse skin DNA was lower than that of other moderately carcinogenic PAHs. Benzo[c]chrysene was capable of stimulating epoxide hydrolase activity, but the effect was modest, and it is a potent inducers of rat hepatic CYP1A1 activity.

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of benzo(c)chrysene can be estimated to be 2.0X10+6(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that benzo(c)chrysene is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC).

Benzo(c)chrysene is one of many polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), a group of chemicals that are formed during the incomplete burning of coal, wood or other organic substances. PAHs generally occur as complex mixtures, for example as part of combustion products such as soot, not as single compounds. PAHs occur naturally in volcanoes and forest fires. They can also be found in substances such as crude oil and coal. They are found throughout the environment in the air, water, and soil(1). /Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ ... In this communication, we report that the I104,A113 allele of hGSTP1-1, which is most frequent in human populations, is also most efficient in the GSH conjugation of carcinogenic anti-diol epoxides of benzo[g]chrysene and benzo[c]phenanthrene (anti-BGCDE and anti-BCPDE, respectively). The catalytic efficiency of hGSTP1-1(I104,A113) isoform toward anti-BGCDE, 0.36 mM(-1) x s(-1), was approximately 1.7-fold higher (P < 0.05) compared with hGSTP1-1(V104,V113). Interestingly, the frequency of codon 104-valine alleles is significantly higher in certain cancers compared with codon 104-isoleucine alleles. Like anti-BGCDE, the catalytic efficiency of hGSTP1-1(I104,A113) isoform toward anti-BCPDE was higher by about 1.4- to 2.2-fold (P < 0.05) than those of other hGSTP1-1 variants. These observations are interesting because we have shown previously that the V104,V113 variant, not the I104,A113 isoform, is most efficient in the GSH conjugation of bay-region anti-diol epoxide of benzo(a)pyrene (anti-BPDE), which, unlike anti-BGCDE or anti-BCPDE, is a planar molecule. In conclusion, our results suggest that hGSTP1-1 polymorphism may be an important factor in differential susceptibility of humans to cancers where polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are etiological factors and that I104,A113 variant may play a major role in the detoxification of nonplanar, sterically hindered fjord-region diol epoxides (e.g., anti-BGCDE).

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), such as benzo(c)chrysene, occur as ubiquitous products of incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, wood, diesel oils and gasoline fuels. PAHs generally occur as complex mixtures, for example as part of combustion products such as soot, not as single compounds. They are found throughout the environment in the air, water, and soil(1). /Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/

An estimated BCF of 1.2X10+4 was calculated in fish for benzo(c)chrysene(SRC), using a log Kow of 7.11(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high(SRC), provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC). Benzo(c)chrysene may not bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms which contain microsomal oxidase, such as fish, as this enzyme enables the rapid metabolism of certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(4).

The Henry's Law constant for benzo(c)chrysene is estimated as 4.9X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that benzo(c)chrysene is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water or moist soil surfaces(2). Benzo(c)chrysene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 9.0X10-10mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Carcinogenic activities of unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: benzo[c]chrysene; moderate. /From table/

/GENOTOXICITY/ The mutagenicity of fjord-region benzo[c]chrysene diol-epoxide (BcCDE) stereoisomers((+) anti-BcCDE, (-)anti-BcCDE, (+)syn-BcCDE, and (-)syn-BcCDE) was studied in a forward-mutation system. pEC plasmid containing the human c-Ha-ras-1 proto-oncogene was reacted in vitro with each optically active isomer separately and transfected into NIH/3T3 cells. Morphologically transformed foci were cloned, and DNA obtained from these foci was tested for the presence of Ha-ras-1 sequence by Southern blot analysis. A total of 50 transformed foci (11-14 for each diastereomer) were generated. To determine the nature of mutations responsible for activating the proto-oncogene, regions of the gene likely to contain the activating mutations were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and then subjected to hybridization with specific oligonucleotides. Gene mutations in 42 of 50 transformed foci were characterized by these methods, and most were found at codon 61 (27), followed by codons 12 (13) and 13 (two). All mutations observed were either G --> T or A --> A --> T transversions. Thirty-six were G --> T transversion mutations occurring at codons 61, 12, and 13. The remaining six were A --> T transversions at codon 61.BcCDE stereoisomers may specifically attack guanine and adenine and result in the mutations observed. Some differences in codon preference but not in the types of mutations were found among these optically active isomers. /Benzo[c]chrysene diol-epoxide/

