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乙醛
乙醛 · 乙酵 · 乙醛 水 · 无水乙醛 · 乙醛溶液 · 水中乙醛 · 工业乙醛 · 99乙醛
标识与物理属性
| CAS No. | 75-07-0 |
|---|---|
| 分子式 | C2H4O |
| 平均分子量 | 44.05 g/mol |
| 单同位素质量 | 44.02621475 g/mol |
| SMILES | CC=O |
| InChIKey | IKHGUXGNUITLKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| PubChem CID | 177 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL170365 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:15343 |
| EC No. | 200-836-8 |
| DTXSID | DTXSID5039224 |
| 中文名 | 乙醛 |
化学与物理性质
| XLogP | -0.3 |
|---|---|
| 极性表面积 | 17.1 |
| 氢键供体 | 0 |
| 氢键受体 | 1 |
| 可旋转键 | 0 |
| 重原子 | 3 |
| 形式电荷 | 0 |
| 复杂度 | 10.3 |
| 物质类别 | Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)Urban Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) - EPA specified greatest potential health threat in urban areasOther Classes -> AldehydesCarcinogens |
| 化妆品 | Cosmetics ingredient -> FlavorFragranceOther (Specify)Nail conditioning |
| SpringerMaterials Properties | Coriolis coupling |
| 香料 | Fragrance Ingredient (Acetaldehyde) -> IFRA transparency List |
| 农药 | Pesticide -> EPA IRIS |
| LogP（油水分配系数） | log Kow = -0.340.63 |
| 气味 | Pungent, fruity odorPungent, suffocating odor that is somewhat fruity and quite pleasant in dilute concentrations.Pungent, fruity odor detectable at 0.0068 to 1000 ppm (mean = 0.067 ppm) |
| 味道 | Tart taste (fruits containing acetaldehyde before ripening) |
| 食品添加剂 | FLAVORING AGENT OR ADJUVANT -> FDA Substance added to food |
| 密度 | 0.78 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than waterwill float0.7834 g/cu cm at 18 °CRelative density (water = 1): 0.780.804-0.811(0 °C/20 °C)0.790.784 @ 20°C0.785 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.) |
| 食用香料 | EU Flavoring substances |
| Viscosity | 0.253 mPa s at 9.5 °C0.21 mPa s at 20 °C |
| 熔点 | -125 °C (lit.) |
| 沸点 | 21 °C (lit.) |
| 蒸气密度 | 1.03 (vs air) |
| 蒸气压 | 52 mm Hg ( 37 °C) |
| 折射率 | n20/D 1.377 |
| FEMA | 2003 | ACETALDEHYDE |
| 闪点 | 133 °F |
| 储存条件 | 2-8°C |
| 溶解性 | alcohols: soluble> 500 g/L (20 ºC) |
| pKa（酸度系数） | 13.57(at 25℃) |
| 形态 | solution |
| 颜色 | White to off-white |
| 比重 | 0.823 (20/4℃) (90% Soln.) |
| pH | 5 (10g/l, H2O, 20℃) |
| 嗅觉阈值 | 0.0015ppm |
| 香型 | ethereal |
| 生物来源 | synthetic |
| 爆炸极限 | 4-57%(V) |
| 敏感性 | Air Sensitive |
| Merck | 14,39 |
| JECFA Number | 80 |
| BRN | 505984 |
| 亨利常数 | 7.69 at 25 °C (Snider and Dawson, 1985:Benkelberg et al., 1995) |
| 暴露限值 | ACGIH TLV-TWA:180 mg/m3 (100 ppm)TLV-CEILING:25 ppm (45 mg/m3)OSHA PEL-TWA:200 ppm (360 mg/m³)NIOSH REL-TWA:360 mg/m3 (200 ppm) |
| 介电常数 | 21.8(5℃) |
| 稳定性 | Stable, but air sensitive. Substances to be avoided include strong oxidizing agents, strong acids, reducing agents, alkalies, halogens, halogen oxides. Highly flammable. Vapour/air mixtures explosive over a very wide concentration range. May form peroxides in storage. |
| 化妆品成分功效 | FRAGRANCE |
| InChI | 1S/C2H4O/c1-2-3/h2H,1H3 |
| InChIKey | IKHGUXGNUITLKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| SMILES | CC=O |
| LogP（油水分配系数） | -0.16 |
| CAS 数据库 | 75-07-0(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| (IARC)致癌物分类 | 2B (Vol. 36, Sup 7, 71) 1999, 1 (Vol. 100E) 2012 |
| NIST化学物质信息 | Acetaldehyde(75-07-0) |
| EPA化学物质信息 | Acetaldehyde (75-07-0) |
化学性质
乙醛（CAS：75-07-0），分子式CH3CHO， 无色易流动液体。有辛辣刺激性气味。相对密度 0.783(18/4℃)，熔点-121℃，沸点20.8℃。 能溶于水和乙醇、乙醚、氯仿等。易燃烧、易挥发，其蒸气与空气会形成爆炸性混合物，爆炸极限4.0～5.70%(体积)。容易氧化生成醋酸。在浓硫酸和盐酸作用下容易聚合而成三聚乙醛。乙醛具有醛类的通性，此外，还可发生卤仿反应、聚合反应。
化学性质
无色、易燃、易挥发、易流动的液体，有辛辣刺激性气味。 与水、乙醇、乙醚、苯、汽油、甲苯、二甲苯和丙酮混溶。
安全与法规
| GHS 分类 | DangerH224: Extremely flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264+P265, P271, P280, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P318, P319, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)H224 (100%): Extremely flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement) |
|---|---|
| 法规信息 | Chemical: AcetaldehydeHazard Traits - CarcinogenicityDermatotoxicityNeurotoxicityOcular ToxicityRespiratory ToxicityRegulation (EC) No 1935/2004 (amended)Acetaldehyde is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Acetaldehyde are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)Status: Active Update: 27-04-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/14231Acetaldehyde: HSNO Approval: HSR001069 Approved with controls |
