Calcium Gluconate

Between 6,0 and 8,0 (5 % solution)

pH aq soln: 6-7

Soluble in water, insoluble in ethanol

Slowly soluble in 5 parts boiling water; insoluble in alc or other organic solvents. Slowly soluble in 30 parts cold, about 5 parts boiling water

Insoluble in acetic acid

Sol in water 3.3 g/100 cc at 15 °C

In water, 3.33X10+4 mg/L at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 25 °C: 3.5 (moderate)

120 °C

178 °C

Odourless, white crystalline granules or powder, stable in air

Odorless solid; Soluble in water; [HSDB] White powder; [Sigma-Aldrich MSDS]

WHITE SOLID IN VARIOUS FORMS.

Soln is neutral to litmus paper

Does not lose its water on drying without some decomp

Stable in air. Loses water at 120 °C.

Calcium gluconate is decomposed by dilute mineral acids into gluconic acid and the calcium salt of the mineral acid used. It is precipitated from its aqueous solution by the addition of alcohol.

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 98.6% (68 of 69) of all reports.

Not Classified；Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria by 68 of 69 companies (only 1.4% companies provided GHS information). For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

Aggregated GHS information provided per 69 reports by companies from 2 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.；Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 68 of 69 reports by companies.；There is 1 notification provided by 1 of 69 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).；Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 100% (2 of 2) of all reports.

Not Classified；Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria by 2 of 2 companies. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

Aggregated GHS information provided per 2 reports by companies from 1 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.；Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 2 of 2 reports by companies.；There are 0 notifications provided by 0 of 2 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).；Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

Chemical: D-Gluconic acid, calcium salt (2:1)

Status: Active Update: 05-12-2019 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/25784

Calcium gluconate: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

Classified as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use in food; [HSDB] No significant adverse effects in chronic studies of animals; Reproductive studies negative; No data available on carcinogenicity or inhalation toxicity; [OECD SIDS: Gluconic acid and its derivatives - 2004] May cause irritation; [Sigma-Aldrich MSDS] See Calcium.

Substance added directly to human food affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).

Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: calcium gluconate is included in digestive aid drug products.

Calcium gluconate used as a general purpose food additive in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.

Calcium gluconate used as a sequestrant in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.

Not Classified

Not Classified

Fresh air, rest.

Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible).

Rinse mouth.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Wash away remainder with plenty of water.

Concurrent use of excessive amounts of /alcohol, caffeine (usually more than 8 cups of coffee a day), or tobacco/ has been reported to decrease calcium absorption.

Concurrent use /of estrogens/ with calcium supplements may increase calcium absorption, which is used to therapeutic advantage when estrogens are prescribed for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. /Calcium supplements/

Concurrent use with calcium supplements may decrease effectiveness of cellulose sodium phosphate in preventing hypercalciuria. /Calcium supplements/

Concurrent use /of other calcium-containing medications or oral magnesium-containing medications/ with calcium supplements may increase serum calcium or magnesium concentration in susceptible patients, mainly patients with impaired renal function, leading to hypercalcemia or hypermagnesemia, respectively. /Calcium supplements/

For more Interactions (Complete) data for CALCIUM GLUCONATE (21 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Adverse effects of calcium gluconate include syncope, bradycardia, and paresthesias.；One of the most concerning adverse effects of calcium gluconate is extravasation from intravenous sites. Calcium can induce tissue necrosis through calcium-induced vasoconstriction of capillaries and intracellular fluid retention, leading to deep tissue damage and late-onset calcifications. Stop the infusion for extravasation injury treatment and gently aspirate the extravasated fluid.；In early or acute calcium extravasation, a hyaluronidase antidote is an option in addition to cold, dry compresses and extremity elevation. Between 1 and 1.7 mL of hyaluronidase may be given intradermally into the border of the extravasated area as 5 separate injections. Injection into the catheter that caused the infiltration is also appropriate.

