페릴렌

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Environmental precautions: No special environmental precautions required. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Environmental precautions: No special environmental precautions required.

Precautions for safe handling: Further processing of solid materials may result in the formation of combustible dusts. The potential for combustible dust formation should be taken into consideration before additional processing occurs. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.

Appropriate engineering controls: General industrial hygiene practice.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for PERYLENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

8 Hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.2 mg/cu m. /Coal tar pitch volatiles, as benzene soluble aerosol/

Peak Exposure Recommendation: Transient increases in workers' exposure levels may exceed 3 times the value of the TLV-TWA level for no more than 15 minutes at a time, on no more than 4 occasions spaced 1 hour apart during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the value of the TLV-TWA level. In addition, the 8-hour TWA is not to be exceeded for an 8-hour work period. /Coal tar pitch volatiles, as benzene soluble aerosol/

A1; Confirmed human carcinogen. /Coal tar pitch volatiles, as benzene soluble aerosol/

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: 1-Hydroxypyrene (1-HP) in urine (with hydrolysis); Sampling Time: end of shift at end of workweek. BEI: None.; Biological monitoring should be considered for this compound based on the review; however, a specific BEI could not be determined due to insufficient data. /Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/

For more Threshold Limit Values (TLV) (Complete) data for PERYLENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Eye/face protection: Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Choose body protection in relation to its type, to the concentration and amount of dangerous substances, and to the specific work-place. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection: Respiratory protection is not required. Where protection from nuisance levels of dusts are desired, use type N95 (US) or type P1 (EN 143) dust masks. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for PERYLENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

A group of 20 female ICR/Ha Swiss mice, six to eight weeks of age, received a single dose of 800 ug perylene (purified by recrystallization) in 200 uL benzene applied on the clipped dorsal skin. No skin tumor was seen after 58-60 weeks of observation. In a second experiment, the same dose of perylene was administered to 20 female ICR/Ha mice; two weeks later the animals received thrice-weekly applications of 2.5 ug 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in 0.1 mL acetone for the duration of the experiment (58-60 weeks). A total of three skin papillomas were observed in three animals; in the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate control group, one mouse developed two papillomas ... .

The cytotoxic effects of two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) (1-methyplyrene and perylene) were investigated on human skin keratinocytes. Normal human keratinocytes were cultured in the presence of various concentrations of 1-methylpyrene and perylene either alone or in combination. Following incubation, keratinocyte adhesion, viability, proliferation, colony-forming efficiency, and apoptosis/necrosis level were examined. The effects of PAH on wound healing were also determined in vitro using a scrape-wound healing assay on epidermis-like tissue. In addition, the inflammatory cell response to PAH insult was examined through interleukin-1 (IL-1) alpha and interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion. Each individual PAH significantly decreased keratinocyte adhesion and viability in a concentration-dependent manner, which was associated with a reduced ability of keratinocytes to proliferate and form colonies. When PAH were combined, a greater effect on keratinocyte adhesion, viability, and proliferation was noted. Decreased cell proliferation/colony-forming efficiency was accompanied by increased cell apoptosis following incubation with either PAH. This effect was enhanced by the inhibitory influence on keratinocyte migration, as assessed by culture scratching. Each PAH also exerted a significant effect on keratinocyte immune functions by modulating the secretion of inflammatory mediators. Indeed, 1-methylpyrene or perylene, individually or when combined, significantly upregulated IL-1alpha and IL-6 secretion. This effect was greater and was concentration dependent when the PAH combination was used. Overall results indicate that 1-methylpyrene and perylene exerted a cytotoxic effect on human keratinocytes. ...