| 其他安全信息 | IMAP assessments - Acetaldehyde: Human health tier II assessment |
| 运输标签（DOT） | Flammable Liquid |
| 火灾危害 | Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Produces irritating vapor when heated· HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.Extremely flammable. Vapour/air mixtures are explosive. |
| 火灾可能性 | Highly flammable liquid.Acetaldehyde vapor leaking into a building equipped only with flameproof electrical equipment ... ignited, possibly on contact with rusted steel, corroded aluminum or hot steam lines.Mixtures of 30-60% of acetaldehyde vapor with air or 60-80% with oxygen may ignite on surfaces at 176 & 105 °C, respectively, owing to formation & subsequent violent decomp of peroxyacetic acid. |
| 健康危害 | Breathing vapors will be irritating and may cause nausea, vomiting, headache, and unconsciousness. Contact with eyes may cause burns and eye damage. Skin contact from clothing wet with the chemical causes burns or severe irritation. (USCG, 1999)· May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. |
| 危害概述 | Acetaldehyde is mainly used as an intermediate in the synthesis of other chemicals. It is ubiquitous in the environment and may be formed in the body from the breakdown of ethanol. Acute (short-term) exposure to acetaldehyde results in effects including irritation of the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. Symptoms of chronic (long-term) intoxication of acetaldehyde resemble those of alcoholism. Acetaldehyde is considered a probable human carcinogen (Group B2) based on inadequate human cancer studies and animal studies that have shown nasal tumors in rats and laryngeal tumors in hamsters.Repeated or prolonged skin contact can cause dermatitis or burns. [NIOSH Guidelines for Chemical Hazards] May cause pulmonary edema after acute, heavy inhalation exposure[ICSC] Allergic contact dermatitis reported in a textile worker[Kanerva, p. 1737] If left on clothes, can cause reddening of skin[CHRIS] Acetaldehyde is a skin irritant. [Quick CPC] Causes eye irritation in volunteers at 25 ppm (lowest) to 50 ppm (majority). In animal studies, causes nasal and laryngeal carcinomas at >750 ppm in rats and at 1650 ppm in hamstersAlcoholics have an order of magnitude higher average levels of DNA adducts of acetaldehyde in their white blood cells. [ACGIH] Acetaldehyde (UN1089) has warning of explosive polymerization. [ERG 2016] |
| 运输编号与指南（DOT） | 1089 129P |
| FDA 要求 | Synthetic flavoring substances and adjuvants /for human consumption/ that are generally recognized as safe for their intended use, withn the meaning of section 409 of the Act. Acetaldehyde is included on this list.Synthetic flavoring substances and adjuvants /for animal drugs, feeds, and related products/ that are generally recognized as safe for their intended use, within the meaning of section 409 of the Act. Acetaldehyde is included on this list.Substance added directly to human food affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).Acetaldehyde is a food additive permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption as a synthetic flavoring substance and adjuvant in accordance with the following conditions: a) they are used in the minimum quantity required to produce their intended effect, and otherwise in accordance with all the principles of good manufacturing practice, and b) they consist of one or more of the following, used alone or in combination with flavoring substances and adjuvants generally recognized as safe in food, prior-sanctioned for such use, or regulated by an appropriate section in this part. |
| 反应性基团 | Aldehydes |
| 欧共体分类 | Symbol: F+, XnR: 12-36/37-40S: (2)-16-33-36/37 |
| 联合国分类 | UN Hazard Class: 3UN Pack Group: I |
| 消防 | Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)polymerization hazard]:Use water in large amounts, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. |
| 急救措施 | Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention . |
| 泄漏应急措施 | · CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. |
| 急救 | EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.General First Aid:(General first aid procedures) |
