파라싸이온(파라티온)

Log Kow= 3.83

3.83

3.8

Usually has a faint odor

... Garlic-like odor ...

Phenol-like odor

1.26 (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

1.26 AT 25 °C/4 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.26

1.27

1.2681 @ 20°C

1.27

The pure material is a yellowish liquid at temperatures above 6 °C

Pale-yellow to dark-brown liquid ... [Note: A solid below 43 degrees F. Pesticide that may be absorbed on a dry carrier].

Pale yellow liquid

Deep brown to yellow liquid

less than 1 mg/mL at 73 °F (NTP, 1992)

PRACTICALLY INSOL IN PETROLEUM ETHER, KEROSENE, & USUAL SPRAY OILS

COMPLETELY SOL IN ALCOHOLS, ESTERS, ETHERS, KETONES, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS, ANIMAL & VEGETABLE OILS

SOL IN CHLOROFORM

Water solubility = 11 mg/l @ 20 °C

Completely miscible with most organic solvents, e.g. dichloromethane >200, isopropanol, toluene, hexane 50 to 100 (all in g/l at 20 °C).

248 to 320 °F (EPA, 1998)

FLASH POINT AT 120-160 °C UNTIL FLAMMABLE IMPURITIES OF TECHNICAL MATERIALS ARE REMOVED ...

120 °C

248-320F

(oc) 392 °F

707 °F at 760 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

375 °C AT 760 MM HG

375 °C

707 °F

375 °C @760 [mm Hg]

707 °F

43 °F (EPA, 1998)

6.1 °C

6.1 °C

6 °C

43 °F

6.1 °C

4.00X10-2 ppm (detection in water; purity not specified)

0.470 mg/cu m

Odor Threshold: 0.476 mg/m (low); 0.4760 mg/m (high).

3.78e-05 mmHg at 68 °F (EPA, 1998)

0.00004 [mmHg]

6.68X10-6 mm Hg @ 20 °C

0.00004 mmHg

0.00004 mmHg

Danger

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]；H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]；H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]；H372 **: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]；H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]；H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P319, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Danger

Hazard Traits - Carcinogenicity; Developmental Toxicity; Environmental tox; Neurotoxicity; Other Toxicological Hazard Traits；Authoritative List - ATSDR Neurotoxicants; CA TACs; CECBP - Priority Chemicals; CWA 303(d); IARC Carcinogens - 2B; Prop 65；Report - regardless of intended function of ingredient in the product

Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 (amended)

Ethyl Parathion is listed in the dataset of EPA Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides under the Safe Drinking Water Act (40 eCFR 141)

01/520/EC

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

When heated to decomposition, it can emit toxic fumes of oxides of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. High pressure hoses may scatter material from broken containers. Containers may explode when heated. Stable in distilled water and in acid solution. Store below 77-86F. It slowly decomposes in air and hydrolyzes in the presence of alkaline material. Containers may explode when heated. (EPA, 1998)

Combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. Liquid formulations containing organic solvents may be flammable.

... NOT HIGHLY FLAMMABLE

... RESIDUE SUPPORT COMBUSTION WHEN TEMPERATURE REACHES 221 °C.

Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.

Combustible when exposed to heat or flame.

This material is extremely toxic; the probable oral lethal dose is 5-50 mg/kg, or between 7 drops and 1 teaspoonful for a 150-lb. person. As little as 1 drop can endanger life if splashed in the eye. Toxicity is highest by inhalation. People at special risk are those with a history of glaucoma, cardiovascular disease, hepatic disease, renal disease, or central nervous system abnormalities. (EPA, 1998)

parathion is a yellow-to-brown liquid with an odor of garlic. It is often dissolved in a hydrocarbon solvent before use. Parathion itself is not volatile. It is almost insoluble in water, slightly soluble in petroleum oils, and miscible with many organic solvents.

Exposure may occur from the use of parathion as an insecticide on agricultural crops. Parathion is extremely toxic from acute (short-term) inhalation, oral, and dermal exposures. The central nervous system, blood, respiratory system, eyes, and skin are the organs most affected by acute exposure of humans to parathion. Chronic (long-term) inhalation and oral exposure of humans and animals to parathion have been observed to result in depressed red blood cell cholinesterase activity, nausea, and headache. No information is available on reproductive, developmental, or carcinogenic effects of parathion in humans. Limited data on animals are available; increased adrenal cortical tumors were observed in rats orally exposed to parathion. EPA has classified parathion as a Group C, possible human carcinogen.

Classified as highly toxic, parathion has an LD50 in rats of 2 to 30 mg/kg; [EXTOXNET] A small number of the organophosphates (OPs) can Induce Delayed Neuropathy (OPIDN). OPIDN usually occurs after ingestion and is usually nonoccupational. [Levy, p. 431] Toxic inhalation of parathion vapor is unlikely at ordinary temperatures because of its low volatility, but toxic effects can occur after inhalation of parathion sprays or dusts. [ATSDR Medical Management] The average of two baseline respective cholinesterase activity determinations three days apart, with no exposures to enzyme inhibiting pesticides for at least 30 days, is recommended for each worker prior to exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors because of large inter-individual differences in published baseline values. To be established at least once a year. Removal from workplace exposures is recommended until the cholinesterase activity returns to within 20% of baseline. [TLVs and BEIs]

Review: Mulla MS, Mian LS; Biological and Environmental Impacts of the Insecticides Malathion and Parathion on Nontarget Biota in Aquatic Ecosystems. Residue Rev 78: 101-35 (1981). In this review most of the avail information on the impact of parathion on non target flora and fauna in aquatic ecosystems & its persistence & distribution in aquatic habitats is collected & interpreted.