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a mean Koc of 6.9X10+6 determined in 16 historically contaminated sediments(2) indicate that perylene is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of perylene from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.2X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its extrapolated vapor pressure, 5X10-10 mm Hg at 25 °C(3), and water solubility, 0.0004 mg/L(4). Perylene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its extrapolated vapor pressure(3). PAHs with four or more rings, such as perylene, do not biodegrade readily(5) and are expected to be resistant to biodegradation(6). Soil degradation studies have observed slow degradation of perylene(7-11). For example, after 287 days of incubation, 22.0-42.1% of initial 5-7 ring PAHs (including perylene) disappeared from three non-sterilized soils(10). Bioremediation studies in field soil plots found that five and six rings PAHS, including perylene, had <10% removal after 1 year of bioremediation(11). The photolysis of perylene sorbed to the surface of spruce needles, (Picea Abies), follows first-order kinetics with a half-life of 21 hours under sunlight irradiation(12).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a mean Koc of 6.9X10+6 determined in 16 historically contaminated sediments(2), indicates that perylene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.2X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 5X10-10 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 0.0004 mg/L(5). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 6,700(SRC), from its log Kow of 6.30(7) and a regression-derived equation(8), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high(SRC), provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC). However, perylene may not bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms which contain microsomal oxidase, such as fish, as this enzyme enables the rapid metabolism of certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(9). A measured fish biotransformation half-life of 0.87 days has been reported for perylene(10). The bioaccumulation factor of perylene in golden ide fish (Leuciscus idus melanotus) was determined to be <10 after 3 days(11). PAHs with four or more rings, such as perylene, do not biodegrade readily(12) and are expected to be resistant to biodegradation(13). Biodegradation of perylene reached 3-26% after 28 days of incubation in fresh and marine water-sediment degradation tests(14). Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), perylene, which has an extrapolated vapor pressure of 5.0X10-10 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist primarily in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Based on an estimated super-cooled vapor pressure of 1.5X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C(3), a small percentage of perylene is expected to exist in the vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere(1). Ambient monitoring studies have detected perylene in both the particulate and vapor phases(4). Vapor-phase perylene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 7.7 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 5.0X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase perylene may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Perylene absorbs strongly at wavelengths >290 nm(5,6) and, therefore, is expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). The photolytic half-life of perylene adsorbed to silica, alumina, fly ash, and carbon black substrates were measured as 3.9, 1.2, 33, and 865 hours, respectively, following irradiation with a 400 watt mercury lamp(7).

Perylene has been identified in many food sources (ug/kg): kippered cod, 0.4; smoked whiting, 0.7; canned smoked fish, 1.0; canned smoked oysters, 20.0; charcoal-broiled porterhouse steak, 2.0; charcoal-broiled barbecued chicken, 2.0; fresh oysters, 0.7-1.0; very dark coffee, 0.8; coffee soots, 280-660; Japanese horse mackerel, trace-0.2; charcoal-broiled steaks, 3.5; and charcoal-broiled barbecued ribs, 42(1). Perylene was found in fermented, smoked, and dried mutton sausages in concentrations ranging from not detected to 0.15 ppb; the concentration of perylene in cook and smoked bologna sausages ranged from not detected to 0.07 ppb(2). Perylene was found in the following Finnish fats (ug/kg): butter (0.02), cooking margarines (0.57), table margarines (0.48), cold pressed sunflower oil (0.08), corn oil (0.09), cold pressed corn oil (0.58), rapeseed oil (0.92), soybean oil (0.55), and crude coconut oil (5.9)(3). The concentration of perylene in lettuce grown at varying distances from a highway in Sweden was determined to range from not detected to 0.1 ug/kg fresh weight(4).

The concentration of perylene in barley malt, cooking oil, milled wheat, and breakfast cereals was determined to range from 0.1-0.4 ug/kg, 0.1-0.2 ug/kg, 0.1-0.6 ug/kg, and 0.1-1.5 ug/k, respectively(1). The concentration of perylene in a grilled mesquite wood beef patty 70% lean was determined to be 3 ug/kg(2). The fine aerosol emission rate for perylene from a charbroiled hamburger (regular) was determined to be 0.03 mg/kg(3). The concentration of perylene in lettuce, rye, and soybean grown in different (unspecified) environments was determined to be 0.4, 0.25, 0.9, and 0.3 ug/kg, respectively(4). The concentration of perylene in leaf lettuce was determined to range from not detected to 0.75 ug/kg(5). Perylene concentrations of 3.89-20.72 ug/kg were detected in Spanish olive pomace oil(6).