| 安全储存 | Fireproof. Separated from incompatible materials. See Chemical Dangers. Cooled. Keep in the dark. Store only if stabilized. |
| Firefighting Hazards | Vapors are heavier than air and may travel a considerable distance to a source of ignition and flash back. |
| 暴露控制与个人防护 | · Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).4946.0 [ppm]50.0 [ppm] |
| 灭火程序 | Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.Fight fire from protected location or maximum possible distance. Use dry chemical, "alcohol resistant" foam, or carbon dioxide. Water may be ineffective. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.If material is on fire or involved in a fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for ACETALDEHYDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| 储存条件 | Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities: Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Recommended storage temperature: 2 - 8 °C.Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Inside storage should be in a standard flammable liquids storage warehouse, room, or cabinet. Separate from oxidizing material and other reactive hazards. Store bulk quantities in detached tanks provided with refrigeration and inert gas cover.It is recommended that steel storage tanks of suitable std be used ... Storage vessels should be fitted with temp gauges & automatic water sprays. ... All tanks & equipment must be earthed. Transfer of material by pipeline must be by pressure of nitrogen. ... Drums containing acetaldehyde should never be stored in direct sunlight or other warm areas.PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/For more Storage Conditions (Complete) data for ACETALDEHYDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| 清理方法 | Accidental release measures. Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas.Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations.(1) Remove all ignition sources (2) Ventilate area to disperse gas (3) If in gaseous form, stop flow of gas (4) If in liquid form, for small quantities absorb on paper towels. Evaporate in safe place (fume hood). allow sufficient time for vapors to completely clear hood ductwork, then burn the paper in a location away from combustible materials. Large quantities can be reclaimed or collected and atomized in a suitable combustion chamber. Acetaldehyde should not be allowed to enter a confined space such as a sewer, because of possibility of an explosion. Sewers designed to preclude the formation of explosive concentration of acetaldehyde vapors are permitted.PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. Neutralize with sodium bisulfate (NaHSO4).For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for ACETALDEHYDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| 非火灾泄漏应对 | Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)polymerization hazard]: |
| 处置方法 | Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U001, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.Acetaldehyde is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration.A good candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds.The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for Acetaldehyde: Biological Treatment.For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for ACETALDEHYDE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| 体内负荷 | Four of eight samples of mother's milk were positive for acetaldehyde(1). The concentration of acetaldehyde in exhaled human breath ranged from 3 to 7 ppb for 3 subjects breathing medical air 5 min prior to measurement(2)the concentration of acetaldehyde in exhaled human breath ranged from not detected to 89.5 ppb for 8 subjects breathing purified air(2). In another study, the concentration of acetaldehyde in expired air from human subjects ranged from 8.5 to 79.0 ug/hr(3). Acetaldehyde is produced at an intermediate level of sugar metabolism in the body and therefore occurs in trace quantities in blood(4). Acetaldehyde is the primary hepatic oxidative metabolite of ethanol(5).Acetaldehyde is an intermediate product in the decomposition of sugars in the body and hence occurs in trace quantities in blood(1).Personal air samples taken from 15 US trucking terminals found acetaldehyde mean concns of 5.63, 8.78, 6.27, and 45.00 ug/cu m in 234 nonsmoking drivers, 62 smoking drivers, 65 loading dock workers, and 17 mechanic shop workers, respectively(1). Acetaldehyde was found in 15 of 15 personal air samples at a mean concn of 7.9 ppb from samples taken in Helsinki, tested May to Sep 1997(2). Acetaldehyde was detected in 36 winter and 42 summer personal air samples from West Central Harlem High School students at 13.0 and 20.2 ug/cu m in 1999(3). |