NIOSH; Criteria Document: Parathion (1976) DHEW Pub. NIOSH 76-190

USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Parathion (1986) EPA 440/5-86-007

Willems JL et al; Naunyn-Schmiedemberg's Arch Pharmacol 330 (Suppl) (1985)

Bioassay of Parathion for Possible Carcinogenicity (1979) Technical Rpt Series No. 70 DHEW Pub No. (NIH) 79-1320, U.S. Department of Health Education and Welfare, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20014

Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. If a leak or spill has not ignited, use water spray to disperse vapors and to provide protection for firefighters. Water spray may be used to flush spills away from exposures. Fight advanced or massive fires from a safe distance or from a protected location. Special protective clothing should be worn; normal protective clothing may be penetrated.；Use water spray, dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide. (EPA, 1998)

Use water spray, dry powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

CAUTION: Parathion is a cholinestorase inhibitor. It has been reported that as little as one drop of parathion can endanger life if splashed in the eye. Toxicity is highest by inhalation.；Signs and Symptoms of Acute Parathion Exposure: Acute exposure to parathion may produce the following signs and symptoms: pinpoint pupils, blurred vision, headache, dizziness, muscle spasms, and profound weakness. Vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, seizures, and coma may also occur. The heart rate may decrease following oral exposure or increase following dermal exposure. Hypotension (low blood pressure) is not uncommon. Respiratory symptoms include dyspnea (shortness of breath), respiratory depression, and respiratory paralysis. Psychosis may occur.；Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to parathion may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.；Inhalation Exposure:；1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to parathion.；2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.；3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.；4. Transport to a health care facility.；Dermal/Eye Exposure:；1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to parathion.；2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.；3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.；4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.；5. Wash exposed skin areas three times with soap and water.；6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.；7. Transport to a health care facility.；Ingestion Exposure:；1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.；2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.；3. Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac. If elapsed time since ingestion of parathion is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step

(General first aid procedures)；Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.；Skin: Soap wash immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.；Breathing: Respiratory support；Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Acetylcholinesterase activity in red blood cells = 70% of individual's baseline; Total p-nitrophenol in urine = 0.5 mg/g' Sample at end of shift; [ACGIH, 2020]]

0.1 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction[German Research Foundation (DFG)]

Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective.

Self contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure demand, or other positive pressure mode /should be used in firefighting/.

If material /is/ on fire or /is/ involved in fire, extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. ... Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. /Parathion and compressed gas mixture/

If material /is/ on fire or involved in fire, extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. ... Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. /Parathion mixture, dry/

If material /is/ on fire or involved in fire, do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. /Parathion mixture, liquid/

All parathion containers shall be protected from ... corrosion, mechanical damage, and sources of ignition. ... Outdoor storage facilities shall be located at least 20 feet from any dwellings, or a populated area and shall be equipped with a sprinkler system, where feasible.

Pesticides containers must be provided with labels indicating the degree of toxicity of the product they contain. The labels must not only give a short description of how to use the prepn, but also state basic precautions to be taken when applying it. /Organophosphorus pesticides/

1. VENTILATE AREA OF SPILL OR LEAK. 2. COLLECT FOR RECLAMATION, OR ABSORB IN VERMICULITE, DRY SAND, EARTH, OR A SIMILAR MATERIAL.

If material is not on fire & is not involved in fire ... build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if ... /it can be done/ without hazard. ... If material leaking (not on fire) consider evacuation from downwind area based on amount of material spilled, location & weather conditions.

Air spill: Apply water spray to knock down vapors.

Spills of parathion on floors ... absorbed with an absorbing clay. Sweeping compound ... facilitate the removal of all visible traces of parathion contaminated clay.

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for PARATHION (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

In case of leaks or spills, special protective clothing should be worn. Use water spray to disperse vapors and flush spills away. Ventilate area of spill or leak. Spills may be absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material. (EPA, 1998)

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P089, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration, with a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of seconds. Also, a potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration, with a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C, and a residence time of seconds. Also, a potential candidate for liquid injection incineration with a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C, and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for parathion: Reverse osmosis.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Treat remaining liquid with an alkaline substance. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Blood of victims of parathion poisoning (caused by dermal contact during harvesting of tobacco less than 24 hr after application of parathion) contained 34 ng/l of parathion(1). Range of serum parathion levels in 5 workers 3, 7, and 24 hr after a 5 hr exposure to parathion in a cotton field 24 hr after treatment were 3 to 13, 3 to 12, and 1 to 8 ppb, respectively(2). Orchard workers dermally absorbed an avg of 2 mg parathion per each application, in addition to an inhalation exposure of 0.020 mg/hr(3).

