반응 단계
The term “bracer” as used herein refers to substance that restores or increase vigor. As is commonly known in the art, bracers may be obtained by extraction from a natural source or may be synthetically produced. Non-limiting examples of bracers include methylxanthines, e.g., caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline. Additionally, numerous other xanthine derivatives have been isolated or synthesized, that may be utilized as a bracer in the compositions herein. See e.g., Bruns, Biochemical Pharmacology, Vol. 30, pp. 325-333 (1981) which describes, inter alia, xanthine, 9-methyl xanthine, 7-methyl xanthine, 3-methyl xanthine, 3,7-dimethyl xanthine, 8-chloromethyl-3,7-dimethyl xanthine, 8-hydroxymethyl-3,7-dimethyl xanthine, 3,7-diethyl xanthine, 3,7-bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)xanthine, 3-propyl-7-(dimethylaminoethyl)xanthine, 1-methyl xanthine, 1,9-dimethyl xanthine, 1-methyl-8-methylthio xanthine, 8-phenyl-1-methyl xanthine, 1,7-dimethyl xanthine, 1,7-dimethyl-8-oxo xanthine, 1,3-dimethyl xanthine, 1,3,9-trimethyl xanthine, 8-fluoro theophylline, 8-chloro theophylline, 8-bromo theophylline, 8-thio theophylline, 8-methylthio theophylline, 8-ethylthio theophylline, 8-nitro theophylline, 8-methylamino theophylline, 8-dimethylamino theophylline, 8-methyl theophylline, 8-ethyl theophylline, 8-propyl theophylline, 8-cyclopropyl theophylline, theophylline-8-propionate (ethyl ester), 8-benzyl theophylline, 8-cyclopentyl theophylline, 8-cyclohexyl theophylline, 8-(3-indolyl)theophylline, 8-phenyl theophylline, 9-methyl-8-phenyl theophylline, 8-(p-chlorophenyl)theophylline, 8-(p-bromophenyl)theophylline, 8-(p-methoxyphenyl)theophylline, 8-(p-nitrophenyl)theophylline, 8-(p-dimethylaminophenyl) theophylline, 8-(p-methylphenyl)theophylline, 8-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)theophylline, 8-(m-nitrophenyl)theophylline, 8-(o-nitrophenyl)theophylline, 8-(o-carboxyphenyl)theophylline, 8-(1-naphthyl)theophylline, 8-(2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)theophylline, 7-methoxy-8-phenyl theophylline, 1,3,7-trimethyl xanthine, S-chloro caffeine, S-oxo caffeine, S-methoxy caffeine, S-methylamino caffeine, 8-diethylamino caffeine, 8-ethyl caffeine, 7-ethyl theophylline, 7-(2-chloroethyl)theophylline, 7-(2-hydroxyethyl)theophylline, 7-(carboxymethyl)theophylline, 7-(carboxymethyl)theophylline (ethyl ester), 7-(2-hydroxypropyl)theophylline, 7-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)theophylline, 7-.beta.D-ribofuranosyl theophylline, 7-(glycero-pent-2-enopyranosyl)theophylline, 7-phenyl theophylline, 7,8-diphenyl theophylline, 1-methyl-3,7-diethyl xanthine, 1-methyl-3-isobutyl xanthine, 1-ethyl-3,7-dimethyl xanthine, 1,3-diethyl xanthine, 1,3,7-triethyl xanthine, 1-ethyl-3-propyl-7-butyl-8-methyl xanthine, 1,3-dipropyl xanthine, 1,3-diallyl xanthine, 1-butyl-3,7-dimethyl xanthine, 1-hexyl-3,7-dimethyl xanthine, and 1-(5-oxohexyl)-3,7-dimethyl xanthine. Additionally, one or more bracers are present in, for example, coffee, tea, kola nut, cacao pod, mate, yaupon, guarana paste, and yoco. Natural plant extracts may be used as sources of bracers as they may contain other compounds that delay the bioavailability of the bracer. A commonly utilized methylxanthine is caffeine. Caffeine may be obtained from the aforementioned plants or, alternatively, may be prepared synthetically. Botanical sources of caffeine that may be utilized as a complete or partial source of caffeine include green tea, guarana, mate, black tea, cola nuts, cocoa, and coffee.