Safe in the present practices of use and concentration. Ingredient, concentration, and use information are available in documents discoverable at https://cir-reports.cir-safety.org

Calcium gluconate is a vesicant that can cause extravasation injury leading to tissue necrosis; see “Adverse Effects” above.；Systemic toxicity due to calcium gluconate is identical to the systemic effects of hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia typically manifests as nonspecific symptoms such as fatigue, muscle weakness, anorexia, and polydipsia. Hypercalcemia causes ECG changes, including short QT interval, prolonged PR interval, widened QRS, T wave abnormalities, and variable degrees of heart block.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Daphnia are highly sensitive to sodium metabolism disruption caused by aquatic acidification and ionoregulatory toxicants, due to their finely balanced ion homeostasis. Nine different water chemistries of varying pH (4, 6 and 8) and calcium concentration (0, 500 and 1000 umol/L) were used to delineate the mechanism of sodium influx in Daphnia magna. Lowering water pH severely inhibited sodium influx when calcium concentration was high, but transport kinetic analysis revealed a stimulated sodium influx capacity (J(max)) when calcium was absent. At low pH increasing water calcium levels decreased J(max) and raised K(m) (decreased sodium influx affinity), while at high pH the opposite pattern was observed (elevated J(max) and reduced K(m)). These effects on sodium influx were mirrored by changes in whole body sodium levels. Further examination of the effect of calcium on sodium influx showed a severe inhibition of sodium uptake by 100 umol/L calcium gluconate at both low (50 umol/L) and high (1000 umol/L)) sodium concentrations. At high sodium concentrations, stimulated sodium influx was noted with elevated calcium levels. These results, in addition to data showing amiloride inhibition of sodium influx (K(i)=180 umol/L), suggest a mechanism of sodium influx in Daphnia magna that involves the electrogenic 2Na(+)/1H(+) exchanger.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Potential toxicity in neonates: Bradycardia, sloughing and calcification with IV infiltration; potentiates digitalis effect

/CASE REPORTS/ A 43-year-old man developed septic shock and acute lung injury after surgery to drain an ischiorectal abscess. In the intensive care unit he initially improved but developed severe hypoxaemia, right ventricular failure and pulmonary hypertension 90 min after receiving intravenous calcium gluconate and potassium phosphate, best explained by the formation of a calcium-phosphate precipitant that resulted in aggregate anaphylaxis. His rapid deterioration and lack of response to conventional therapies necessitated support with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation that was life saving. This adverse event has altered local practice regarding calcium and phosphate replacement and has implications for all intensive care units.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Delayed deaths in cattle and dogs after calcium /iv/ injections have been reported ... vomiting is frequently seen after iv admin of calcium in dogs. /Calcium/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ 10 males and 10 female /rats/ were given 20 mL of a 25% (w/v) aqueous suspension (equivalent to 5 g test material) by gavage. Observation period /was/ 14 days. Within a few hours rats showed /sluggishness/ and decreased activity. Recovery /occurred/ within 24 hours.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Minimum lethal dose in guinea pigs was highest (3.17 g/kg) at the slowest infusion rate (0.49 mL/minute) tested and lowest (1.81 g/kg) at the highest infusion rate (5.65 mL/minute) tested.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... The relative toxicities of /calcium/ lactate, chloride, and gluconate given iv as in the approximate ratios 1:1.3:2. The toxic dose of calcium gluconate given iv in the form of an 8.4% solution is stated ... to be 18 mg/kg body weight in the dog.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CALCIUM GLUCONATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

A serum calcium concentration exceeding 2.6 mmol per liter (10.5 mg per 100 mL) is considered a hypercalcemic condition. Withholding additional administration of calcium and any other medications that may cause hypercalcemia usually resolves mild hypercalcemia in asymptomatic patients, when patient renal function is adequate. /Calcium supplements/

When serum calcium concentration are greater than 2.9 mmol per liter (12 mg per 100 mL), immediate measures may be required with possible use of the following: Hydrating with intravenous 0.9% sodium chloride injection. Forcing diuresis with furosemide or ethacrynic acid may be used to rapidly increase calcium and sodium excretion when saline overload occurs. Monitoring of potassium and magnesium serum concentrations and starting replacement early to prevent complications of therapy. ECG monitoring and the possible use of beta-adrenergic blocking agents to protect the heart against serious arrhythmias. Possibly including hemodialysis, calcitonin, and adrenocorticoids in the treatment. Determining serum calcium concentration at frequent intervals to guide therapy adjustments. /Calcium supplements/

Topical application of calcium gluconate gel is the first-line emergency department treatment for Hydrofluoric acid burns after irrigation.