If the compound has been ingested, rapid gastric lavage should be performed using 5% sodium bicarbonate. For skin contact, the skin should be washed with soap and water. If the compound has entered the eyes, they should be washed with large quantities of isotonic saline or water. In serious cases, atropine and/or pralidoxime should be administered. Anti-cholinergic drugs work to counteract the effects of excess acetylcholine and reactivate AChE. Atropine can be used as an antidote in conjunction with pralidoxime or other pyridinium oximes (such as trimedoxime or obidoxime), though the use of '-oximes' has been found to be of no benefit, or possibly harmful, in at least two meta-analyses. Atropine is a muscarinic antagonist, and thus blocks the action of acetylcholine peripherally.

COMBINED EFFECTS OF TWO ORGANOPHOSPHATES CAN ... BE ... ANTAGONISTIC ... /MALATHION/ PLUS PARATHION & DRUGS THAT COMPETE WITH ORGANOPHOSPHATES FOR TARGET ESTERASES MAY ENHANCE ORGANOPHOSPHATE TOXICITY OR VICE VERSA. ... METHYLMERCURY ENHANCES ANTICHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY OF PARATHION IN QUAIL ...

... TREATMENT OF RATS WITH DDT, /PHENOBARBITAL, OR BENZO(A)PYRENE/ ... LESSENED TOXICITY OF PARATHION, BUT ... /OTHERS/ DEMONSTRATED THAT ALTHOUGH TREATMENT OF MICE WITH CHLORDANE AFFORDED PROTECTION, DDT DID NOT.

Incubation of both parathion and chlorpyrifos at various concn with mouse hepatic microsomes resulted in the inhibition of prodn of paraoxon, p-nitrophenol, chlorpyrifos oxon, and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, which was characteristic of mixed-type inhibition. This kinetic behavior could arise as a result of competitive interactions of one and two with multiple forms of microsomal cytochrome p450.

Single pass perfusion of mouse livers in situ with parathion resulted in formation of the cholinesterase inhibitor paraoxon, p-nitrophenol, p-nitrophenyl sulfate, and p-nitrophenyl glucuronide. Daily pretreatment of mice with phenobarbital (80 mg/kg, ip) for 4 days induced hepatic cytochrome p450 content, as well as oxidative activation and oxidative detoxification of parathion, as measured in vitro. Phenobarbital pretreatment did not alter production of paraoxon from parathion in mouse livers perfused in situ, although it increased production of p-nitrophenol, p-nitrophenyl sulfate, and p-nitrophenyl glucuronide. Additionally, phenobarbital pretreatment antagonized the acute toxicity of parathion in mice. These results indicate that phenobarbital pretreatment clearly induces that form(s) of cytochrome p450 catalyzing conversion of parathion to paraoxon. Increased amounts of catalyzed conversion of parathion to paraoxon. Increased amounts of paraoxon do not exit perfused livers from phenobarbital pretreated mice, but the enhanced detoxification of parathion to p-nitrophenol, p-nitrophenyl sulfate, and p-nitrophenyl glucuronide likely results in the observed antagonism of parathion's acute toxicity.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for PARATHION (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Endocrine (Glands and Hormones), Immunological (Immune System), Neurological (Nervous System)

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system, cardiovascular system, blood cholinesterase

Acute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Accumulation of ACh at motor nerves causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression at the neuromuscular junction. When this occurs symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, fasciculation, and paralysis can be seen. When there is an accumulation of ACh at autonomic ganglia this causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression in the sympathetic system. Symptoms associated with this are hypertension, and hypoglycemia. Overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system, due to accumulation of ACh, results in anxiety, headache, convulsions, ataxia, depression of respiration and circulation, tremor, general weakness, and potentially coma. When there is expression of muscarinic overstimulation due to excess acetylcholine at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors symptoms of visual disturbances, tightness in chest, wheezing due to bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial secretions, increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, peristalsis, and urination can occur. Certain reproductive effects in fertility, growth, and development for males and females have been linked specifically to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Most of the research on reproductive effects has been conducted on farmers working with pesticides and insecticdes in rural areas. In females menstrual cycle disturbances, longer pregnancies, spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and some developmental effects in offspring have been linked to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Prenatal exposure has been linked to impaired fetal growth and development. Neurotoxic effects have also been linked to poisoning with OP pesticides causing four neurotoxic effects in humans: cholinergi

LD50 DENDROCYGNA BICOLOR (FULVOUS WHISTLING-DUCK) ORAL 0.125-0.250 MG/KG /SAMPLE PURITY, 98.76%/

LD50 MALLARD ORAL 2.13 MG/KG (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 1.54-2.96 MG/KG), 3-4 MO OLD MALES /98.76% TECHNICAL GRADE/

LD50 ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS (MALLARD) ORAL 1.90 MG/KG (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 1.37-2.64 MG/KG), 2-3 MO OLD FEMALES /SAMPLE PURITY, 98.76%/

LD50 PHASIANUS COLCHICUS (PHEASANT) ORAL 12.4 MG/KG, 2-3 MO OLD MALES /SAMPLE PURITY, 98.76%

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for PARATHION (43 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