| Cancer Sites | Respiratory[in animals: nasal cancer] |
| 相互作用 | Methionine, administered to ethanol treated mice and rats, significantly reduced circulating acetaldehyde levels without altering circulating levels of ethanol. Hepatic levels of acetaldehyde were also lowered by methionine. Methionine was effective when given prior to or after the administration of ethanol, but the time course of the action of methionine suggested the necessity for metabolic transformation of this amino acid in order for the acetaldehyde-lowering effect to be evidenced. Studies with humans, given methionine doses of approximately one-tenth of those used with mice, indicated that methionine can also lower acetaldehyde in humans ingesting ethanol. Given the toxic characteristics of acetaldehyde, methionine may prove effective in reducing the damaging effects of ethanol ingestion.... Assessed was the influence of preincubation of rat hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) with 30 uM ZnCl2 on ethanol- (in the presence of 4-methyl pyrazole (4-MP)) or acetaldehyde-induced toxicity, apoptosis, migration, expression of smooth muscle alpha-actin (alpha-SMA) and procollagen I, release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), tumor growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) production. Intracellular signals such as nuclear factor-kappaB (NFkappaB), C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) induced by ethanol and its metabolite were also assessed. 30 microM zinc protected HSCs against ethanol and acetaldehyde toxicity and inhibited their apoptosis. Zinc inhibited the production of ROS by HSCs treated with ethanol and acetaldehyde and inhibited their migration. Zinc also inhibited ethanol- and acetaldehyde-induced TGF-beta1 and TNF-alpha production. Zinc down-regulated ethanol- and acetaldehyde-induced production of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 and decreased the activity of MMP-2. In ethanol- and acetaldehyde-induced HSCs, zinc inhibited the activation of the p38 MAPK as well as the JNK transduction pathways and phosphorylation of IkappaB and Smad 3. The results indicated that zinc supplementation inhibited ethanol- and acetaldehyde-induced activation of HSCs on different levels, acting as an antioxidant and inhibitor of MAPK, TGF-beta and NFkappaB/IkappaB transduction signaling. The remarkable inhibition of several markers of HCS activation makes zinc a promising agent for antifibrotic combination therapies.To evaluate the potential interaction/contribution of inductive and deleterious effects of tobacco compounds on human osteoblastic cells cultured on plasma-sprayed titanium implants exposed to combinations of nicotine, acrolein, and acetaldehyde. Cell response was assessed as proliferation and function. Titanium implants, seeded with human bone marrow-derived cells (first subculture), were cultured in osteogenic-inducing conditions for 28 days in the absence (control) and in the presence of tobacco compounds to assess (1) the dose-dependent profile of acrolein (0.01 to 0.12 mmol/L) and acetaldehyde (0.1 to 6 mmol/L) and (2) the effect of the simultaneous exposure to combinations of nicotine, acrolein, and acetaldehyde. In later experiments, seeded implants were exposed to two different concentrations of nicotine (1.2 mmol/L, known to have inductive effects on cell behavior, and 2.4 mmol/L, reported to elicit deleterious effects on cell behavior) with acrolein, acetaldehyde, or both, at a concentration that inhibits 50% (IC50). Acrolein and acetaldehyde caused dose-dependent