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/

Chemical: D-Gluconic acid, calcium salt (2:1)

Status: Active Update: 05-12-2019 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/25784

Calcium gluconate: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

Substance added directly to human food affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).

Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: calcium gluconate is included in digestive aid drug products.

Calcium gluconate used as a general purpose food additive in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.

Calcium gluconate used as a sequestrant in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism；A12 - Mineral supplements；A12A - Calcium；A12AA - Calcium；A12AA03 - Calcium gluconate

D - Dermatologicals；D11 - Other dermatological preparations；D11A - Other dermatological preparations；D11AX - Other dermatologicals；D11AX03 - Calcium gluconate

B - Blood and blood forming organs；B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions；B05X - I.v. solution additives；B05XA - Electrolyte solutions；B05XA19 - Calcium gluconate

QD - Dermatologicals；QD11 - Other dermatological preparations；QD11A - Other dermatological preparations；QD11AX - Other dermatologicals；QD11AX03 - Calcium gluconate

QA - Alimentary tract and metabolism；QA12 - Mineral supplements；QA12A - Calcium；QA12AA - Calcium；QA12AA03 - Calcium gluconate

QB - Blood and blood forming organs；QB05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions；QB05X - I.v. solution additives；QB05XA - Electrolyte solutions；QB05XA19 - Calcium gluconate

Requirements for all vitamins and most minerals are increased during breast-feeding. /Calcium supplements/

Recommended intakes for infants: 0-6 mo 210 mg/d, 7-12 mo 270 mg/d; for children: 1-3 yr 500 mg/d, 4-8 hr 800 mg/d; for males: 9-18 yr 1300 mg/d, 19-50 1000 mg/d, > 51 yr 1200 mg/d; for females: 9-18 yr 1300 mg/d, 19-50 1000 mg/d, > 51 yr 1200 mg/d; pregnancy at: 14-18 yr 1300 mg/d, 19-50 yr 1000 mg/d; lactation at: 14-18 yr 1300 mg/d, 19-50 yr 1000 mg/d. /calcium, from table/

Calcium Gluconate is the gluconate salt of calcium. An element or mineral necessary for normal nerve, muscle, and cardiac function, calcium as the gluconate salt helps to maintain calcium balance and prevent bone loss when taken orally. This agent may also be chemopreventive for colon and other cancers.

Calcium is essential for the functional integrity of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems. It plays a role in normal cardiac function, renal function, respiration, blood coagulation, and cell membrane and capillary permeability. Also, calcium helps to regulate the release and storage of neurotransmitters and hormones, the uptake and binding of amino acids, absorption of vitamin B 12, and gastrin secretion. The major fraction (99%) of calcium is in the skeletal structure primarily as hydroxyapatite, Ca 10(PO 4) 6(OH) 2; small amounts of calcium carbonate and amorphous calcium phosphates are also present. The calcium of bone is in a constant exchange with the calcium of plasma. Since the metabolic functions of calcium are essential for life, when there is a disturbance in the calcium balance because of dietary deficiency or other causes, the stores of calcium in bone may be depleted to fill the body's more acute needs. Therefore, on a chronic basis, normal mineralization of bone depends on adequate amounts of total body calcium.

CALCIUM GLUCONATE

Cations, Divalent [CS]; Calcium [CS]; Phosphate Chelating Activity [MoA]; Increased Coagulation Factor Activity [PE]; Phosphate Binder [EPC]; Blood Coagulation Factor [EPC]

Approximately one-fifth to one-third of orally administered calcium is absorbed in the small intestine, depending on presence of vitamin D metabolites, pH in lumen, and on dietary factors, such as calcium binding to fiber or phytates. Calcium absorption is increased when a calcium deficiency is present or when a patient is on a low-calcium diet. In patients with achlorhydria or hypochlorhydria, calcium absorption, especially with the carbonate salt, may be reduced.