AQUATIC FATE: ... PARATHION ... SHOWN TO BE 2-3 TIMES MORE PERSISTENT THAN METHYL PARATHION IN NATURAL WATER SYSTEMS.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: PERSISTENCE OF PARATHION WAS PARTIALLY DEPENDENT ON SOIL TYPE. IN SOME SOILS DEGRADATION WAS RAPID & PROBABLY THROUGH COMBINATION OF HYDROLYSIS & STRONG MICROBIAL ACTIVITY. IN OTHER SOILS ... LOSS WAS SLOW & ATTRIBUTABLE TO HYDROLYSIS.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values ranging from 314 to 15,860(2) indicate that parathion is expected to have moderate to no mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of parathion from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 2.98X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(4). Parathion is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon a vapor pressure of 6.68X10-6 mm Hg at 20 °C(4). The half-life for photodecomposition of parathion on 3 soils with various water contents ranged from 31 to 70 hr(5). After 8 weeks of incubation in an organic and a mineral soil, <2 and 6%, respectively, of the 1 ppm parathion applied remained; in sterilized controls 80 and 95% remained(6). Prior exposure of soils to p-nitrophenol resulted in increased mineralization of parathion to carbon dioxide(7). Metabolic pathways involve both oxidative and reductive reactions(8). The primary oxidative pathway involves an initial hydrolysis to p-nitrophenol and diethylthiophosphoric acid; a second oxidative pathway involves oxidation to paraoxon(8). Under low oxygen conditions reduction to aminoparathion occurs(8).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), sediment Koc values ranging from 3,086 to 38,000(2) indicate that some adsorption of parathion to suspended solids and sediment in the water column is expected(SRC). Parathion is not expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.98X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(4). According to a classification scheme(5), BCFs ranging from 63 to 462(6), suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate to high(SRC). Irradiation of parathion for 10 hr in aerated distilled water resulted in 88% degradation(7). 20% of parathion was lost by photolysis in 2 hr in Okeefenokee Swamp water(8). Reported hydrolysis half-lives at 20 °C at environmentally relevant pHs range from 3 weeks at pH 9(9) to 43 weeks at pH 5(10); the half-life for hydrolysis in sterile sea water has been reported to be approximately 1 yr at 4 °C(11). It is thought that divalent cations catalyze hydrolysis(11). Parathion biodegrades in acclimated natural waters within several weeks(12,13). Parathion, 5 ppm, completely degraded within 2 weeks in acclimated water from Holland Marsh, Ontario, being almost quantitatively converted to aminoparathion; only 10% degradation occurred in 16 weeks when the water was sterilized(12). After 30 days incubation in non-sterile (sterile) coastal river water, only 21, 14, and 6% (64, 57, and 49%) of parathion remained at pH values of 6,7, and 8.16, respectively(14).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), parathion, which has a vapor pressure of 6.68X10-6 mm Hg at 20 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase parathion is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4.2 hours(SRC) from the estimated rate constant(3). Particulate-phase parathion may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Parathion absorbs radiation with wavelengths shorter than 320 nm(4), suggesting a potential for direct photolysis(SRC).

Results for parathion from the US FDA's Total Diet studies of pesticides and other chemicals in Infant and Toddler Total Diet samples in which typical 14-day diet samples are collected from urban areas throughout the US (Fiscal Year - average intake (ug/kg body weight/day)) are: Infants FY77 0.011, FY78 0.005, FY79 0.002, FY80 0.003, FY81/82 0.003; Toddlers FY77 <0.001, FY78 0.003, FY79 0.002, FY80 ND, FY81/82 0.002(1,2). For FY81/82 this represented an average daily intake of 0.021 ug and 0.0227 ug for infants and toddlers, respectively(1). The food classes contributing to this input were vegetables and fruit/fruit juices where the average concentrations were 0.1 and 0.2 ppb, respectively(1). Results from the US FDA's Adult Total Diet Study in which the typical 14-day diet of a 16-19 yr male was collected from market basket composite samples in 12 food groups through the US (Fiscal Year-average intake (ug/kg body wt/day)) are: FY65-70 average 0.01(4), FY71-76 average 0.001(3), FY77 0.002, FY78 0.004, FY79 0.002(5), FY80 0.001, FY81/82 0.002(6). For FY81/82, 27 cities were sampled. There were 17 positive samples out of the 27 composite samples from each of the 12 food groups, containing trace to 0.0010 ppm of parathion(6). The average 70 kg man would have an intake of 0.166 ug/day(6). The food classes which contained parathion are (class, average concn, (ppm), (no positive)): leafy vegetables 0 vegetable 0.0001(2), root vegetable 0.0001(6), and fruits 0.0003(4). Dairy products, meat/fish/poultry, sugar and adjuncts, and beverages (including drinking water) were negative in all surveys(3-6). In a Canadian total diet study which took winter and summer composite samples of 11 food classes in 5 Canadian cities, parathion was identified in leafy vegetable composites from Montreal (summer) and Vancouver (winter) and winter fruit composites from Montreal at contributions of 0.04, 0.02, and 3.3 ug/day(7). Parathion has been recommended for application to lettuce at the rate