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Perylene forms yellow to colorless crystals. It is used in the manufacture of organic semiconductors. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of chemicals that are formed during the incomplete burning of coal, oil, gas, wood, garbage, or other organic substances, such as tobacco and charbroiled meat. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Perylene did not induce mutations in cultured human lymphoblastoid cells. Perylene exerted a cytotoxic effect on human keratinocytes in vitro. The agent is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. ANIMAL STUDIES: Perylene dermal applications, or i.p. injections did not induce tumors in mice. Benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase activity of the rat placenta can be induced by perylene. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Perylene did not induce 7-ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (EROD) activity in the rainbow trout liver cells.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Along with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 24 unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were evaluated for their ability to induce 7-ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (EROD) activity in the rainbow trout liver cell line RTL-W1. When the duration and cell density of exposure were increased, the EC(50) for EROD induction was relatively constant for TCDD, but increased for PAHs. Regardless of exposure conditions, EROD activity was not induced by 9 PAHs: naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, perylene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, and fluoranthene. Two PAHs, benzo[g,h,i]perylene and coronene, induced EROD activity inconsistently. The remaining 13 PAHs consistently induced EROD activity. The EC(50)s for induction exhibited approximately a 110-fold range. The order of potency, from most to least potent, was benzo[k]fluoranthene, dibenzo[a,i]pyrene, dibenzo [a,h]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, benzo [b]fluoranthene, pentacene, benzo[b]anthracene, benzo[b] fluorene, chrysene, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[e]pyrene, and triphenylene. When the induction potency was expressed relative to TCDD, the toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) ranged from 0.001 to 0.00001. When expressed relative to benzo[a]pyrene, the TEFs ranged from 3.44 to 0.03.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ... The objectives of this work were: (1) to follow the toxicity of high concentrations of perylene (110 mg/L) on benthic bacteria and macrofauna (amphipod Corophium multisetosum); (2) to determine the effects of a low load of perylene(2 ug/L) on the metabolism of suspended bacteriobenthos after 9-day exposure, mimicking the effects of tidal erosion; (3) to contrast the effects of this low perylene load on the particle-free bacterioplankton and on the suspended and particle-adhered bacteriobenthos. No impact was detected in bacterial abundance exposed to 110 mg perylene/L for 9 days. This concentration of perylene evoked no acute effects in C. multisetosum but, chronic toxicity assays revealed statistically significant negative effects on survival, growth and number of pregnant females. The bacterioplankton and the suspended bacteriobenthos, exposed to 2 ug perylene/L during 2 weeks, responded with altered profiles of activity when compared to the control suspension. These values ranged, respectively, for bacterial biomass production from 134 to 210 and from 24 to 184 ug C/L/hr, for aminopeptidase from 1824 to 11,127 and from 1464 to 15,488 nmol/L/hr, and for beta-glucosidase from 87 to 400 and from 57 to 1278 nmol/L/hr. The rate of oxygen consumption in the perylene-exposed suspension (0.04-2.85 mmol O2/kg dw sed/hr) exhibited a clearly distinct profile in relation to the control (0.57-1.60 mmol O2/kg dw sed/hr). The overall reactivity of the bacteriobenthos to perylene was interpreted as the result of toxic pressure followed by evolution of a diverse bacterial community.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The relative CYP1A induction potencies, determined as ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, and the cytotoxicities of 19 compounds with one to six benzene rings, mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and contaminated landfill leachates have been determined in the permanent fish hepatoma cell line PLHC-1. No CYP1A induction was observed with benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, acenaphthene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene, and fluorene and low induction was found with fluoranthene and phenanthrene. All other PAHs with three and more benzene rings led to a concentration-related induction of CYP1A, with rebound decreases at high concentrations resulting in bell-shaped concentration-activity curves. Fish-related induction equivalency factors (IEFs) were estimated for all PAHs on the basis of EC50 values of their EROD activities and are reported here for the first time. The following order of decreasing IEFs was found: dibenz[a,h]anthracene > dibenzo[a,i]pyrene > benzo[k]fluoranthene > 3-methylcholanthrene > benzo[a]pyrene > benzo[e]pyrene > chrysene > 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene > perylene > benz[a]anthracene > pyrene. In contrast to the EROD activity, the immunodetectable protein content determined by ELISA showed a concentration-dependent increase. The interaction of PAHs in mixtures of up to eight individual compounds was additive based on their EROD activities. In landfill leachates, determined induction equivalents (IEQ) were significantly higher than calculated IEQs based on analytical measurements, which indicates additional unknown inducing compounds present in leachates. This study shows that the PLHC-1 cell in vitro system serves as an integrative bioanalytical tool in the ecotoxicological evaluation of aquatic environmental samples contaminated with CYP1A-inducing compounds.

