Fentanyl → 4-anilino-N-phenethylpiperidone

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Fentanyl was first synthesized in 1960 by Paul Janssen founder of Janssen Pharmaceutica involving reacting N-phenethylpiperidone with aniline to produce 4-anilino-N-phenethylpiperidone with yield of about 50-80% using sodium borohydride at room temperature followed by reacting with propionyl chloride in presence of pyridine wherein the reaction is exothermic and thus requires stringent process conditions. The fentanyl thus obtained with a yield over 90% is further purified by crystallization.

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