Parathion was detected in 4 composite samples of carrots with an average concn of 0.06 ng/kg(1). Parathion was detected in 2 composite samples of peaches with an avg concn of 0.05 ng/kg(2). Parathion was detected by the FDA Los Angeles District on 119 various agricultural commodities at concn ranging from 0.05 to 2 ppm(3). Parathion was found in 1 of 20 grain and cereal samples for adults at a mean concentration of 0.0001 ppm, with a range from 0 to 0.001 ppm, and in 3 of 20 leafy vegetable samples at a mean concn of 0.0004 ppm, with a range from trace amounts to 0.006 ppm, and in 1 of 20 legume vegetable samples at a mean concentration of 0.0001 ppm, with a range from 0 to 006 ppm, (FDA: Total Diet Study)(4). Parathion was detected in 30% of rice, 80% of avocados, 70% of strawberries, 70% of tomatoes, and 20% of lettuce sampled in Mexico(5). Parathion was detected in unspecified fruits in China at concns ranging from 0.0 to 5.7 ug/kg, avg 2.0 ug/kg(6). During a total diet study conducted between April 1991 and March 1993 in Belgium, parathion was detected in the following fresh food commodities (% positive samples, max value, mean value): endive (2.7%, 0.1, 0.005), celery leaves (9.0%, 0.8 ppm, 0.029 ppm), lettuce (0.9%, 0.026 ppm, 0.005 ppm), spinach (7.3%, 2.65 ppm, 0.067 ppm), parsley (6.0%, 0.22 ppm, and 0.012 ppm), leeks (1.8%, 0.04 ppm, 0.006 ppm), lamb's lettuce (1.0%, 0.06 ppm, 0.003 ppm), carrots (3.8%, 0.23 ppm, 0.009 ppm), currants (2.3%, 0.02 ppm, 0.006), oranges (1.8%, 0.02 ppm, 0.002 ppm), lemons (3.6%, 0.11 ppm, 0.005 ppm), and grapes (3.7%, 0.2 ppm, 0.007 ppm)(7). Parathion was detected in unspecified foods during the 1994 regulatory monitoring by the U.S. FDA(8). Parathion was detected in 39 Total Diet study foods between 1984 to 1986; it occurred in 2% of foods between 1984 and 1986 and 3% between 1982 and 1984(9). Parathion was detected in 8% of 556 food samples collected from retail markets in the urban area of Rome(10). During fiscal year 1988

Parathion was detected in the following domestic agricultural commodities in Canada sampled between Jan 1992 and March 1994: fresh carrots, fresh celery, fresh head lettuce, and fresh tomatoes(1). It was detected in the following imported agricultural commodities in Canada sampled between Jan 1992 and March 1994: fresh apples, fresh beans, fresh celery, fresh grapes, fresh limes, fresh oranges, fresh pears, and fresh sweet peppers(1). Parathion was detected in the following domestic agricultural commodities in Canada sampled between April 1989 and Dec 1991: fresh carrots, fresh lettuce, fresh peaches, and fresh potatoes(2). It was detected in the following imported agricultural commodities in Canada sampled between Jan 1992 and March 1994: fresh apples, fresh celery, fresh cranberries, fresh grapes, fresh oranges, fresh peppers, and fresh tomatoes(2). Parathion was detected in the following California crops: grapefruit, navel oranges, grapes, nectarines, peaches, plums, and prunes(3). Parathion was detected in 53 of 234 ready-to-eat foods tested repetitively for 10 years, 1982 to 1991, through the US FDA's Revised Market Basket Survey at an average concentration of 0.0043 ug/g(4). In an FDA survey of domestic and imported pears (tomatoes) conducted between 1992 and 1993, parathion was detected in 1 out of 710 domestic pears (2 out of 1,219 domestic tomatoes at a maximum concentration of 0.01 ppm)at a concentration of 0.02 ppm and in 2 out of 949 imported pears at a maximum concentration of 0.04 ppm(5). In an FDA survey of domestic and imported apples conducted between 1993 and 1994, parathion was detected in 1 out of 769 samples of domestic apples at a concentration of 0.02 ppm; it was not detected in imported apples(6). In a survey of US produce conducted from 1989 to 1991, parathion was detected in 13 of 6,970 produce samples, including apples, grapefruit, lemons, limes, oranges, peaches, and strawberries(7).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol, through the skin, by ingestion and through the eyes.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral(L633) ; inhalation (L633) ; dermal (L633).

Hazard Traits - Carcinogenicity; Developmental Toxicity; Environmental tox; Neurotoxicity; Other Toxicological Hazard Traits；Authoritative List - ATSDR Neurotoxicants; CA TACs; CECBP - Priority Chemicals; CWA 303(d); IARC Carcinogens - 2B; Prop 65；Report - regardless of intended function of ingredient in the product

Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 (amended)

Ethyl Parathion is listed in the dataset of EPA Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides under the Safe Drinking Water Act (40 eCFR 141)

01/520/EC

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

P089; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when parathion, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to federal and/or state hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any container or inner liner used to hold this waste or any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5(e)).