Perylene was identified in leaves at two sites with different traffic conditions in Tokyo, Japan from June 1993 to May 1994 from June 1993 to May 1994 with concentrations ranging from 0.53 to 11.0 ng/g near the highway Loop 7 and 0.09 to 1.07 ng/g at the National Garden(1).

The concentration of perylene in seston, mussel (Mytilus edulis) soft parts, and common eider duck (Somateria mollissima) gallbladders collected, from the early summer to early autumn of 1985 and 1986 in the Baltic Sea, was determined to be 31, 4.3, and <0.1 ng/g dry wt, respectively(1). The perylene concentration found along the northern side of Kessels Road, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia was measured to be 1, 1, 2, and 4 ng/g in a beetle (Laxta granicollis), a millipede, a beetle (Platyzosteria nitida), and an earthworm, respectively(2).

In an industrial wastewater survey in which samples collected between November 1, 1979 to November 1, 1981 which analyzed for organic pollutants other than Priority Pollutants, a perylene concentration of 143 ng/uL (extract) was identified from the timber product industry(1). The concentration of perylene in the sediment of a wastewater effluent channel from a coking plant was determined to be 3.8 ug/g dry weight(2). Leachate effluent from a municipal waste dump in Niterol City, Brazil during 1998-1999 sampling had perylene concentrations of 0.02-0.41 ug/L(3).

The effluent from an Italian municipal solid waste incinerator contained a perylene concentration of 1015 ng/cu m(1). Perylene was identified as a stack emission and a component of fly ash from municipal waste incinerators(2). Perylene was identified as a stack emissions and in grate and fly ash from coal combustion(3). Refuse burning of plastics was found to emit perylene(4). Flue gas from a municipal waste incinerator had a perylene concentration of 0.268 ug/cu m(5).

The concentration of perylene in turbine engine exhaust has been determined to range from 5.53 to 12.11 ng/cu m(1). Fine aerosol emission rates for perylene from non-catalyst automobiles, catalyst automobiles, and heavy-duty diesel trucks were determined to be 14.0, 0.60, and 1.0 ug/km, respectively(2). The exhaust emitted from passenger ferries operating in the Skagerak-Kattegatt-Oresund region of Norway was found to contain perylene concentrations ranging from <0.04 to <0.2 ug/cu nm(3). Outboard marine engines (2- and 4-stroke) were found to emit perylene in their exhaust(4). Emission measurements from a variety of military vehicles (gasoline, diesel, jet fuels) at Hill Air Force Base (Ogden, UT) in Nov 2000 detected many PAHs in exhausts, including perylene(5). The emission factor of perylene from light and heavy duty vehicles measured in a California tunnel was determined to be 0.80 ug/kg fuel burned(6).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of perylene can be estimated to be 6.0X10+5(SRC). The Koc of perylene in 16 historically contaminated sediments ranged from 3.4X10+5 to 3.2X10+7 with a mean of 6.9X10+6(2). According to a classification scheme(3), these Koc values suggest that perylene is expected to be immobile in soil.

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (including benzanthracenes, benzopyrenes, benzofluoranthene, chrysenes, dibenz-anthracenes, and indenopyrenes)/

For the maximum protection of human health from the potential carcinogenic effects of exposure to polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons through ingestion of contaminated water and contaminated aquatic organisms, the ambient water concentration should be zero, based on the nonthreshold assumption for this chemical. However, zero level may not be attainable at the present time. Therefore, the levels which may result in incremental increase of cancer risk over the lifetime are estimated at 1X10-5, 1X10-6, and 1X10-7. The corresponding recommended criteria are 28.0 ng/L, 2.8 ng/L, and 0.28 ng/L, respectively. If these estimates are made for consumption of aquatic organisms only, excluding consumption of water, the levels are 311.0 ng/L, 31.1 ng/L, and 3.11 ng/L, respectively. /Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons/.