실리콘 카바이드
탄화규소 · 실리콘카바이드 · 실리콘쿼터늄-2 · 실리콘 카바이드 · SiC · BLACK SILICON CARBIDE · nanopowder · CARBORUNDUM
식별자 및 물리적 특성
| CAS No. | 409-21-2 |
|---|---|
| 분자식 | CSi |
| 평균 분자량 | 40.096 g/mol |
| 단동위원소 질량 | 39.97692653 g/mol |
| SMILES | [C-]#[Si+] |
| InChIKey | HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| PubChem CID | 9863 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:29390 |
| EC No. | 206-991-8 |
| DTXSID | DTXSID5052751 |
| 현지명 | 실리콘 카바이드 |
화학 및 물리적 성질
| 극성 표면적 | 0 |
|---|---|
| 수소 결합 공여자 수 | 0 |
| 수소 결합 수용자 수 | 1 |
| 회전 가능 결합 수 | 0 |
| 무거운 원자 수 | 2 |
| 형식 전하 | 0 |
| 복잡도 | 10 |
| 물질 분류 | Mineral Dusts -> Other Mineral Dusts |
| SpringerMaterials Properties | valence band parameter |
| 밀도 | 3.23 (NIOSH, 2024) - Denser than waterwill sink3.2 g/cm³3.16 @25 °C3.22 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.) |
| Color/Form | EXCEEDINGLY HARD, GREEN TO BLUISH-BLACK, IRIDESCENT, SHARP CRYSTALSHEXAGONAL OR CUBICYellow to green to bluish black, iridescent crystals. |
| 용해도 | Insoluble (NIOSH, 2024)INSOL IN COLD WATER, HOT WATER, & ACIDSOL IN FUSED POTASSIUM HYDROXIDEINSOL IN ALCOHOLSOL IN MOLTEN IRONSolubility in water: none용융된 수산화나트륨, 수산화칼륨 및 용융된 철에 용해됩니다. |
| 끓는 점 | Sublimes (NIOSH, 2024) |
| 녹는점 | 4892 °F (Sublimes) (NIOSH, 2024)2600 °C4892 °F (sublimes)2830 °C2700 °C (lit.) |
| 증기압 | 0 mmHg (approx) (NIOSH, 2024) |
| 굴절률 | INDEX OF REFRACTION: 2.6542.6972.6500 |
| Ionization Potential | 9.30 eV |
| Physical Description | Silicon carbide appears as yellow to green to bluish-black, iridescent crystals. Sublimes with decomposition at 2700 °C. Density 3.21 g cm-3. Insoluble in water. Soluble in molten alkalis (NaOH, KOH) and molten iron.Dry PowderWet SolidCBILarge CrystalsOther SolidLiquidYellow to green to bluish-black, iridescent crystals[NIOSH]YELLOW-TO-GREEN-TO-BLUE-TO-BLACK CRYSTALS, DEPENDING ON PURITY.Yellow to green to bluish-black, iridescent crystals. |
| Other Experimental Properties | DIELECTRIC CONSTANT: 7.0HARDNESS: 9.5ELECTRON MOBILITY: GREATER THAN 100 SQ CM/VOLT-SECHOLE MOBILITY: GREATER THAN 20 SQ CM/VOLT-SECBAND GAP ENERGY: 2.8 ELECTRON-VOLTSSUBLIMES WITH DECOMPOSITION AT 2700 °CEXCELLENT THERMAL CONDUCTIVITYELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVERESISTS OXIDATION AT HIGHER TEMPERATURES |
| 물리적 상태 | 나노분말 |
| 색상 | 녹색 |
| 비중 | 3.22 |
| 용해도 | 용융 알칼리(NaOH, KOH) 및 용융 철에 용해됩니다. 물에 불용성. |
| 비열 | Cp(crystal): 0.67 J/(g·K), at 25℃ |
| Merck | 14,8492 |
| 안정성 | 안정 |
| 화장품 원료 기능 | 연마제 |
| InChI | 1S/CSi/c1-2 |
| InChIKey | HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| SMILES | [C-]#[Si+] |
| Modulus of Elasticity | 459 - 476 GPa |
| Knoop Microhardness | 3000, at 25°C |
| Poissons Ratio | 0.14, sintered |
| Shear Modulus | 180 GPa, Calculated |
| NIST | Silicon monocarbide(409-21-2) |
| EPA | Silicon carbide (409-21-2) |
화학적 성질
Silicon carbide is a yellow to green to bluishblack, iridescent crystalline substance. Colorless when pure.