Tolerances are established for residues of the insecticide parathion or its methyl homolog in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: alfalfa (fresh); alfalfa hay; almonds; almond hulls; apples; apricots; artichokes; avocados; barley; beans; beet greens (alone); beets (with or without tops); beets, sugar; beets, sugar (tops); blackberries; blueberries (huckleberries); boysenberries; broccoli; brussels sprouts; cabbage; carrots; cauliflower; celery; cherries; citrus fruits; clover; collards; corn; corn, forage; cottonseed; cranberries; cucumbers; currants; dates; dewberries; eggplants; endive (escarole); figs; filberts; garlic; gooseberries; grapes; grass (forage); guavas; hops; kale; kohlrabi; lettuce; loganberries; mangoes; melons; mustard greens; mustard seed; nectarines; oats; okra; olives; onions; parsnips (with or without tops); parsnip greens (alone); peaches; peanuts; pears; peas; peas, forage; pecans; peppers; pineapples; plums (fresh prunes); potatoes; pumpkins; quinces; radishes (with or without tops); radish, tops; rape seed; raspberries; rice; rutabagas (with or without tops); rutabaga tops; safflower seed; sorghum; sorghum fodder; sorghum forage; soybeans; soybean hay; spinach; squash; strawberries; summer squash; sugarcane; sugarcane fodder; sugarcane forage; sunflower seed; sweet potatoes; Swiss chard; tomatoes; turnips (with or without tops); turnips greens; vetch; walnuts; wheat; and youngberries.

While petitions for tolerances for negligible residues are pending and until action is completed onthese petitions, interim tolerances are established for residues of the listed pesticide chemicals in or on raw agricultural commodities as follows: parathion or its methyl homolog, herbicide /SRP: Insecticide/, rye.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Parathion is found on List A, which contains most food use pesticides and consists of the 194 chemical cases (or 350 individual active ingredients) for which EPA issued registration standards prior to FIFRA, as amended in 1988. Case No: 0155; Pesticide type: insecticide; Registration Standard Date: 09/03/86; Case Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): Parathion; Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 10/19/92, 11/23/93, 10/13/95, 03/14/96; AI Status: The producers of the pesticide has made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner.

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Parathion is included on this list.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 10 lb or 4.54 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Parathion is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 100 lbs.

Freshwater aquatic organisms and their uses should not be affected unacceptably if the four day average concn of parathion does not exceed 0.013 ug/l more than once every three years on the average and if the one hour average concn does not exceed 0.065 ug/l more than once every three years on the average.

Designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance.

(AZ) ARIZONA 30 ug/l

(CA) CALIFORNIA 40 ug/l

(FL) FLORIDA 42 ug/l

(ME) MAINE 0.2 ug/l

Parathion is converted in the body in part to paraoxon, a strong inhibitor of the enzyme acetyl cholinesterase. Upon inhibition of this enzyme in the tissues, acetylcholine, the substance responsible for transmission of nerve impulses in much of the nervous system, accumulates, producing an initial overstimulation, and subsequent blockage of nerve stimuli.

... PARATHION & METHYL PARATHION ... DEPEND ON OXIDATIVE ACTIVATION BY REPLACEMENT OF THIONO-SULFUR WITH OXYGEN FOR ... TOXICITY.

The toxic effects of thiono-sulfur containing compounds appear to be partially the result of metabolism to reactive intermediates by cytochrome p450 containing monooxygenase enzyme systems. Covalent binding of (atomic) sulfur released in the cytochrome p450 monooxygenase catalyzed metabolism of certain thiono-sulfur compounds appears to be responsible for inhibition of monooxygenase activity & the loss of cytochrome p450 seen on admin of these compounds in vivo & incubation with cytochrome p450 monooxygenase enzymes in vitro. Liver necrosis & perhaps the induction of lung edema & neoplasia, as well as other effects of thiono-sulfur containing compounds are more likely the result of the covalent binding of electrophilic S-oxides or S-dioxides or carbene derivatives to tissue macromolecules. The rationale for implicating metabolites of thiono-sulfur compounds other than sulfur in these effects derives from the experiments with thioacetamide & the fact that atomic sulfur is highly reactive & appears to bind predominantly or exclusively to cytochrome p450.

Organophosphorus derivatives act by combining with and inactivating the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). ... The inactivation of cholinesterase by cholinesterase inhibitor pesticides allows the accumulation of large amounts of acetylcholine, with resultant widespread effects that may be ... separated into 4 categories: (1) Potentiation of postganglionic parasympathetic activity. ... (2) Persistent depolarization of skeletal muscle ... (3) Initial stimulation following depression of cells of central nervous system ... (4) Variable ganglionic stimulation or blockade ... /Cholinesterase inhibitor pesticides/

For more Mechanism of Action (Complete) data for PARATHION (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

