니켈
니켈 · 초산니켈 · 아세트산니켈 · 아세트산,니켈(II)염 · 니켈디아세트산 · 니켈로우스아세트산 · 니켈, 원소 · Ni
식별자 및 물리적 특성
| CAS No. | 14701-22-5 |
|---|---|
| 분자식 | Ni+2 |
| 평균 분자량 | 58.693 g/mol |
| 단동위원소 질량 | 57.93424574 g/mol |
| SMILES | [Ni+2] |
| InChIKey | VEQPNABPJHWNSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| PubChem CID | 934 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:49786 |
| DTXSID | DTXSID60163564 |
| 현지명 | 니켈 |
화학 및 물리적 성질
| 극성 표면적 | 0 |
|---|---|
| 수소 결합 공여자 수 | 0 |
| 수소 결합 수용자 수 | 0 |
| 회전 가능 결합 수 | 0 |
| 무거운 원자 수 | 1 |
| 형식 전하 | 2 |
| 복잡도 | 0 |
| 녹는점 | 1455 °C1453 °C (lit.) |
| Physical Description | Solid |
| 끓는 점 | 2732 °C (lit.) |
| 밀도 | 8.9 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.) |
| 증기 밀도 | 5.8 (vs air) |
| 저장 조건 | no restrictions. |
| 용해도 | insoluble in H2Oslightly soluble in dilute acid solutions |
| 물리적 상태 | 철사 |
| 색상 | 흰색에서 회백색 |
| 비중 | 8.9 |
| 냄새 | 냄새 없는 |
| pH | 8.5-12.0 |
| Flame Color | Colorless to silvery white |
| 용해도 | 물에 녹지 않습니다. |
| 비열 | Cp(crystal): 0.44 J/(g·K)Cp(gas): 0.4 J/(g·K), at 25℃ |
| Merck | 14,8107 |
| 안정성 | 대규모 형태로 안정적입니다. 분말은 자연 발화성이므로 자연 발화할 수 있습니다. 티타늄, 질산암모늄, 과염소산칼륨, 히드라조산과 격렬하게 반응할 수 있습니다. 산, 산화제, 황과 호환되지 않습니다. |
| InChI | 1S/Ni |
| InChIKey | PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| SMILES | [Ni] |
| Modulus of Elasticity | 207 GPa |
| Poissons Ratio | 0.31 |
| Shear Modulus | 76.0 GPa |
| NIST | Nickel(7440-02-0) |
| EPA | Nickel (7440-02-0) |
화학적 성질
RANEY NICKEL is a hard, ductile, magnetic metal with a silver-white color.
안전 및 규제
| Minimum Risk Level | Intermediate Inhalation: 0.0002 mg/m3 (L134) Chronic Inhalation: 0.00009 mg/m3 (L134) |
|---|---|
| Treatment | Excess exposure to nickel is usually handled by preventing further exposure and symptomatic treatment. Nickel poisoning may also be treated using chelation therapy with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate. (L42) |
| 건강 영향 | The most common harmful health effect of nickel in humans is an allergic reaction. This usually manifests as a skin rash, although some people experience asthma attacks. Long term inhahation of nickel causes chronic bronchitis and reduced lung function, as well as damage to the naval cavity. Ingestion of excess nickel results in damage to the stomach, blood, liver, kidneys, and immune system, as well as having adverse effects on reproduction and development. (L41) |
| 노출 경로 | Oral (L41)inhalation (L41)dermal (L41) |
| 독성 요약 | Nickel is known to substitute for other essential elements in certain enzmes, such as calcineurin. It is genotoxic, and some nickel compounds have been shown to promote cell proliferation. Nickel has a high affinity for chromatin proteins, particularly histones and protamines. The complexing of nickel ions with heterochromatin results in a number of alterations including condensation, DNA hypermethylation, gene silencing, and inhibition of histone acetylation, which have been shown to disturb gene expression. Nickel has also been shown to alter several transcription factors, including hypoxia-inducible transcription factor, activating transcription factor, and NF-KB transcription factor. There is also evidence that nickel ions inhibit DNA repair, either by directly inhibiting DNA repair enzymes or competing with zinc ions for binding to zinc-finger DNA binding proteins, resulting in structural changes in DNA that prevent repair enzymes from binding. Nickel ions can also complex with a number of cellular ligands including amino acids, peptides, and proteins resulting in the generation of oxygen radicals, which induce base damage, DNA strand breaks, and DNA protein crosslinks. (L41, A40) |
| Signs and Symptoms | Symptoms of nickel poisoning include headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, irritability, and difficulty sleeping, followed by chest pains, sweating, rapid heart beat, and a dry cough. (L42) |
| Carcinogen Classification | Metallic nickel is possibly carcinogenic to humons (Group 2B). Nickel compounds are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). (L135) |
| Toxicity Data | LD50: 250 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Rat) (T26) |
| 직업 노출 등급(OEB) | D |
| 직업 노출 한계(OEL) | TWA: 0.015 mg/m3 [*Note: The REL does not apply to Nickel carbonyl.] |
| 수질 위해 등급(WGK) | 3 |
| 즉시 생명 위험 농도 | 10 mg Ni/m3 |
| TSCA 등재 상태 | TSCA listed |
| RTECS 번호 | VW4725000 |
| 운송 번호(UN) | UN 1493 5.1/PG 2 |