안전 및 규제
| GHS 분류 | DangerH350i: May cause cancer by inhalation [Danger Carcinogenicity]P203, P280, P318, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 70.3% (740 of 1053) of all reports.H350i (16.6%): May cause cancer by inhalation [Danger Carcinogenicity] |
|---|---|
| 규제 정보 | Chemical: Silicon carbide (SiC)Hazard Traits - CarcinogenicitySilicon carbide (SiC) is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Silicon carbide (SiC) are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)Status: Active Update: 08-05-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15540Silicon carbide: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard |
| 기타 안전 정보 | IMAP assessments - Silicon carbide (SiC): Environment tier I assessment |
| 화재 위험 | Not combustible. |
| 화재 가능성 | NONCOMBUSTIBLE |
| 건강 유해성 | Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Silicon carbide: |
| 유해성 요약 | Production workers loading and unloading furnaces are exposed to carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, crystalline silica, and fibrous and nonfibrous silicon carbide particles. [Rom, p. 534-5] Workers in production and manufacturing, e.g., abrasive products industry, are exposed to varying quantities of fibers (or whiskers) that have dimensions similar to amphibole asbestos fibers. Nonfibrous particles have low to very low toxic effects on lung tissue. Silicon carbide fibers, on the other hand, can cause lung fibrosis, lung cancer, and possibly mesothelioma. Silicon carbide fibers should be counted and controlled in the same manner as asbestos fibers. [ACGIH] Occupational exposures associated with the Acheson process are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). Fibrous silicon carbide is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). Silicon carbide whiskers are probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A). [IARC Vol. 111] See the agent, Acheson process, occupational exposure. |
| 반응성 그룹 | Nitrides, Phosphides, Carbides, and Silicides |
| EPA Safer Chemical | Chemical: Silicon carbide |
| OSHA Standards | Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 15 mg/cu m. /Total dust/Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 5 mg/cu m. /Respirable fraction/Vacated 1989 OSHA PEL TWA 10 mg/cu m is still enforced in some states. /Total/Vacated 1989 OSHA PEL TWA 5 mg/cu m is still enforced in some states. /Resp/ |
| Reactivity Profile | SILICON CARBIDE is non-combustible. Generally unreactive. Soluble in molten alkalis (NaOH, KOH) and in molten iron. |
| Flammable Limits | Noncombustible Solid |
| Air and Water Reactions | No rapid reaction with air. No rapid reaction with water. |
| 소화 | In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. |
| 응급 조치 | Fresh air, rest.First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention. |
| 응급 처치 | Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Silicon carbide:(General first aid procedures) |
| 노출 관리 및 개인 보호 | TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016]. |
| 정리 방법 | WASTE SOLN CONTAINING HEAVY METALS & SILICON CARBIDE FROM METAL PLATING ARE MIXED WITH NONIONIC MATERIALS SUCH AS DIATOMACEOUS EARTH & A FLOCCULANT TO PPT SI CARBIDE. SUPERNATANT LIQ AFTER REMOVING PPT IS SAND-FILTERED & ION-EXCHANGED. |
| 누출 처리 | Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. |
| Eye Prevention | Wear safety goggles. |
| Inhalation Risk | A nuisance-causing concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed. |
| Ingestion Prevention | Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work. |
| Inhalation Prevention | Avoid inhalation of dust. |
| Respirator Recommendations | Important additional information about respirator selection |
| Threshold Limit Values (TLV) | 10.0 [mg/m3], (inhalable particulate matter), 3 mg/m3 (respirable fraction) [nonfibrous forms], 0.1 respirable fibers/cc [fibrous forms]8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 10 mg/cu m. /Nonfibrous silicon carbideinhalable fractionparticulate matter containing no asbestos & <1% crystalline silica/Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /Nonfibrous and fibrous (incl whiskers) forms of silicon carbide/8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 3 mg/cu m. /Nonfibrous silicon carbiderespirable fraction8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.1 fibers/cc. /Respirable fibers: length > 5 umaspect ratio greater than or equal to 3:1, as determined by the membrane filter method at 400-450X magnification (4-mm objective), using phase-contrast illuminationfibrous forms of silicon carbide (incl whiskers)/A2Suspected human carcinogen. /fibrous forms of silicon carbide (incl whiskers)/ |
| 표적 장기 | Eyes, skin, respiratory system |
| 유해 작용 | Fibrogenic - Inducing tissue injury and fibrosis (scarring). |
| 노출 경로 | inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact |
| Signs and Symptoms | Cough.Redness. Pain.irritation eyes, skin, upper respiratory system |