THE METABOLISM OF ... PARATHION ... HAS BEEN EXTENSIVELY STUDIED IN A WIDE VARIETY OF ORGANISMS, INCL MICROORGANISMS, PLANTS, INSECTS & MAMMALS. ... /ITS BIOTRANSFORMATION/ DEPENDS ON OXIDATIVE ACTIVATION BY REPLACEMENT OF THIONO SULFUR WITH OXYGEN FOR ... TOXICITY. COMPETING WITH THIS INTOXICATION REACTION ARE HYDROLYSIS REACTIONS THAT RESULT IN DETOXIFICATION. THE RING NITRO GROUP CAN ALSO BE REDUCED, PARTICULARLY IN BOVINE RUMEN FLUID, TO AMINO GROUP; THIS RESULTS IN AMINO PARATHION ... OXIDATIVE ACTIVATION TAKES PLACE PRIMARILY IN LIVER. A NUMBER OF ... /STUDIES/ HAVE SHOWN THAT, IN LIVER MICROSOMAL MIXED FUNCTION OXIDASE SYSTEMS, PRESENCE OF REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE & OXYGEN ARE RESPONSIBE FOR THIS REACTION. THE CONVERSION OF PARATHION TO PARAOXON HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED ... IN VIVO & IN VITRO. DEGRADATIVE REACTIONS THAT RESULT IN DETOXIFICATION OF PARATHION ... INVOLVE ... DEARYLATION. THE RESULTING ... DIMETHYL PHOSPHORIC ACIDS ARE ESSENTIALLY NONTOXIC.

Although the main degradation reaction of parathion is preceded by oxidation to oxon and by hydrolysis to p-nitrophenol, reduction to aminoparathion and oxidation to aminoparaoxon have been observed in microsomes /from female albino S-D rat liver cells; rat liver mitochondrial subfraction/. Parathion is also reduced to aminoparathion through nitrosoparathion, and hydroxyamino parathion successively in plants /such as spinach/.

MAJOR METABOLIC PRODUCTS /OF PARATHION METABOLISM IN ANIMALS/ INCL 4-NITROPHENYL PHOSPHATE, DIETHYL HYDROGEN PHOSPHOROTHIONATE, DIETHYL HYDROGEN PHOSPHATE & P-NITROPHENOL. ... THE REACTION RESULTING IN THE FORMATION OF DIETHYL HYDROGEN PHOSPHOROTHIONATE & P-NITROPHENOL REQUIRES THE SAME COFACTORS ... /SUCH AS/, OXYGEN & REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DICUCLEOTIDE , AS THE BIOTRANSFORMATION OF PARATHION INTO 4-NITROPHENYL PHOSPHATE.

WEANLING HOLTZMAN RATS, MALE & FEMALE, WERE INJECTED WITH PARATHION. COCHROMATOGRAPHY WAS USED TO IDENTIFY TISSUE RESIDUES /WHICH CONSISTED/ ... OF DIETHYLPHOSPHORATE, DIETHYL PHOSPHOROTHIOATE, PARAOXON & PARATHION. WHEREAS LIVER, KIDNEY, SKELETAL MUSCLE & PLASMA CONTAINED RESIDUES OF ALL FOUR COMPOUNDS, ONLY PARATHION & PARAOXON WERE FOUND IN BRAIN & FAT TISSUES. DEPA & DEPTA OCCURRED AS THE MAJOR METABOLITES IN URINE WITH PARATHION & PAROXON PRESENT AS TRACES ONLY. ... IN VITO STUDIES WITH LIVER HOMOGENATES SHOWED THAT ADULT MALE RATS POSSESS HIGHER ACTIVITY THAN WEANLINGS OR ADULT FEMALES FOR BOTH THE OXIDATIVE & HYDROLYTIC PATHWAYS OF PARATHION.

For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for PARATHION (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Parathion has known human metabolites that include Paraoxon.

Drugs that inhibit cholinesterases. The neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE is rapidly hydrolyzed, and thereby inactivated, by cholinesterases. When cholinesterases are inhibited, the action of endogenously released acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses is potentiated. Cholinesterase inhibitors are widely used clinically for their potentiation of cholinergic inputs to the gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder, the eye, and skeletal muscles; they are also used for their effects on the heart and the central nervous system.

Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics.

... RAPIDLY TRANSPORTED THROUGHOUT SYSTEM /OF ANIMALS/ AFTER ABSORPTION. ... ONLY TISSUE ACCUMULATION OF PARATHION ... THAT HAS BEEN OBSERVED IS IRREVERSIBLE BINDING TO ESTERASE ENZYMES.

PARATHION IS ABSORBED THROUGH SKIN, THE GUT, & BY INHALATION. IN MICE, PARATHION IS ABSORBED TWICE AS RAPIDLY THROUGH THE GUT AS THROUGH THE SKIN. AFTER SC INJECTIONS OF (32)P PARATHION TO MICE, AUTORADIOGRAPHY SHOWED IT TO BE VERY SLOWLY ABSORBED, WITH LOW LEVEL OF RADIOACTIVITY IN THE BLOOD. HIGHEST ACTIVITY APPEARED IN SALIVARY GLANDS & CERVICAL FAT, FOLLOWED BY LIVER, KIDNEY, GASTRIC WALL, THYROID, SPLEEN, & LUNG. LESS ACTIVITY WAS NOTED IN CNS, MUSCULATURE & BONE MARROW. PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION RATES OF PARATHION & ITS METABOLITE PARAOXON WERE USED TO COMPARE IV INFUSION & DERMAL ABSORPTION IN RABBITS: PARAOXON WAS ABSORBED ABOUT 5 TIMES MORE RAPIDLY ...