| 독성 | Occupational exposures may occur in its mining, smelting, and refining. The general population ingests nickel in food. Skin sensitization and dermatitis leading to chronic eczema, called “nickel itch,” frequently occurs, especially in wearers of pierced earrings. Nickel can also irritate the conjunctiva and respiratory tract mucous membranes. Absorption from the digestive tract is poor, so systemic poisoning is rare, but since it is an irritant it acts as an emetic. Systemic effects include hyperglycemia, capillary damage, CNS depression, myocardial weakness, and kidney damage. Nickel and its compounds are carcinogenic following inhalation, but not following ingestion or skin contact. Cancer of the lung and nasal passages results, with a latent period of about 25 yearssmokers are at greater risk. In addition to irritation and carcinogenesis, nickel carbonyl (nickel tetracarbonyl, Ni(CO)4) exerts relatively mild, tran_x0002_sientinitial symptoms including headache, giddiness, nausea, and shortness of breath. These symptoms are followed by very serious symptoms hours to days later, consisting of tightness in the chest, shortness of breath, rapid respiration, pulmonary edema, cyanosis, and extreme weaknessthis can be fatal. Heat decomposition of nickel carbonyl yields carbon monoxide. Chelating agents can be used to remove nickel from the body. |
| 관세 코드 | 38151100 |
| 위험 문구(R) | 34-50/53-43-40-10-17-52/53-48/23 |
| 위험 표시 | C,Xi,Xn,F,T |
| 안전 문구(S) | 26-45-60-61-36-22-36/37-16-15-5-36/37/39-43-28 |
| 포장분류 | II |
| 위험 등급 | 4.1Carc. 2Skin Sens. 1STOT RE 1 |
| 기존화학 물질 | KE-25818 |
| F 고인화성물질 | 8 |
| 자연 발화 온도 | 87 °C |
| 저장 분류 | 6.1D - Non-combustible acute toxic Cat.3toxic hazardous materials or hazardous materials causing chronic effects |
| 유해 물질 데이터 | 7440-02-0(Hazardous Substances Data) |
용도
개요
니켈은 은백색의 강한 광택이 있는 금속이다. 철족 원소로 단단하며 가단성과 연성이 있다. 황 화합물인 침상니켈석이나 비소 화합물인 홍비니켈석, 황/비소 화합물인 황비니켈석 광물에서 산출된다.
용도
공기 중에서 변하지 않고, 산화 반응을 일으키지 않아 도금이나 합금 등을 통해 동전의 재료로 사용된다. 자성을 띠며 코발트와 함께 산출된다.
용도
특히 니켈은 표면이 산화하며 치밀한 막이생겨 내부를 보호해서 녹이 잘 슬지않으므로 철등 금속의 부식방지하는 니켈도금용으로 널리 쓰인다. 하지만 대부분은 철과 크롬과 합금해 스테인리스강을 만드는데 쓰인다. 그외 각종 다른 합금을 만드는 재료로 널리 쓰인다.
출처
Nickel is the 23rd most abundant element found in the Earth’s crust. It is somewhat plentiful but scattered and makes up one-hundredth of 1% of igneous rocks. Nickel metal is foundin meteorites (as are some other elements). It is believed that molten nickel, along with iron,makes up the central sphere that forms the core of the Earth.There are several types of nickel ores. One is the major ore for nickel called pentlandite(NiS 2FeS), which is iron/nickel sulfide. Another is a mineral called niccolite (NiAs), discovered in 1751 and first found in a mining area of Sweden. By far, the largest mining area fornickel is located in Ontario, Canada, where it is recovered from what is thought to be a verylarge meteorite that crashed into the Earth eons ago. This large nickel deposit is one reasonfor the theory of the Earth’s core being molten nickel and iron, given that both the Earth andmeteorites were formed during the early stages of the solar system. Some nickel ores are alsofound in Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Scandinavia. Traces of nickel exist in soils, coal,plants, and animals.
용도
Nickel-plating; for various alloys such as new silver, Chinese silver, German silver; for coins, electrotypes, storage batteries; magnets, lightning-rod tips, electrical contacts and electrodes, spark plugs, machinery parts; catalyst for hydrogenation of oils and other organic substances. See also Raney nickel. manufacture of Monel metal, stainless steels, heat resistant steels, heat and corrosion resistant alloys, nickel-chrome resistance wire; in alloys for electronic and space applications.
일반 설명
Nickel catalyst, is extremely fine powdered nickel. Nickel is grayish colored. Insoluble in water. Nickel catalyst is used to promote the chemical action in manufacturing synthetics and to process vegetable oil and petroleum. If exposed to air or moisture, Nickel may become hot enough to ignite. Nickel is insoluble in water and does not react with larger volumes of water.
제조 및 합성 방법
생산 방법
Nickel is obtained by processing sulfide and laterite ore concentrates using pyrometallurgic and hydrometallurgic processes. The resultant nickel matte obtained by roasting and smelting is subjected to further cleaning by electro-, vapo-, and hydrometallurgic refining methods. Some portion of the matte is roasted to obtain commercial nickel oxide agglomerate. Pure, 99.9% nickel can be obtained by electrolytic refining process. The most pure, 99.97%, nickel is obtained by vapometallurgy. In this process, known also as the Mond method,nickel and copper sulfide blend is converted to oxides and then reduced by heating with water gas at 350–400°C. The resultant active form of nickel is treated with carbon monoxide to give volatile nickel carbonyl [Ni(CO)4]. The latter reaction is reversible; heating results in pure nickel and carbon monoxide.
제조 방법
The carbonyl process is most commonly employed when very pure nickel is required. The impure metal is reacted with pure carbon monoxide at 50° and the carbonyl produced fractionated several times prior to pyrolysis at around 200°. The nickel thus obtained has a purity of 99.90-99.99% depending upon the materials used. Electrolytic methods for producing high purity nickel depend upon the production of high purity nickel salts. The nickel obtained by the electrolysis of pure nickel chloride solution with inert platinum-iridium anodes is 99.99% pure.