플루아지남

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Tolerances are established for residues of fluazinam, (3-chloro-N-[3-chloro-2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinamine) in or on the following commodities: peanut 0.02 ppm; and potato 0.02 ppm.

Tolerances are established for residues of fluazinam and its metabolite AMGT 3-[[4-amino-3-[[3-chloro-5-(trifloromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]amino]-2-nitro-6-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl] thio]-2-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy) propionic acid) in or on the following commodity: wine grape 3.0 ppm (No US registration as of March 15, 2002)

Fluazinam increases the risks of thyroid gland follicular cell and hepatocellular tumors in rats and mice. According to The Cancer Assessment Review Committee (CARC), there is suggestive evidence of carcinogenicity, but not sufficient to assess human carcinogenic potential.

LD50 Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite quail) oral 1782 mg/kg

LD50 Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck) oral 4190 mg/kg

LC50 Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout, juvenile) 111 ug/L/96 hr (95% confidence interval: 100-130 ug/L); hardness: 50-56 mg/L CaCO3, flow through

LC50 Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout, juvenile) 36 ug/L/96 hr (95% confidence interval: 33-56 ug/L); hardness: 28-30 mg/L CaCO3, flow through

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for FLUAZINAM (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), measured Koc values ranging from 1,705-2,316(2) indicate that fluazinam is expected to have slight to low mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of fluazinam from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.5X10-4 atm-cu m/mole, based upon its vapor pressure, 5.6X10-5 mm Hg(3) and water solubility, 1.35X10-1 mg/L(3). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). Fluazinam is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure. The measured photolysis half-life of fluazinam in soil was 22 days compared to 69 days for the dark control(2). Biodegradation is expected in the soil environment with reported half-lives for the degradation of fluazinam in aerobic soil ranging from 9 to 49 days(2). Half lives for the degradation of fluazinam in anaerobic soil range from 4.5 to 32 days(4).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), measured Koc values ranging from 1,705-2,316(2), indicate that fluazinam is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.5X10-4 atm-cu m/mole, based upon its vapor pressure, 5.6X10-5 mm Hg(4) and water solubility, 1.35X10-1 mg/L(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 7.1 hours and 11 days, respectively(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 120 days if adsorption is considered(5). The pKa of fluazinam is 7.34(4), indicating that this compound will partially exist in cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to suspended solids and sediment than their neutral counterparts(6). According to a classification scheme(7), measured BCF values ranging from 348-1850(2) suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high to very high(SRC). Fluazinam is expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment based on measured half-lives of 42 days at pH 7 and 6 days at pH 9(2,4). This substance is also expected to undergo direct photolysis based on a measured aquatic photolysis half-life of 2.5 days(2,4). The measured aerobic and anaerobic aquatic metabolism half-lives of fluazinam have both been reported to be less than or equal to 8 hours(2).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), fluazinam, which has a vapor pressure of 5.6X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C(2) will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase fluazinam is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 240 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 6.6X10-14 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase fluazinam may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Fluazinam is expected to undergo direct photolysis based on a measured aquatic photolysis half-life of 2.5 days(2,4).

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The 34 day chronic early life stage NOEC for fathead minnow based on mortality and hatching success were 5.3 and 10 ug a.i./L, respectively. The 278 day chronic full life cycle NOEC (F0 generation) values based on survival and reproductive success were 6.4 and 2.9 ug a.i./L, respectively. The NOEC (F1 generation) values based on hatching success was 0.69 ug a.i./L. Based on the results of this study, the most sensitive endpoint was F1 generation hatching success.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Chronic toxicity to invertebrates are only represented through the Daphnia magna life cycle where the NOAEC was calculated at 0.068 ppm and the LOAEC at 0.140 ppm. The endpoints affected for this study were reproductive (reduced number of young per female) and growth effects.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The fungicide fluazinam, the insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin, and the herbicides asulam and metamitron were applied to indoor freshwater microcosms (water volume approximately 0.6 cu m). ...Concentrations of each pesticide were equal to 0%, 0.2%, 0.5%, 2%, and 5% spray drift emission of label-recommended rates. ...The half-lives of lambda-cyhalothrin, metamitron, and fluazinam were 1 to 2 days; that of asulam was >30 days. ...0.2% treatment regime was considered the community NOEC. The macroinvertebrate populations of Gammarus pulex, Asellus aquaticus, and Proasellus meridianus were the most sensitive end points, followed by species of copepods and cladocerans.

Koc values measured for fluazinam in four types of soils (unspecified) ranged from 1705-2316(1). According to a classification scheme(2), these Koc values suggest that fluazinam is expected to have slight to low mobility in soil. The pKa of fluazinam is 7.34(3), indicating that this compound will partially exist in cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Fluazinam has been shown to adsorb more strongly in soils that are higher in organic matter(5). During a soil leaching study, 95% of the applied radioactivity remained in the top 5 cm of the soil(6).

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ There has been a history of skin irritation and sensitization associated with the repeated application of fluazinam in agriculture use.

/CASE REPORTS/ ...Two cases of occupational asthma caused by sensitization to powdered fungicides fluazinam and chlorothalonil, from the same fungicide formulation plant /are reported/. Both developed work related lower respiratory symptoms after a latent interval of asymptomatic exposure.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ...An outbreak of contact dermatitis in a tulip bulb processing company /is described/. Shortly after the introduction of a new pesticide, the fungicide fluazinam, employees started to complain of dermatitis of the arms and the face.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ In spring 1992, several farmers in the western part of The Netherlands developed dermatitis on their hands, forearms and face. ...Complaints ranged from a mildly itchy, papular rash to a painful, weeping and blistering dermatitis. Medical aid was needed by 5/9 of them. Some of the farmers had in common that their complaints emerged after repeated application of a new fungicide over several weeks, Shirlan, with fluazinam as its active ingredient.

AEROBIC: Fluazinam was degraded during field dissipation studies conducted in Ephrata, Washington; Kempton, North Dakota; Porterville, California; and Monctezuma, Georgia with dissipation half-lives ranging from 9 to 49 days(1). The measured half-life for the metabolism of fluazinam was reported to be less than or equal to 30 days in a sandy loam soil biodegradation study(1). After 361 days, 6.8 and 9.5% of the applied fluazinam remained intact for the C14-Pyridyl and C14-Phenyl labels, respectively(1). No major degradation products were observed in this study. The measured aerobic aquatic metabolism half-life of fluazinam has been reported to be less than or equal to 8 hours(1).

ANAEROBIC: The measured anaerobic aquatic metabolism half-life of fluazinam has been reported to be less than or equal to 8 hours(1). The half-life of fluazinam was 4.5 days at 1 kg/ha in anaerobic sandy loam (no aerobic pre-incubation) and 32 days at 10 °C and 1 kg/ha in anaerobic sandy loam (aerobic pre-incubation)(2).

Tolerances are established for residues of fluazinam, (3-chloro-N-[3-chloro-2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinamine) in or on the following commodities: peanut; and potato.

Tolerances are established for residues of fluazinam and its metabolite AMGT 3-[[4-amino-3-[[3-chloro-5-(trifloromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]amino]-2-nitro-6-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl] thio]-2-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy) propionic acid) in or on the following commodity: wine grape (No US registration as of March 15, 2002)