... THE FACT THAT PARATHION HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED IN DEAD FETUSES OF MOTHERS POISONED WITH OVERDOSE IS STRONG EVIDENCE FOR ... PLACENTAL TRANSFER ...

PARATHION & PARATHION METABOLITES COULD NOT BE DETECTED IN MILK OF COWS CHRONICALLY TREATED ... @ ... LEVELS UP TO 32 MG/KG BODY WT/DAY.

For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for PARATHION (21 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Parathion is primarily used as an insecticide on fruit, cotton, wheat, vegetables, and nut crops.

In the U.S. parathion may be used only by licensed applicators on alfalfa, barley, corn, cotton, sorghum, soybeans, sunflowers, and wheat. [EXTOXNET]

Use on fruit, nut and vegetable crops cancelled by EPA in 1992; [EXTOXNET]

Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]

... Parathion controls a variety of insects such as aphids, mites, beetles, Lepidoptera, leaf hoppers, leafminers, and other pests found on fruits, cotton, vegetables, and forage crops. It also controls several soil insects such as wireworms, rootworms, and symphilids.

Used for control of nematodes in beet & ornamentals

The following impurities were identified in one sample of technical-grade parathion: O,O-diethyl thiophosphoryl chloride; O,O,O-triethyl thiophosphate; O,O-diethyl S-ethyl thiophosphate; O,O-diethyl S-ethyl dithiophosphate; nitrophenetole; nitrophenol; parathion isomers; & the dithio analogue of parathion.

The analysis of technical organophosphorus insecticides by (31)P nuclear magnetic resonance showed the major known toxic contaminants to be simple trialkyl phosphorothio- and -dithioic acid esters and the S-alkyl insecticide isomers. Small amt of the bis derivatives & the dithiopyrophosphate were also detected. These contaminants included both byproducts from the synthesis as well as degradation products. This procedure was used to analyze the following technical grade products: ronnel, sulfotepp, methyl parathion, dimethoate, malathion, methidathion, ethion, phosalone, & fenitrothion. /Organophosphorous insecticides/

INSECTICIDE FOR WHEAT, 49%; DECIDUOUS FRUITS & NUTS, 14%; VEGETABLES, 14%; SORGHUM, 11%; COTTON, 4%; CITRUS, 1%; OTHER FIELD CROPS EG, BARLEY & OATS, 7% (1982 AGRICULTURAL CROP USE)

(1978) 3.27X10+9 G (CONSUMPTION)

(1982) 3.90X10+9 G (CONSUMPTION)

PARATHION ... /IS/ PREPARED BY THE REACTION OF DIETHYL ... PHOSPHOROCHLORIDOTHIOATE WITH SODIUM P-NITROPHENATE.

In the 1st step, ethyl dithiophiosphone acid ... /is/ prepared by reacting ... anhydrous ethyl alcohol with ... phosphorous pentasulfide. ... The chlorination step follows & may use elemental chlorine, sulfur monochloride or sulfur dichloride. ... A production & waste schematic for the overall process of parathion manufacture /for a typical plant producing 20,000 tons per year/ is. ... /described by/ Gruber GI (TRW Systems Group); Report EPA/530/SW-118c, Washington, DC, USEPA (April 1975). To ... thiophosphoryl chloride ... an approx 20% soln of sodium ethylate in ethyl alcohol /is added/. ... To this mixture ... p-nitrophenol ... /was added/ & to this resulting solution was added. ... Approx 20% soln of sodium ethylate in ethyl alcohol ... water /is added to the reaction mixture/ in order to dissolve sodium chloride & to separate the O,O-diethyl O-p-nitrophenyl thiophosphate from the residual alcohol.

Original prepn: Thurston, FIAT Report 949 (1946); Coates, Topley, BIOS Final Report 1808 (1947). See also Fletcher et al., J Am Chem Soc 70, 3943 (1948).

From sodium ethylate, thiophosphoryl chloride, and sodium p-nitrophenate.

Technical parathion is available as a dark brown liquid containing 98.5% active ingredient & 1.5% inert ingredients.

... Granules, ULV liquid ...

Wettable powder; emulsifiable concentrate; granule; dispersible powder; capsule suspension; aerosol.

Mixtures (parathion +) endosulfan; ethion; lindane; oxydemeton-methyl; petroleum oil; tetradifon; malathion; malathion + methoxychlor; parathion-methyl; thiometon; methamidophos.

Acaricides, Insecticides

INSECTICIDES

The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard identifies Parathion (technical grade) as Class IA: extremely hazardous; Main Use: insecticide. According to the PIC /Prior Informed Consent/ Convention, export of /Parathion/ can only take place with the prior informed consent of the importing Party. ...(further information can be found at: http://www.pic.int/).

A restricted use pesticide in the USA.

Discontinued formulations include parathion plus chlorbenside.

Compatible with other insecticides & fungicides.

For more General Manufacturing Information (Complete) data for PARATHION (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.