/GENOTOXICITY/ A variety of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their dihydrodiol derivatives, arylamines, heterocyclic amines, and nitroarenes, were incubated with cDNA-based recombinant (Escherichia coli or Trichoplusia ni) systems expressing different forms of human cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) and NADPH-P450 reductase using Salmonella typhimurium tester strain NM2009, and the resultant DNA damage caused by the reactive metabolites was detected by measuring expression of umu gene in the cells. Recombinant (bacterial) CYP1A1 was slightly more active than any of four CYP1B1 allelic variants, CYP1B1*1, CYP1B1*2, CYP1B1*3, and CYP1B1*6, in catalyzing activation of chrysene-1,2-diol, benz[a]anthracene-trans-1,2-, 3,4-, 5,6-, and 8,9-diol, fluoranthene-2,3-diol, dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, benzo[c]phenanthrene, and dibenz[a,h]anthracene and several arylamines and heterocyclic amines, whereas CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 enzymes had essentially similar catalytic specificities toward other procarcinogens, such as (+)-, (-)-, and (+/-)-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol, 5-methylchrysene-1,2-diol, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-3,4-diol, dibenzo[a,l]pyrene-11,12-diol, benzo[b]fluoranthene-9,10-diol, benzo[c]chrysene, 5,6-dimethylchrysene-1,2-diol, benzo[c]phenanthrene-3,4-diol, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, 5-methylchrysene, and benz[a]anthracene. We also determined activation of these procarcinogens by recombinant (T. ni) human P450 enzymes in S. typhimurium NM2009. There were good correlations between activities of procarcinogen activation by CYP1A1 preparations expressed in E. coli and T. ni cells, although basal activities with three lots of CYP1B1 in T. ni cells were very high without substrates and NADPH in our assay system. Using 14 forms of human P450s (but not CYP1B1) (in T. ni cells), we found that CYP1A2, 2C9, 3A4, and 2C19 catalyzed activation of several of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at much slower rates than those catalyzed by CYP1A1 and that other enzymes, including CYP2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C18, 2D6, 2E1, 3A5, 3A7, and 4A11, were almost inactive in the activation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons examined here.

Benzo(c)chrysene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(1). Benzo(c)chrysene contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(1) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (including benzanthracenes, benzopyrenes, benzofluoranthene, chrysenes, dibenz-anthracenes, and indenopyrenes)/

For the maximum protection of human health from the potential carcinogenic effects of exposure to polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons through ingestion of contaminated water and contaminated aquatic organisms, the ambient water concentration should be zero, based on the nonthreshold assumption for this chemical. However, zero level may not be attainable at the present time. Therefore, the levels which may result in incremental increase of cancer risk over the lifetime are estimated at 1X10-5, 1X10-6, and 1X10-7. The corresponding recommended criteria are 28.0 ng/L, 2.8 ng/L, and 0.28 ng/L, respectively. If these estimates are made for consumption of aquatic organisms only, excluding consumption of water, the levels are 311.0 ng/L, 31.1 ng/L, and 3.11 ng/L, respectively. /Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons/.

Produced from incomplete combustion of organic substances; Used for biochemical research; Not commercially produced in the US; [HSDB]

BIOCHEMICAL RESEARCH

(1975) NOT PRODUCED COMMERCIALLY IN US

(1977) NOT PRODUCED COMMERCIALLY IN US