inhibitory effects at levels similar to and greater than 0.03 and 0.1 mmol/L, respectivelyIC50 regarding cell viability/proliferation and alkaline phosphatase was 0.06 mmol/L for acrolein and 0.3 mmol/L for acetaldehyde. Matrix mineralization was prevented at levels higher than 0.03 mmol/L acrolein and 0.1 mmol/L acetaldehyde. Exposure to a combination of nicotine 1.2 mmol/L with acrolein (0.06 mmol/L), acetaldehyde (0.3 mmol/L), or both resulted in a cell behavior intermediate to that observed in nicotine-treated cultures (induced cell response) and aldehyde-treated cultures (deleterious cell response). On the other hand, exposure to nicotine 2.4 mmol/L with acrolein (0.06 mmol/L), acetaldehyde (0.3 mmol/L), or both caused cumulative cytotoxic responses. Results suggest that interactions of tobacco compounds on osteoblasts might contribute to the overall effects of tobacco use on implant osseointegration and long-time survival.... The aim of the present study is to better understand the hypothermic effects of acetaldehyde and the possible contribution of acetaldehyde in ethanol-induced hypothermia, especially under conditions leading to acetaldehyde accumulation. Female Swiss mice were injected intraperitoneally with ethanol and acetaldehyde and their rectal temperatures were measured with a digital thermometer at various time points after the injections. Experiment 1 compared the hypothermic effects of various acetaldehyde doses (0 to 300 mg/kg) with a reference dose of ethanol (3 g/kg). Experiment 2 tested the effects of a pretreatment with the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) inhibitor cyanamide (25 mg/kg) on ethanol- and acetaldehyde-induced hypothermia. In experiments 3 and 4, mice received a combined pretreatment with cyanamide and the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) inhibitor 4-Methylpyrazole (10 mg/kg) before the injection of ethanol or acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde at doses between 100 and 300 mg/kg induced significant hypothermic effects, but of shorter duration than ethanol-induced hypothermia. The inhibition of ALDH enzymes by cyanamide induced a strong potentiation of both ethanol- and acetaldehyde-induced hypothermia. The pretreatment with 4-MP prevented the potentiation of ethanol-induced hypothermia by cyanamide, but slightly increased the potentiation of acetaldehyde-induced hypothermia by cyanamide. The results of the present study clearly show that acetaldehyde has hypothermic properties in mice at least at relatively high concentrations. Furthermore, the accumulation of acetaldehyde following ALDH inhibition strongly enhanced the hypothermic effects of ethanol. These latter results confirm the hypothermic properties of acetaldehyde and show that acetate, the next step in ethanol metabolism, is not involved in these hypothermic effects. Finally, the experiment with 4-MP indicates that the potentiating effects of cyanamide are mediated by the peripheral accumulation of acetaldehyde, which then reaches the brain to induce a severe hypothermia.For more Interactions (Complete) data for ACETALDEHYDE (26 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| 靶器官 | NervousEyes, skin, respiratory system, kidneys, central nervous system, reproductive system |
| 健康影响 | Acetaldehyde is a probable carcinogen. (L1307) |
| 生态毒性数值 | LC50Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck) diet >5000 ppm for 8 daysSpecies: Colinus virginianus (Northern bobwhite) diet 808 (495.64-1091) ppm for 8 daysLC100Species: Aphid 0.25% acetaldehyde for 2 hr (fumigation flask)Species: Aphid 1.5-2.0% acetaldehyde for 2-3 hr (in air-tight jars)For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for ACETALDEHYDE (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| 环境归趋 | TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that acetaldehyde is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of acetaldehyde from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 6.67X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(3). Acetaldehyde is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 758 mm Hg at 20 °C(4). An 80% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(5) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC). Acetaldhyde was oxidized in a silty clay loam soil but no rates were given(6). Acetaldehyde absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm(7) and is susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(8)therefore, photolysis may be an important fate process of soil surfaces exposed to sunlight(SRC).AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that acetaldehyde is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 6.67X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 11 hours and 5.3 days respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow of -0.34(6) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test(7), 80% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 2 weeks indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process. In a die-away test in seawater, acetaldehyde concentrations declined to approximately 25% of initial values in 1 hr, whereas no decline in concentration was observed in sterile controls(8). Acetaldehyde is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). Acetaldehyde absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm(9) and is susceptible to photodegradation by sunlight in water(8).ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), acetaldehyde, which has a vapor pressure of 758 mm Hg at 20 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase acetaldehyde is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC)the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 26 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.50X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Acetaldehyde absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). The direct photolysis half-life in the atmosphere has reported values of 8.4 hours(5) and 16 hours(6). The direct photolysis half-life at 55 deg N latitude has been calculated as 34 hours in summer and 296 hours in winter(7). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of acetaldehyde with atmospheric nitrate radicals has been measured as 2.62X10-15 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(4)this corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 12 days(SRC) at an atmospheric concentration of 2.5X10+8 nitrate radicals per cu cm(8). The nitrate radical (NO3) is the dominant atmospheric oxidant during the night-time in most atmospheric environments(9). Monitoring data have shown that acetaldehyde is removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(10). |
| 食品调查数值 | The acetaldehyde concentration in 18 European beers was reported to range from 2.6-13.5 mg/L. Acetaldehyde was detected in commercial wine samples in Japan at levels of 0.2-1.2 mg/L. It has been identified in the aqueous condensate obtained from the concentration of sweet orange juice from Cuba. Acetaldehyde has been detected in cheese, heated skim milk, cooked beef, cooked chicken, and rum. Trace quantities are present in a flavoring used to impart a butter-like flavor to processed foods, especially margarine(1).Acetaldehyde was detected but not quantified in pineapples, apples, grapefruit, bananas, peaches, pears, blackcurrants, strawberries, oranges, grapes and raspberries(1). Acetaldehyde was detected in coffee(2), kiwi fruit(3), chicken breast(4), and roasted filberts(5). The concentrations of acetaldehyde in cooked sweet corn products, such as canned cream, canned kernel, frozen kernel, and fresh kernel, were 1.4, 1.0, 1.2, and 1.7 ppm, respectively(6). The concentration of acetaldehyde in popcorn was 4.6 mg/kg(7). In Japan, acetaldehyde was detected in sake at 14.8-60.2 ppm, wine at 32.8-65.9 ppm, beer at 5.23-11.7 ppm, whiskey at 25.0-102.0 ppm, apple juice at 11.8 ppm, nonfat milk at 0.82 ppm, whole milk at 1.65 ppm, cola at 0.461 ppm, root beer at 0.579 ppm, orange juice at 9.82 ppm, nonfat yogurt at 5.28 ppm, soy sauce at 4.33 ppm, instant coffee at 1.09 ppm, roasted coffee beans at 1.08 ppm, instant tea at 0.585 ppm, cocoa at 0.616 ppm, and green tea at 0.472 ppm(8). Acetaldehyde was given off of soybean oil, peanut oil, and lard at rates of 0.03-1.55, 0.03-1.36, and 0.04-1.04 ppm/mg-min when heated to 150-400 °C(9). Italian wine samples were found to contain median, minimum and maximum acetaldehyde levels of 68.0, 18.1 and 477 mg/L(10). Acetaldehyde was detected in the volatile headspace components of raw and roasted cashews(11). |