| Human Toxicity Excerpts | SLIGHT RADIOGRAPHIC CHANGES /OCCURRED/ IN 10 OF 32 WORKERS EXPOSED ... TO SILICON CARBIDE. MOST ... HAD WORKED FOR 15 YR OR MORE IN DUSTY ATMOSPHERES WITH AVG DUST COUNT OF 1200 PARTICLES/CC (34 MPPCF) & AVG PARTICLE DIAMETER OF 1 MICRON. ALL CASES WERE TUBERCULIN POS. THOSE PRESENTING PULMONARY CHANGES HAD ... SLIGHT RESP SYMPTOMS.ACUTE LOCAL: INHALATION 1IRRITANT 1. CHRONIC LOCAL: INHALATION 1. 1= SLIGHT: CAUSES READILY REVERSIBLE CHANGES WHICH DISAPPEAR AFTER END OF EXPOSURE.Nuisance particulate (accumulation in lungs).Silicon carbide can alter the course of inhalation tuberculosis leading to extensive fibrosis and progressive disease.For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for SILICON CARBIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Carcinogen Classification | Silicon carbide whiskersGroup 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humansVolume 111: (2017) Some Nanomaterials and Some Fibres2014 |
| Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts | SILICON CARBIDE PRODUCED NO FIBROSIS OF LUNGS IN NORMAL EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS, BUT PROFOUNDLY ALTERED THE COURSE OF INHALATION TUBERCULOSIS, LEADING TO EXTENSIVE FIBROSIS & PROGRESSIVE DISEASE. ... INERT REACTION RESULTED WHEN SILICON CARBIDE WAS INJECTED IP IN GUINEA PIGS.WOUNDING MOUSE SKIN BY STRIPPING WITH SILICON CARBIDE PAPER LED TO MARKED INDUCTION OF ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE ACTIVITY. ACTIVITY WAS MAX BETWEEN 20 & 26 HR AFTER WOUNDING, WITH SECONDARY RISE @ 72 HR. |
| Evidence for Carcinogenicity | A2Suspected human carcinogen. /fibrous forms of silicon carbide (incl whiskers)/ |
| Probable Routes of Human Exposure | A NUISANCE PARTICULATE. |
| 직업 노출 등급(OEB) | B |
| 직업 노출 한계(OEL) | TWA: 10 mg/m3 (total) |
| 수질 위해 등급(WGK) | 3 |
| TSCA 등재 상태 | TSCA listed |
| RTECS 번호 | VW0450000 |
| 관세 코드 | 28492000 |
| 위험 문구(R) | 36/37/38 |
| 위험 표시 | Xi |
| 안전 문구(S) | 26-36 |
| 기존화학 물질 | KE-31031 |
| 저장 분류 | 11 - Combustible Solids |
| 유해 물질 데이터 | 409-21-2(Hazardous Substances Data) |
| 중점관리물질 필터링 | 별표1-84 |
| 암, 돌연변이성물질 필터링 | 339 |
용도
개요
Silicon carbide is a hard covalently bonded material predominantly produced by the carbothermal reduction of silica. Silicon carbide is made by heating silica sand and petroleum coke packed around electrodes in an electric resistance furnace to above 2200°C. Depending on the exact reaction conditions the resulting silicon carbide is either a fine powder or a bonded mass that requires crushing and milling to produce a usable feedstock. This material is very resistant to abrasion and to corrosion with a molten slag. It also has excellent resistance to thermal spalling. However as it is a carbide, it will oxidise readily, silicon carbide has a fairly high conductivity. Several hundred structures of silicon carbide (polytypes) have been identified which have different stacking arrangements for the silicon and carbon atoms. The simplest structure is a diamond structure which is designated /3-SiC. Other structures are either hexagonal or rhombic and are referred to as a-SiC.
용도
Silicon carbide is widely used as an abrasive in grinding and cutting glasses; in polishing glass and sharpening stones. It is used in the manufacture of porcelain, refractory brick, furnace linings, and emery paper. The compound also is used in semiconductor technology.
일반 설명
Yellow to green to bluish-black, iridescent crystals. Sublimes with decomposition at 2700°C. Density 3.21 g cm-3. Insoluble in water. Soluble in molten alkalis (NaOH, KOH) and molten iron.
제조 및 합성 방법
생산 방법
Silicon carbide, also known by the trade name Carborundum, has been manufactured and used as an abrasive material for more than a century. It combines desirable properties of hardness and thermal resistance. It is produced by heating high-grade silica sand with finely ground carbon at 2400°C in an electric furnace. In its powdered or granular form, it has been used as the abrasive material in “paper and wheels.” It is used as an abrasive in sandblasting and engraving. It has been incorporated into ceramics and glass and especially into refractory ceramic materials.
제조 방법
Silicon carbide is prepared by fusing a mixture of silica (sand) and carbon (coke) with some salt and saw dust in an electric arc furnace at 3000°C. SiO2(Sand)+3C(Coke)--(3000℃)--Sic+2CO Salt and saw dust is added to infuse air into the product so that it can be broken into pieces easily. The product obtained is first washed with strong acid followed by strong base to remove basic and acidic impurities respectively. Finally, it is washed with water.
생산 방법
SiC was synthesized at the end of the 18th century with the name carborundum, and it was used as abrasive. In 1920 in Russia, O.V. Losev discovered two types of SiC from electro-luminescence and named them Type I and Type II. The electro-luminescence of Type I is greenish blue colored and that of Type II changes from orange to violet via yellow and green as the voltage increases from 6 to 28 V. The pure crystal is nominally obtained as 6H (a-II) SiC and the crystals with impurity are obtained as 15R and 4H. a-SiC (6H, 15R) is mainly synthesized using the sublimation method by heating the mixture of coke and silica sands at 2000℃ in the electrical furnace. SiC is segregated by cooling after melting Si in the carbon crucible.