Renal (20%) - The amount excreted in the urine varies with degree of calcium absorption and whether there is excessive bone loss or failure of renal conservation. Fecal (80%) - Consists mainly of nonabsorbed calcium, with only a small amount of endogenous fecal calcium excreted.

Not available

Approximately one-fifth to one-third of orally administered calcium is absorbed in the small intestine, depending on presence of vitamin D metabolites, pH in lumen, and on dietary factors, such as calcium binding to fiber or phytates. Calcium absorption is increased when a calcium deficiency is present or when a patient is on a low-calcium diet. In patients with achlorhydria or hypochlorhydria, calcium absorption, especially with the carbonate salt, may be reduced. /Calcium supplements/

Elimination: Renal (20%) - The amount excreted in the urine varies with degree of calcium absorption and whether there is excessive bone loss or failure of renal conservation. Fecal (80%) - Consists mainly of nonabsorbed calcium, with only a small amount of endogenous fecal calcium excreted. /Calcium supplements/

CIR ingredient: Calcium Gluconate

Used in sewage purification, coffee processing (anti-caking agent), and food and drugs (sequestering, buffering, and gelling agent); Also has veterinary use for hypocalcemic conditions; [HSDB] Used for industrial cleaning, metal surface treatment, textile bleach stabilizing, aluminum processing, and as a chelating agent in cement set retarding, cleaning products, personal care products, pharmaceuticals, and foods; Also used as a calcium supplement in injection solutions; [OECD SIDS: Gluconic acid and its derivatives - 2004]

Aluminum Producing [Category: Industry]；Acid and Alkali Cleaning of Metals [Category: Clean]；Textiles (Fiber & Fabric Manufacturing) [Category: Industry]；Sewer and Wastewater Treatment [Category: Industry]；Cement Producing [Category: Industry]

In sewage purification; in coffee powders to prevent caking

A sequestering agent; food additive; as buffer; in vitamin tablets

Gelling agent in foods; sequestrant in foods; misc uses as a food additive

(1972) No Data

(1975) No Data

(1972) 8.13X10+8 grams (Gluconic acid compounds)

(1975) 3.24X10+6 g (Gluconic acid compounds)

(1971) 2.97X10+8 grams (sales)

(1975) Probably greater than 4.54X10+5 grams

Neutralization of gluconic acid with lime or calcium carbonate.

D-Glucose is oxidized to gluconic acid in the presence of calcium carbonate. The oxidation may be effected by certain molds, eg, Aspergillus niger, or by bromine.

Calcium gluconate, USP ... contains 9% calcium ... Available as calcium gluconate tablets, USP, containing 325, 500, 650, or 1000 mg of the salt ... for im and iv injection, calcium gluconate injection, USP, admin as 10% soln (0.45 mEq Ca++/mL).

Grades: technical; USP; FCC; special for ampules.

Due to its limited solubility, calcium gluconate must frequently be suspended in liquid mixtures and tragacanth is useful as a suspending agent.

Calcium gluconate injection:a 10% soln; 9.3 mg of Ca+2/mL ... 10-mL vial

EPA Safer Chemical Functional Use Classes -> Skin Conditioning Agents

Safer Chemical Classes -> Green circle - The chemical has been verified to be of low concern

Food additives

Food Additives -> ACIDITY_REGULATOR; FIRMING_AGENT; NUTRIENT_SUPPLEMENT; SEQUESTRANT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Cosmetics -> Oral care; Humectant

D-Gluconic acid, calcium salt (2:1): ACTIVE

More concn (20 to 30%) aq soln...obtained by addn of boric acid or similar complex-forming acids. ../ca d-saccharate is used in/ prepn of supersaturated injectable soln of calcium gluconate... injectable soln of calcium gluconate containing sodium ascorbate...described...British patent 495,675 and German 702,185.

Incompatibilities - sol calcium salts are pptd by borates, carbonates, citrates, oxalates, sulfates, and tartrates. /Calcium chloride/

Incompatibilities of iv additives: cephalothin sodium, magnesium sulfate, novobiocin (albamycin) sodium, prochlorperazine (compazine) edisylate, sodium bicarbonate (dependent on concn of sodium bicarbonate, and calcium).