| 不良影响 | Dermatotoxin - Skin burns. |
| 暴露途径 | The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact |
| Milk Concentrations | ENVIRONMENTAL: Four of eight samples of mother's milk were positive for acetaldehyde(1). Acetaldehyde has been detected in heated skim milk(2). In Japan, acetaldehyde was detected in nonfat milk at 0.82 ppm and whole milk at 1.65 ppm(3). |
| 毒性概述 | IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Acetaldehyde is a colorless volatile liquid with a pungent suffocating odor. It is not registered for current pesticide use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved use. Acetaldehyde used as an intermediate in the production of cellulose acetate, vinyl acetate resins, acetate esters, synthetic pyridine derivatives, and terephthalic acid. Other uses include: in the silvering of mirrorsin leather tanning, as a denaturant for alcoholin fuel mixturesas a hardener for gelatin fibersin glue and casein productsas a preservative for fish and fruitin the paper industryas a synthetic flavoring agentand in the manufacture of cosmetics. Acetaldehyde has been identified as being commonly used in hydraulic fracturing fluids. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Acetaldehyde is a metabolic intermediate in humans. It has been identified in food, beverages and cigarette smoke. By far, the main source of exposure to acetaldehyde in the general population is through metabolism of ethanol. Workers may be exposed in some manufacturing industries and during alcohol fermentation. Several isoenzymic forms of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) have been identified in the human liver and other tissues. There is polymorphism for mitochondrial ALDH. Subjects that are homozygous or heterozygous for a point mutation in the mitochondrial ADLH corresponding gene have low activity of this enzyme, metabolize acetaldehyde slowly and are intolerant of ethanol alcohol. There is some metabolism of acetaldehyde in human renal tubulesthe liver is the most important metabolic site. Limited studies involving human volunteers have shown that acetaldehyde was mildly irritating to the eyes and upper respiratory tract following short term exposures. Intravenous infusion of 5% acetaldehyde at a rate of 20.6- 82.4 mg/min for up to 36 min into normal human subjects caused an increase in heart rate, ventilation and dead space, and a decrease in alveolar carbon dioxide levels. These symptoms are qualitatively and quantitatively similar to those seen after ethanol intake in subjects previously treated with disulfiram (Antabuse), a known inhibitor of ALDH. Large doses may cause death by respiratory paralysis. Symptoms of chronic intoxication resemble those of chronic alcoholism. Acetaldehyde has been implicated as the putatively toxic metabolite in the induction of ethanol alcohol associated liver damage, facial flushing and developmental effects. Human lymphocytes (from known alcoholics) were exposed to acetaldehyde concn of 0.02 mg/mL and 0.04 mg/mL. Results indicate that chromosomal aberrations occurred at both concentrations. Acetaldehyde-DNA adducts have been observed in granulocytes and lymphocytes of human alcohol abusers. ANIMAL STUDIES: In repeated dose studies, both the oral and inhalation routes, toxic effects at relatively low concentrations were limited to the sites of initial contact. In a study where rats were administered acetaldehyde in their drinking water effects were limited to slight focal hyperkeratosis of the forestomach. Respiratory effects were noted in hamsters exposed to acetaldehyde by inhalation, degenerative changes were observed in the trachea. Degenerative changes in respiratory epithelium and larynx were noted at higher concentrations. Following inhalation by rats, acetaldehyde is distributed to the blood, liver, kidney, spleen, heart and other tissues. Low levels were detected in embryos after maternal ip injection of acetaldehyde (mouse) and following maternal exposure to ethanol (mouse and rat). Parenteral exposure of pregnant rats and mice to acetaldehyde induced fetal malformations. Acetaldehyde is genotoxic in vitro, inducing gene mutations, clastogenic effects and sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in mammalian cells in the absence of exogenous metabolic activation. Negative results were noted with Salmonella. Following ip injection, acetaldehyde induced SCEs in the bone marrow of Chinese hamsters and mice. This chemical administered ip did not increase the frequency of micronuclei in early mouse spermatids. Increased incidences of tumors have been noted in inhalation studies on rats and hamsters exposed to acetaldehyde. In rats, there were dose related increases in nasal adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas. In hamsters, increases in nasal and laryngeal carcinomas were non-significant. Distribution of acetaldehyde to brain interstitial fluid, but not to brain cells has been demonstrated following ip injection of ethanol. Acetaldehyde is taken up by red blood cells following consumption in baboons. Following oral administration, virtually no unchanged acetaldehyde is excreted in the urine. The major pathway for the metabolism of acetaldehyde is by oxidation to acetate. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Acetaldehyde (0.1% or 1.0% for 2 hr) induced mutations in genes that affect the egg-laying system of Caenorhabditis elegans.Acetaldehyde can form adducts with DNA, causing damage such as cross-links. (A354) |
| RCRA 要求 | U001As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when acetaldehyde, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5). |
| TSCA 要求 | Section 8(a) of TSCA requires manufacturers of this chemical substance to report preliminary assessment information concerned with production, exposure, and use to EPA as cited in the preamble in 51 FR 41329. Effective date 9/30/91Reporting date: 11/27/91.Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. Acetaldehyde is included on this list. Effective date 9/30/91Sunset date: 6/30/98. |
| 大气标准 | This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Acetaldehyde is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart.Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Acetaldehyde is included on this list. |
| CERCLA 应报告数量 | Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 1000 lb or 454 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b). |
| 清洁水法要求 | Acetaldehyde is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance. |
| DHS Chemicals of Interest (COI) | Acetaldehyde110000Flammable chemical that can be released at a facility. |
| F | 10 |
| 水危害等级（WGK） | 2 |
| TSCA 清单状态 | TSCA listed |
| 毒性 | LD50 orally in rats: 1930 mg/kg (Smyth) |
| RTECS 号 | LP8925000 |
| 包装类别 | I |
| 危险类别 | 3Carc. 1BEye Irrit. 2Flam. Liq. 1Muta. 2STOT SE 3 |
| 储存类别 | 3 - Flammable liquids |
| 安全说明（S） | 36/37-33-16-26 |
| 海关编码 | 29121200 |
| 自燃温度 | 185 °C |
| 危险品标志 | T,Xn,F+,F |
| 危险类别码（R） | 23/24/25-34-40-43-36/37-12-67-11-41-22-10-19 |
| 毒害物质数据 | 75-07-0(Hazardous Substances Data) |
| 运输编号（UN） | UN 1089 |
| 立即危及生命和健康浓度 | 2,000 ppm |
急性毒性
口服- 大鼠 LD50: 661 毫克/ 公斤; 皮下- 小鼠 LD50: 560 毫克/ 公斤
刺激数据
皮肤- 兔子 500 毫克 轻度; 眼睛- 兔子 40 毫克 重度
职业标准
TWA 120 毫克/立方米; STEL 180 毫克/立方米
爆炸物危险特性
与空气混合可爆
可燃性危险特性
遇明火、高温、氧化剂易燃; 燃烧产生刺激烟雾
储运特性
库房通风低温干燥; 与氧化剂、酸类分开存放
灭火剂
干粉、干砂、干石粉、二氧化碳、泡沫
用途与应用
用途
主要用于制备醋酸、醋酐、乙酸乙酯、丁醇、季戊四醇、三聚乙醛、3-羟基丁醛、三氯乙醛等产品
用途
GB 2760—1996规定为暂时允许使用的食用香料。主要用于配制柑橘、苹果、奶油等型香精。
用途
乙醛的最大用户是乙酸行业，丁醇、辛醇过去也是乙醛的重要衍生产品，现在已基本为丙烯羰基合成法代替。乙醛的其他消费领域是生产季戊四醇、过乙酸、吡啶及其衍生物。国内生产的乙醛基本上都作为生产乙酸的中间体，只有少量用于生产季戊四醇、丁醇、三氯乙醛、三羟甲基丙烷等产品。乙醛可用于生产缩醛、巴豆醛、过氧乙酸、羟基丙腈、三氯乙醛、乙酸乙酯、季戊四醇、乙酐、乙酸、乙二醛、苯基丙烯醛、乙缩醛、甲乙胺、二乙胺、α-丙氨酸、吡啶、α-甲基吡啶、β-甲基吡啶、γ-甲基吡啶。
用途
主要用于制备醋酸、醋酐、丁醛、辛醇、季戊四醇、三聚乙醛等重要的化工原料
用途
用作还原剂及杀菌剂
制备与合成方法
生产方法
乙醛有多种生产方法：1.乙烯直接氧化法 乙烯和氧气通过含有氯化钯、氯化铜、盐酸及水的催化剂，一步直接氧化合成粗乙醛，然后经蒸馏得成品。2.乙醇氧化法 乙醇蒸气在300-480℃下，以银、铜或银-铜合金的网或粒作催化剂，由空气氧化脱氢制得乙醛。3.乙炔直接水合法 乙炔和水在汞催化剂或非汞催化剂作用下，直接水合得到乙醛。因有汞害问题，已逐渐为他法取代。4.乙醇脱氢法 在添加钴、铬、锌或其他化合物的铜催化剂作用下，乙醇脱氢生产乙醛。5.饱和烃类氧化法。原料消耗定额：乙炔水合法每吨产品消耗99%乙炔610kg；乙醇氧化法消耗95%乙醇1200kg；乙烯氧化法（一步法）消耗99%乙烯710kg，氧气（99%）300立方米。市售工业品乙醛，乙烯法乙醛纯度为99.7%，乙醇法纯度为98%。
生产方法
由乙烯氧化而得。由乙醇进行气相氢化而得。由醋酸钙和甲酸钙同时干馏而得。由乙炔和水加合反应而得。